Chapter 9
Materiality and Risk
Review Questions
9-1The planning phases are: accept client and perform initial planning, understand the client’s business and industry, assess client business risk, perform preliminary analytical procedures, set materiality and assess acceptable audit risk and inherent risk, understand internal control and assess control risk, gather information to assess fraud risk, and develop overall audit plan and audit program. Evaluation of materiality is part of phase five. Risk assessment is part of phase three (client business risk), phase five (acceptable audit risk and inherent risk), phase six (control risk), and phase seven (fraud risk).
9-2Materiality is defined as: the magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in light of the surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement.
"Obtain reasonable assurance," as used in the audit report, means that the auditor does not guarantee or insure the fair presentation of the financial statements. There is some risk that the financial statements contain a material misstatement.
9-3Materiality is important because if financial statements are materially misstated, users' decisions may be affected, and thereby cause financial loss to them. It is difficult to apply because there are often many different users of the financial statements. The auditor must therefore make an assessment of the likely users and the decisions they will make. Materiality is also difficult to apply because it is a relative concept. The professional auditing standards offer little specific guidance regarding the application of materiality. The auditor must, therefore, exercise considerable professional judgment in the application of materiality.
9-4The preliminary judgment about materiality is the maximum amount by which the auditor believes the financial statements could be misstated and still not affect the decisions of reasonable users. Several factors affect the preliminary judgment about materiality and are as follows:
1. Materiality is a relative rather than an absolute concept.
2. Bases are needed for evaluating materiality.
3. Qualitative factors affect materiality decisions.
4. Expected distribution of the financial statements will affect the
preliminary judgment of materiality. If the financial statements are
widely distributed to users, the preliminary judgment of materiality
will probably be set lower than if the financial statements are not
expected to be widely distributed.
5. The level of acceptable audit risk will also affect the preliminary
judgment of materiality.
9-5Because materiality is relative rather than absolute, it is necessary to have bases for establishing whether misstatements are material. For example, in the audit of a manufacturing company, the auditor might use as bases: net income before taxes, total assets, current assets, and working capital. For a governmental unit, such as a school district, there is no net income before taxes, and therefore that would be an unavailable base. Instead, the primary bases would likely be fund balances, total assets, and perhaps total revenue.
9-6The following qualitative factors are likely to be considered in evaluating materiality:
a. Amounts involving fraud are usually considered more important
than unintentional errors of equal dollar amounts.
b. Misstatements that are otherwise minor may be material if there are
possible consequences arising from contractual obligations.
c. Misstatements that are otherwise immaterial may be material if they
affect a trend in earnings.
9-7 A preliminary judgment about materiality is set for the financial statements
as a whole. Tolerable misstatement is the maximum amount of misstatement that would be considered material for an individual account balance. The amount of tolerable misstatement for any given account is dependent upon the preliminary judgment about materiality. Ordinarily, tolerable misstatement for any given account would have to be lower than the preliminary judgment about materiality.
In many cases, it will be considerably lower because of the possibility of misstatements in different accounts that, in total, cannot exceed the preliminary judgment about materiality.
9-8There are several possible answers to the question. One example is: Cash $500 Overstatement
Fixed assets $3,000 Overstatement
Long-term loans $1,500 Understatement
Note: Cash and fixed assets are tested for overstatement and long-term loans for understatement because the auditor's objective in this case is to test
for overstatements of owner's equity.
The least amount of tolerable misstatement was allocated to cash and long-term loans because they are relatively easy to audit. The majority of the total allocation was to fixed assets because there is a greater likelihood of misstatement of fixed assets in a typical audit.
9-9An estimate of the total misstatement in a segment is the estimate of the total misstatements based upon the sample results. If only a sample of the population is selected and audited, the auditor must project the total sample misstatements to a total estimate. This is done audit area by audit area. The misstatements in each audit area must be totaled to make an estimate of the total misstatements in the overall financial statements. It is important to make these estimates so the auditor can evaluate whether the financial statements,
9-9 (continued)
taken as a whole, may be materially misstated. The estimate for each segment is compared to tolerable misstatement for that segment and the estimate of the overall misstatement on the financial statements is compared to the preliminary judgment about materiality.
9-10If an audit is being performed on a medium-sized company that is part of a conglomerate, the auditor must make a materiality judgment based upon the conglomerate. Materiality may be larger for a company that is part of a conglomerate because even though the financial statements of the medium-sized company may be misstated, the financial statements of the large conglomerate might still be fairly stated. If, however, the auditor is giving a separate opinion on the medium-sized company, the materiality would be lower than for the audit of a conglomerate.
9-11The audit risk model is as follows:
PDR= AAR
IR x CR
Where PDR = Planned detection risk
AAR= Acceptable audit risk
IR= Inherent risk
CR= Control risk
Planned detection risk A measure of the risk that audit evidence for
a segment will fail to detect misstatements exceeding a tolerable
amount, should such misstatements exist.
Acceptable audit risk A measure of how willing the auditor is to
accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated
after the audit is completed and an unqualified opinion has been
issued.
Inherent risk A measure of the auditor's assessment of the
likelihood that there are material misstatements in a segment
before considering the effectiveness of internal control.
Control risk A measure of the auditor's assessment of the
likelihood that misstatements exceeding a tolerable amount in a
segment will not be prevented or detected by the client's internal
controls.
SAS 107 (AU 312) notes that the combination of inherent risk and control risk reflect the risk of material misstatement.
9-12Planned detection risk is a measure of the risk that the audit evidence for a segment will fail to detect misstatements exceeding a tolerable amount, should such misstatements exist. When planned detection risk is increased from medium to high, the amount of evidence the auditor must accumulate is reduced.
9-13An increase in planned detection risk may be caused by an increase in acceptable audit risk or a decrease in either control risk or inherent risk. A decrease in planned detection risk is caused by the opposite: a decrease in acceptable audit risk or an increase in control risk or inherent risk.
9-14Inherent risk is a measure of the auditor's assessment of the likelihood that there are material misstatements in a segment before considering the effectiveness of internal control.
Factors affecting assessment of inherent risk include:
Nature of the client's business
Results of previous audits
Initial vs. repeat engagement
Related parties
Nonroutine transactions
Judgment required to correctly record transactions and
Makeup of the population
Factors related to fraudulent financial reporting
Factors related to misappropriation of assets
9-15Inherent risk is set for segments rather than for the overall audit because misstatements occur in segments. By identifying expectations of misstatements in segments, the auditor is thereby able to modify audit evidence by searching for misstatements in those segments.
When inherent risk is increased from medium to high, the auditor should increase the audit evidence accumulated to determine whether the expected misstatement actually occurs. The audit evidence goes in the opposite direction in Review Question 9-12.
9-16Extensive misstatements in the prior year's audit would cause inherent risk to be set at a high level (maybe even 100%). An increase in inherent risk would lead to a decrease in planned detection risk, which would require that the auditor increase the level of planned audit evidence.
9-17Acceptable audit risk is a measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated after the audit is completed and an unqualified opinion has been issued.
Acceptable audit risk has an inverse relationship to evidence. If acceptable audit risk is reduced, planned evidence should increase.
9-18When the auditor is in a situation where he or she believes that there is a high exposure to legal liability, the acceptable audit risk would be set lower than when there is little exposure to liability. Even when the auditor believes that there is little exposure to legal liability, there is still a minimum acceptable audit risk that should be met.
9-19The first category of factors that determine acceptable audit risk is the degree to which users rely on the financial statements. The following factors are indicators of this:
Client's size
Distribution of ownership
Nature and amount of liabilities
The second category of factors is the likelihood that a client will have financial difficulties after the audit report is issued. Factors affecting this are: Liquidity position
Profits (losses) in previous years
Method of financing growth
Nature of the client's operations
Competence of management
The third category of factors is the auditor's evaluation of management's integrity. Factors that may affect this are:
Relationship with current or previous auditors
Frequency of turnover of key financial or internal audit personnel
Relationship with employees and labor unions
9-20Exact quantification of all components of the audit risk model is not required to use the model in a meaningful way. An understanding of the relationships among model components and the effect that changes in the components have on the amount of evidence needed will allow practitioners to use the audit risk model in a meaningful way.
9-21The auditor should revise the components of the audit risk model when the evidence accumulated during the audit indicates that the auditor's original assessments of inherent risk or control risk are too low or too high or the original assessment of acceptable audit risk is too low or too high.
The auditor should exercise care in determining the additional amount of evidence that will be required. This should be done without the use of the audit risk model. If the audit risk model is used to determine a revised planned detection risk, there is a danger of not increasing the evidence sufficiently.
Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations
9-22 a. (4) b. (4) c (1)
9-23 a. (1) b. (1) c. (1)
9-24 a. (2) b. (3) c. (1)
Discussion Questions And Problems
9-25 a. The justification for a lower preliminary judgment about materiality
for overstatements is directly related to legal liability and audit risk.
Most auditors believe they have a greater legal and professional
responsibility to discover overstatements of owners' equity than
understatements because users are likely to be more critical of
overstatements. That does not imply there is no responsibility for
understatements.
b. There are two reasons for permitting the sum of tolerable
misstatements to exceed overall materiality. First, it is unlikely that
all accounts will be misstated by the full amount of tolerable
misstatement. Second, some accounts are likely to be overstated
while others are likely to be understated, resulting in net
misstatement that is likely to be less than overall materiality.
c. This results because of the estimate of sampling error for each
account. For example, the likely estimate of accounts receivable is
an understatement of $7,500 + or - a sampling error of $11,500.
You would be most concerned about understatement for accounts
receivable because the estimated understatement of $19,000
exceeds the tolerable misstatement of $18,000 for that account.
d. You would be most concerned about understatement amounts
since the total estimated understatement amount ($30,000)
exceeds the preliminary judgment about materiality for
understatements ($20,000). You would be most concerned about
accounts receivable given that the total misstatement for that
account exceeds tolerable misstatement for understatement.
e.
1. This may occur because total tolerable misstatement was
allowed to exceed the preliminary judgment (see Part b for
explanation).
2. The auditor must determine whether the actual total
overstatement amount actually exceeds the preliminary
judgment by performing expanded audit tests or by requiring
the client to make an adjustment for estimated
misstatements.
9-26 a. The profession has not established clear-cut guidelines as to the
appropriate preliminary estimates of materiality. These are matters
of the auditor's professional judgment.
To illustrate, the application of the illustrative materiality
guidelines shown in Fig 9-2(p. 252
are used for the problem. Other guidelines may be equally
acceptable.
b. The allocation to the individual accounts is not shown. The difficulty
of the allocation is far more important than the actual allocation.
There are several ways the allocation could be done. The most likely way would be to allocate only on the basis of the balance sheet rather than the income statement. Even then the allocation could vary significantly. One way would be to allocate the same amount to each of the balance sheet accounts on the consolidated statement of financial position. Using a materiality limit of $12,500,000 before taxes (because it is the most restrictive) and the same dollar allocation to each account excluding retained earnings, the allocation would be approximately $595,000,000 to each account. There are 21 account summaries included in the statement of financial position, which is divided into $12,500,000.
An alternative is to assume an equal percentage misstatement in each of the accounts. Doing it in that manner, total assets should be added to total liabilities and owners' equity, less retained earnings. The allocation would be then done on a percentage basis.
c. Auditors generally use before tax net earnings instead of after tax
net earnings to develop a preliminary judgment about materiality given that transactions and accounts being audited within a segment are presented in the accounting records on a pretax basis.
Auditors generally project total misstatements for a segment and accumulate all projected total misstatements across segments on a pretax basis and then compute the tax effect on an aggregate basis to determine the effects on after tax net earnings.
d. By allocating 75% of the preliminary estimate to accounts
receivable, inventories, and accounts payable, there is far less materiality to be allocated to all other accounts. Given the total dollar value of those accounts, that may be a reasonable allocation.
The effect of such an allocation would be that the auditor might be able to accumulate sufficient competent evidence with less total effort than would be necessary under part b. Under part b, it would likely be necessary to audit, on a 100% basis, accounts receivable, inventories, and accounts payable. On most audits it would be expensive to do that much testing in those three accounts.
It would likely be necessary to audit accounts such as cash and temporary investments on a 100% basis. That would not be
costly on most audits because the effort to do so would be small
compared to the cost of auditing receivables, inventories, and
accounts payable.
e. It is necessary for you to be satisfied that the actual estimate of
misstatements is less than the preliminary judgment about
materiality for all of the bases. First you would reevaluate the
preliminary judgment for earnings. Assuming no change is
considered appropriate, you would likely require an adjusting entry
or an expansion of certain audit tests.
9-27 a. The following terms are audit planning decisions requiring professional judgment:
Preliminary judgment about materiality
Acceptable audit risk
Tolerable misstatement
Inherent risk
Risk of fraud
Control risk
Planned detection risk
b. The following terms are audit conclusions resulting from application
of audit procedures and requiring professional judgment:
Estimate of the combined misstatements
Estimated total misstatement in a segment
c. It is acceptable to change any of the factors affecting audit planning
decisions at any time in the audit. The planning process begins
before the audit starts and continues throughout the engagement.
9-28Acceptable audit risk is a measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated after the audit is completed and an unqualified opinion has been issued.
a. True. A CPA firm should attempt to use reasonable uniformity from
audit to audit when circumstances are similar. The only reasons for
having a different audit risk in these circumstances are the lack of
consistency within the firm, different audit risk preferences for
different auditors, and difficulties of measuring audit risk.
b. True. Users who rely heavily upon the financial statements need
more reliable information than those who do not place heavy
reliance on the financial statements. To protect those users, the
auditor needs to be reasonably assured that the financial
statements are fairly stated. That is equivalent to stating that
acceptable audit risk is lower. Consistent with that conclusion, the
auditor is also likely to face greatest legal exposure in situations
where external users rely heavily upon the statements. Therefore,
the auditor should be more certain that the financial statements are
correctly stated.
c. True. The reasoning for c is essentially the same as for b.
d. Tru
e. The audit opinion issued by different auditors conveys the
same meaning regardless of who signs the report. Users cannot be
expected to evaluate whether different auditors take different risk
levels. Therefore, for a given set of circumstances, every CPA firm
should attempt to obtain approximately the same audit risk.
9-29 a. False. The acceptable audit risk, inherent risk, or control risk may all be different. A change of any of these factors will cause a
change in audit evidence accumulated.
b. False. Inherent risk and control risk may be different. Even if
acceptable audit risk is the same, inherent risk and control risk will
cause audit evidence accumulation to be different.
c. True. These are the primary factors determining the evidence that
should be accumulated. Even in those circumstances, however,
different auditors may choose to approach the evidence
accumulation differently. For example, one firm may choose to
emphasize analytical procedures, whereas other firms may
emphasize tests of controls.
9-30 a.
1. The auditor may set inherent risk at 100% because of lack of
prior year information. If the auditor believes there is a
reasonable chance of a material misstatement, 100%
inherent risk is appropriate. Similarly, because the auditor
does not plan to test internal controls due to the
ineffectiveness of internal controls, a 100% risk is
appropriate for control risk.
2. Acceptable audit risk and planned detection risk will be
identical. Using the formula:
PDR = AAR / (IR x CR), if IR and CR
equal 1, then PDR = AAR.
3. If planned detection risk is lower, the auditor must
accumulate more audit evidence than if planned detection
risk is higher. The reason is that the auditor is willing to take
only a small risk that substantive audit tests will fail to
uncover existing misstatements in the financial statements.
b.
1. Using the formula in a., planned detection risk is equal to
20% [PDR = .05 / (.5 x .5) = .2].
2. Less evidence accumulation is necessary in b-1 than if
planned detection risk were smaller. Comparing b-1 to a-2
for an acceptable audit risk of 5%, considerably less
evidence would be required for b-1 than for a-2.
c.
1. The auditor might set acceptable audit risk high because
Redwood City is in relatively good financial condition and
there are few users of financial statements. It is common in
municipal audits for the only major users of the financial
statements to be state agencies who only look at them for
reasonableness. Inherent risk might be set low because of
good results in prior year audits and no audit areas where
there is a high expectation of misstatement. Control risk
would normally be set low because of effective internal
controls in the past, and continued expectation of good
controls in the current year.
2. Using the formula in a-2, PDR = .05 / (.2 x .2) = 1.25.
Planned detection risk is equal to more than 100% in this
case.
3. No evidence would be necessary in this case, because there
is a planned detection risk of more than 100%. The reason
for the need for no evidence is likely to be the immateriality
of repairs and maintenance, and the effectiveness of internal
controls. The auditor would normally still do some analytical
procedures, but if those are effective, no additional testing is
needed. It is common for auditors to use a 100% planned
detection risk for smaller account balances. It would
ordinarily be inappropriate to use such a planned detection
risk in a material account such as accounts receivable or
fixed assets.
9-31 a. Acceptable audit risk A measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated
after the audit is completed and an unqualified opinion has been
issued. This is the risk that the auditor will give an incorrect audit
opinion.
Inherent risk A measure of the auditor's assessment of the
likelihood that there are material misstatements in a segment
before considering the effectiveness of internal control. This risk
relates to the auditor's expectation of misstatements in the financial
statements, ignoring internal control.
Control risk A measure of the auditor's assessment of the likelihood
that misstatements exceeding a tolerable amount in a segment will
not be prevented or detected by the client's internal controls. This
risk is related to the effectiveness of a client's internal controls.
Planned detection risk A measure of the risk that audit evidence for
a segment will fail to detect misstatements exceeding a tolerable
amount, should such misstatements exist. In audit planning, this
risk is determined by using the other three factors in the risk model
using the formula PDR = AAR / (IR x CR).
b.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Acceptable Audit Risk .05 .05 .05 .05 .01 .01
IR x CR 1.00 .24 .24 .06 1.00 .24
PDR = AAR / (IR x CR) .05 .208 .208 .833 .01 .042
Planned Detection Risk
in percent 5% 20.8% 20.8% 83.3% 1% 4.2%
c.
1. Decrease; Compare the change from situation 1 to 5.
2. Increase; Compare the change from situation 1 to 2.
3. Increase; Compare the change from situation 1 to 2.
4. No effect; Compare the change from situation 2 to 3.
d. Situation 5 will require the greatest amount of evidence because
the planned detection risk is smallest. Situation 4 will require the
least amount of evidence because the planned detection risk is
highest. In comparing those two extremes, notice that acceptable
audit risk is lower for situation 5, and both control and inherent risk
are considerably higher.
9-32 a. Low, medium, and high for the four risks and planned evidence have meaning only in comparison to each other. For example, an
acceptable audit risk that is high means the auditor is willing to
accept more risk than in a situation where there is medium risk
without specifying the precise percentage of risk. The same is true
for the other three risk factors and planned evidence.
b.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Acceptable Audit Risk H H L L H M
IR x CR L M H M M M
PDR = AAR / (IR x CR) H M L L M M
Planned Evidence L M H H M M
L = low, M = medium, H = high
c.
9-33
9-34
Cases 9-35
9-36
Computer prepared Excel worksheets (P936a.xls and P936b.xls) are contained on the Companion Website and on the Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM, which is available upon request.
a. See Worksheet 9-36A on pages 9-18 and 9-19. It is important to
recognize that there is no one solution to this requirement. The
determination of materiality and allocation to the accounts is always
arbitrary. In this illustration, the auditor makes estimated
adjustments for problems noted by analytical procedures. This is an
important step as the potential adjustments reduce income before
taxes, and thus materiality. The illustrated solution recognizes that
with downward adjustments, actual income may be much closer to
the contractual amount required for an additional contribution to the
employee's pension plan. This creates a sensitivity that will need to
be watched carefully as the audit progresses. The allocation to the
accounts is particularly arbitrary. It is noteworthy that the sum of
allocated amounts equals 1.5 times materiality. It is assumed that
this is consistent with the audit firm's internal policies.
b. The level of acceptable audit risk is based on an evaluation of three
factors:
1. The degree to which external users rely on the statements.
2. The likelihood that the client will have financial difficulties
after the audit report is issued.
3. The auditor's evaluation of management's integrity.
Stanton Enterprise is a public company and therefore has a high
degree of reliance by external users on its financial statements. The
Company's operating results and financial condition indicate that
there is very little likelihood of financial difficulty in the immediate
future. With regard to management's integrity, although there has
been some concern with Leonard Stanton's past bankruptcy, the
carefully monitored relationship has been good for the four years
Stanton has been a client. On that basis, it appears management
integrity is good.
Overall, then, an acceptable audit risk level of medium would seem appropriate.
c. See Worksheet 9-36B on pages 9-20 and 9-21 that shows both
horizontal and vertical analysis of the 2006 audited and the 2007
unaudited financial statements, as well as computation of
applicable ratios. Following are the key observations to be made:
Overall Results Stanton Enterprises apparently had an extremely successful year in 2007. Sales increased by 36.4 percent, gross margin increased by 4 absolute percentage points, and income before taxes increased by 138.5 percent. Return on total assets and return on equity increased and are at admirable levels. These results allowed the Company to increase its dividends by 25 percent (recognizing that more shares were outstanding) and total stockholder's equity by 101.9 percent. Furthermore, the Company's current, quick, cash and times interest earned ratios are up, and its debt to equity ratio is down, indicating that the Company is extremely sound from a liquidity standpoint.
Trade Accounts Receivable In the face of such growth, trade accounts receivable increased by 59.3 percent, and at the same time, accounts receivable turnover slowed and days to collect increased somewhat. However, the allowance for uncollectible accounts was only .7 percent of gross receivables at the end of 2007, down from 1.7 percent at the end of 2006. This implies that the allowance may be significantly understated for 2007 and must be looked at very carefully during the current audit. This review would include considering whether a liberalization of credit policies was used to help increase sales.
Property, Plant and Equipment The Company made a significant additional investment in property, plant and equipment, increasing them by 30.5 percent. These new assets will need to be verified during the current audit. It is noteworthy that accumulated depreciation increased by only 16.1 percent. This could indicate that depreciation on the new assets was not recorded, but may not, depending on dates of acquisition and depreciation method used. Depreciation must be tested considering these facts as determined. Goodwill Goodwill also increased significantly, by $855,000. This implies that the Company made an acquisition during the year. This could explain the increase in operating assets, and any such transaction must be examined in detail as part of the audit. Also, the goodwill from prior transactions must be considered during each audit as to its amortization and recoverability.
Accounts Payable Accounts payable went down from 2006 to 2007. This doesn't seem reasonable at all given an increase in business activity. It is very possible there are unrecorded liabilities at the end of 2007, and this must be an area of major emphasis during the audit.
Bank Loan Payable It seems somewhat strange for the Company to have an outstanding balance on its bank loan payable at the end of 2007 given its admirable results. It is possible this was the result of an acquisition, or they simply haven't paid it off. In any case, verifying this balance is a relatively easy audit procedure.
Federal Income Taxes Payable and Income Tax Expense The Company's effective tax rate for 2006 was 34 percent. Income tax expense is only 22.5 percent of income before taxes. Federal income taxes payable on the balance sheet is significantly lower at 12-31-07 than would be expected based on 2006. These both indicate that the Company has not made its final tax accrual for 2007, and this area will require careful attention during the audit. Common Stock Common stock increased by 25 percent. It is possible that this occurred in connection with an acquisition (see Goodwill), or in some other way. The issuance of new shares and surrounding circumstances will need to be understood and examined.
Sales Whenever there is a drastic increase in business activity, there is an increased risk of problems. It is possible that controls will lapse or not be carefully observed. It is possible that transactions will not be carefully accounted for. Therefore, in a situation such as Stanton's it is important to understand the nature of the changes that took place and to do a careful review of controls. It will be especially important to thoroughly test cutoffs if both sales and purchase transactions.
Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit Consistent with the comments under sales, the auditors must determine why the gross profit percent has made such a significant improvement. Tests of costs and inventories will be more extensive than in more stable circumstances.
Pension Cost It appears that the Company exceeded the contractual amount for additional pension contribution. Yet, pension cost is a lesser percent of sales in 2007 than in 2006. This may indicate that an accrual for additional pension cost was not made. As pension cost is a complex and important area, it will be verified in detail during the audit.
RATIONALE
1. Acceptable audit risk is medium for the engagement, therefore, it is
medium for accounts receivable and all of its related objectives.
2. Inherent risk for the engagement would be considered medium for
the following reasons:
a. Stanton's background problems.
b. Stanton's autocratic management style.
c. Some indication of deficiencies in the control environment,
particularly rejection of recommendation to establish an
internal audit function.
3. Inherent risk for cutoff is considered high due to the Company's
rapid growth in 2007 and the general frequency of cutoff errors.
4. Inherent risk for realizable value is considered high because of the
Company's rapid growth and the amount of judgment involved in
establishing the allowance for uncollectible accounts.
5. The analytical procedures performed are preliminary only, and don't
provide substantive evidence. However, they can indicate areas
where possible problems exist. In other words, they can't lower risk,
but can increase it. In this case, they corroborate the high inherent
risk level specified for cutoff and realizable value.
9-36 (continued)
9-36 (continued)
9-36 (continued)
C
审计学原理习题一(附答案)
编号：班级：学号：姓名：得分： 一、填空题（40*1） 1.我国政府审计起源于西周的宰夫一职，我国审计正式命名是在宋朝。 2.周朝出现了上计制度，由皇帝亲自参加听取和审核各级地方官吏的财政会计报告；秦汉时期设置御史大夫一职，专司监察全国的民政、财政及财物审计事项。 3.隋朝开创新制，设置比部，隶属于都官或刑部，掌管国家财计监督。 4.元代由户部兼管财务报告的审核，独立的审计机构宣告消亡。 5.详细审计只是根据查错揭弊的目的而对账簿进行逐笔审查，也称为英国式审计。 6.资产负债表审计以证明企业偿债能力为主要目的，也称为美国式审计/信用审计。 7.审计机关隶属于立法部门，直接对议会负责并报告工作，这一审计体制称为立法型审计。 8.地方审计机关接受上级审计机关和本级政府的双重领导。 9.审计产生于财产所有权和经营管理权相分离而产生的受托经济责任关系。 10.审计是指为了查明有关经济活动和经济现象的认定与既定标准之间的一致程度，而客观地收集和评估审计证据，并将结果传递给有利害关系的使用者的系统过程。 11.审计的本质就是一种受托经济责任的检查手段或过程。 12.受托责任是依据法律授权、制度规定、规则约束等形成的由代理人承担的一种提供记录和就职责履行情况给予说明的义务。 13.审计对象或审计监督的内容，一般是指被审计单位的经济活动和经济资料。 14. 审计主体是按照法律授权或接受委托实施审计的机构和人员，审计主体执行审计作用的对象称为审计客体/审计对象。 15.我国国家审计的总体目标是财政财务收支的真实性、合法性和效益性。 16.国家审计，也称为政府审计，是指由政府审计机关执行的审计。 17.我国已经形成了国家审计、民间审计和内部审计三位一体的审计监督体系。 18. 审计规范是指审计活动中应当遵守的行为准则和工作标准。 19.审计的基本特性包括独立性、权威性、公正性和经济监督价值。 20.影响形式独立性的因素包括业务关系、经济利益、潜在诉讼、亲属关系、和非审计服务。 二、简答题（3*6） 1.审计与其他监督活动的区别？ 一、审计对象或审计监督的内容，一般是指被审计单位的经济活动和经济资料。因此，审计监督是一种经济监督，并不同于行政监督或司法监督。（2分） 二、审计监督是专设的部门所实行的监督，审计部门无任何经济管理职能，不参与被审计人及审计委托人任何管理活动，具有超脱性；审计监督内容取决于授权人或委托人的需要，具有广泛性；审计监督代表国家实施监督，被审计单位不得阻挠；审计监督不仅可以对所有的经济活动进行监督，而且还可以对其他经济监督部门以及它们监督过的内容进行再监督。（4分）
北京交通大学2018年《03125审计学》考研大纲 1.审计基本原理 （1）审计概述：审计概念、审计要素、审计目标、审计基本要求、审计风险、审计过程； （2）审计计划：初步业务活动、总体审计策略和具体审计计划、重要性； （3）审计证据：审计证据的性质、审计程序、具体审计证据获取的方法； （4）审计抽样：审计抽样的基本概念、审计抽样基本原理和步骤、审计抽样在控制测试中的应用、审计抽样在细节测试中的应用； （5）审计工作底稿：审计工作底稿概述、审计工作底稿格式、要素和范围、审计工作底稿的归档； 2.审计测试流程 （1）风险的识别和评估：风险的识别和评估概述、风险评估程序、信息来源以及项目组内部的讨论、了解被审计单位及其环境，了解被审计单位的内部控制、评估重大错报风险； （2）风险应对：针对财务报表层次重大错报风险的总体应对措施、针对认定层次重大错报风险的进一步审计程序、控制测试、实质性程序； 3.各类交易和账户余额审计 （1）销售与收款循环审计：销售与收款循环的特点、销售与收款循环的内部控制和控制测试、销售与收款循环的实质性程序； （2）采购与付款循环审计：采购与付款循环的特点、采购与付款循环的内部控制和控制测试、采购与付款循环的实质性程序； （3）生产与存货循环审计：生产与存货循环的特点、生产与存货循环的内部控制和控制测试、生产与存货循环的实质性程序； （4）货币资金的审计：货币资金审计概述、库存现金审计、银行存款和其他货币资金审计； 4.财务报表审计中对特殊项目的考虑 （1）对舞弊和法律法规的考虑：财务报表审计中与舞弊相关的责任、财务报表审计中对法律法规的考虑； （2）审计沟通：注册会计师与治理层的沟通、前任注册会计师和后任注册会计师的沟通； （3）注册会计师利用他人工作：利用内部审计工作、利用专家的工作； （4）其他特殊项目的审计：审计会计估计、关联方的审计、考虑持续经营假设、首次接受委托时对期初余额的审计； 5.完成审计工作与出具审计报告
《审计学》第03章在线测试 答题须知：1、本卷满分20分。 2、答完题后，请一定要单击下面的“交卷”按钮交卷，否则无法记录本试卷的成绩。 3、在交卷之前，不要刷新本网页，否则你的答题结果将会被清空。 第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分） 1、财务报表审计业务属于鉴证业务，且提供的是关于财务报表整体不存在重大错报的 A、绝对保证 B、相对保证 C、合理保证 D、有限保证 2、下列各项中，不属于财务报表审计的基本业务流程的是 A、审计计划阶段 B、审计实施阶段 C、审计完成阶段 D、审计处理阶段 3、能够标明注册会计师审计业务的委托和受托关系存在的基本文件是 A、审计业务约定书 B、审计计划 C、审计工作底稿
D、审计报告 4、在财务报表审计过程中，用以确定审计范围、时间和方向的文件称为 A、审计业务约定书 B、总体审计策略 C、具体审计计划 D、审计差异调整表 5、控制测试的基本目的是为了证明 A、报表数据的正确定 B、控制运行的有效性 C、审计抽样的合理性 D、审计人员的客观性 第二题、多项选择题（每题2分，5道题共10分） 1、财务报表审计的基本流程分为 A、审计约定阶段 B、审计计划阶段 C、审计实施阶段 D、审计完成阶段 E、审计处理阶段 2、管理层关于各类交易和事项的认定一般包括 A、发生 B、完整性 C、准确定
D、截止 E、分类 3、管理层关于期末账户余额的认定一般包括 A、分类 B、存在 C、权利和义务 D、完整性 E、计价和分摊 4、管理层关于列报运用的认定一般包括 A、发生、权利和义务 B、截止 C、完整性 D、分类和可理解性 E、准确性和计价 5、财务报表审计的完成阶段，注册会计师通常应当编制的审计差异调整表包括两大类，即 A、审计结果汇总表 B、审计计划执行表 C、调整分录汇总表 D、审计完成平衡表 E、重分类分录汇总表 第三题、判断题（每题1分，5道题共5分） 1、财务报表审计是注册会计师向社会提供的最常见的鉴证业务。
2007年7月广东省高等教育自学考试 审计学原理试题 （课程代码06069） 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 1．世界上第一个注册会计师执业团体是1853年在苏格兰成立的（A） A、爱丁堡会计师协会 B、伦敦会计师协会 C、曼彻斯特会计师协会 D、威尼斯会计师协会 2．注册会计师在美国称为（ A ） A、注册公共会计 B、特许会计师 C、公认会计士 D、注册审计师 3．独立审计实务公告是对注册会计师执行特殊目的、特殊性质的审计业务，出具审计报告的具体规范。其制定的依据是（B） A、独立审计准则 B、独立审计基本准则 C、独立审计具体准则 D、执业规范指南 4．我国规定，注册会计师协会执业会员接受职业后续教育的时间为3年累计不得少于（D）A、120学时B、140学时 C、160学时 D、180学时 5．会计信息对会计报表使用者的影响程度是指（ B ） A、审计风险 B、重要性 C、内部控制 D、可容忍误差 6．具有经济合同的性质，一经约定双方签字认可，就成为会计师事务所与委托人法律上生效的契约是（ C ） A、管理当局声明书 B、律师声明书 C、审计业务约定书 D、管理建议书 7．下列哪个审计证据证明力最强？（ A ） A、购货发票 B、销货发票存根 C、出库单 D、管理当局声明 8．无意识地夸大、缩小、歪曲反映经济活动的证据是指（ A ） A、不实证据 B、篡改证据 C、伪造证据 D、虚假证据 9．审计证据证明力的第三种形态是（ D ）P123 A、潜在证明力 B、完全证明力 C、现实证明力 D、充分证明力 10．哪些情况下，注册会计师需要进行符合性测试？（ A ） A、相关内部控制存在，运行情况良好
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第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分） 1、中国注册会计师执业准则使用于注册会计师向社会提供的 A、审计业务 B、审阅业务 C、审核业务 D、所有业务 2、注册会计师职业道德基本准则所规定的基本要求不包括 A、独立原则 B、客观原则 C、准确原则 D、公正原则 3、中国注册会计师职业道德基本准则的基本要求中，最基本的是 A、独立原则 B、客观原则 C、准确原则 D、公正原则 4、下列各项中，属于中国注册会计师专业技术规范最基本内容的是 A、鉴证业务准则 B、相关服务准则 C、职业道德准则 D、质量控制准则 5、在我国，关于注册会计师行业的专业法律是 A、中华人民共和国审计法 B、中华人民共和国会计法 C、中华人民共和国注册会计师法 D、中华人民共和国公司法第二题、多项选择题（每题2分，5道题共10分） 1、中国注册会计师执业准则体系包括以下组成部分 A、鉴证业务准则 B、内部管理准则 C、相关服务准则 D、审计处理准则 E、质量控制准则 2、作为中国注册会计师执业准则的基本部分，鉴证业务准则包括 A、质量控制准则 B、审计准则
C、审阅准则 D、其他鉴证业务准则 E、相关服务准则 3、下列业务中，必须准则鉴证业务基本准则的包括 A、财务报表审计 B、财务报表审阅 C、预测性财务信息审核 D、代编财务报表 E、代理税务申报 4、下列行为中，不符合注册会计师职业道德规范要求的有 A、对未来事项的可实现程度作出保证 B、对自身执业能力进行夸耀性广告 C、注册会计师公告变更了的办公地址 D、以个人名义执业 E、在两个以上的会计师事务所执业 5、下列行为中，符合注册会计师职业道德准则要求的有 A、向社会公告其办公地址和电话 B、向被审计单位收取额外的补贴 C、为客户保密 D、向客户提供管理咨询 E、不收取或有费用 第三题、判断题（每题1分，5道题共5分） 1、在执行审计业务中，注册会计师可以根据服务成果的大小决定收费水平的高低。 正确错误
第六章审计工作底稿 一、单项选择题 1．下列有关审计工作底稿归档期限的表述中，正确的是( )。 A．如果完成审计业务，归档期限为审计报告日后六十天内 B．如果完成审计业务，归档期限为外勤审计工作结束日后六十天内 C．如果未能完成审计业务，归档期限为外勤审计工作中止日后三十天内 D．如果未能完成审计业务，归档期限为审计业务中止日后三十天内 【答案】A 【解析】审计工作底稿的归档期限为审计报告日后六十天内或审计业务中止日后的六十天内。 2.以下针对审计工作底稿的说法中，不正确的是( )。 A．注册会计师取得的已被取代的财务报表草稿不必形成最终审计工作底稿 B．如果依据专家工作发表保留意见，审计工作底稿应包括专家形成的工作底稿 C．会计师事务所应在审计报告日后60天内完成审计工作底稿的归档工作 D．会计师事务所对审计档案应自审计报告日起至少保存10年 【答案】B 【解析】A、C、D都属于准则的明文规定。B:对于聘请的事务所外部专家，除非协议另行约定，专家形成的工作底稿属于专家，不是审计工作底稿的组成部分。 3．注册会计师在审计工作底稿中记录其实施的审计程序的性质、时间安排和范围时，应当记录测试的具体项目或事项的识别特征。以下关于记录的识别特征的做法中，正确的是( )。 A．对被审计单位内部生成的订购单进行测试，将供货商作为主要识别特征 B．对需要选取既定总体内一定金额以上的所有项目进行测试，将该金额以上的所有项目作为主要识别特征 C．对运用系统抽样的审计程序，将样本来源作为主要识别特征 D．对询问程序，将询问时间作为主要识别特征 【答案】B 【解析】选项B正确。审计工作底稿中记录的对某一个具体项目或事项的识别特征通常应当具有唯一性特征；选项A不正确，应以“订购单的日期或编号”作为测试订购单的识别特征；选项C不正确，应以“样本的来源、抽样的起点及抽样间隔”，作为主要识别特征；选项D不正确，应以“询问的时间、被询问人的姓名及职位”作为识别特征。 4．甲注册会计师负责审计A公司2013年度财务报表，在记录审计过程时，对于特定项目或事项的识别特征需要特别注意，有关审计程序中测试样本的识别特征，以下说法中不正确的是( )。 A．对于需要询问A公司中特定人员的审计程序，注册会计师可能会以询问的时间、被询问人的姓名以及职位作为识别特征 B．对于观察程序，甲注册会计师以观察的对象作为识别特征 C．在对A公司生成的订购单进行细节测试时，甲注册会计师可能以订购单的日期或编号作为测试订购单的识别特征
《审计学》第06章在线测试剩余时间：55:09 答题须知：1、本卷满分20分。 2、答完题后，请一定要单击下面的“交卷”按钮交卷，否则无法记录本试卷的成绩。 3、在交卷之前，不要刷新本网页，否则你的答题结果将会被清空。 第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分） 1、注册会计师在审计过程中运用最多的审计证据应当是 A、实物证据 B、书面证据 C、口头证据 D、环境证据 2、仅从书面证据的角度看，下列证据中具有较强的说服力的是 d A、会计凭证 B、会计账簿 C、会计报表 D、函证回函 3、注册会计师运用监盘程序所取得的审计证据一般是 A、实物证据 B、书面证据 C、口头证据 D、环境证据 4、最为基层的审计工作底稿复核是指 B A、注册会计师的复核 B、项目负责人的复核 C、部门负责人的复核 D、主任会计师的复核 5、审计工作底稿的最终复核是指 A、注册会计师的复核 B、项目负责人的复核 C、部门负责人的复核 D、主任会计师的复核 第二题、多项选择题（每题2分，5道题共10分） 1、按照外形特征，可将审计证据分为 A、实物证据 B、推断证据 C、书面证据
D、口头证据 E、环境证据 2、下列证据中，证明能力较强的有 A、实物证据 B、外部证据 C、内部证据 D、口头证据 E、环境证据 3、审计证据应当具备下列特征 A、公允性 B、充分性 C、经济性 D、适当性 E、及时性 4、抽样审计过程中，经常运用下列方法选取样本 A、随机选样 B、随意选样 C、集中选样 D、系统选样 E、金额加权选样 5、运用审计抽样方法时，推断误差常用的方法包括 A、定性推断法 B、加权平均法 C、比率估计法
第8章 一单选题 & 1.下列有关总体应对措施和进一步审计程序的说法中，错误的是( )。 A．注册会计师应当针对评估的财务报表层次重大错报风险确定总体应对措施 B．当使用分析程序比细节测试能更有效地将认定层次的检查风险降至可接受的水平时，注册会计师可以考虑单独或结合细节测试，运用实质性分析程序 C．如果预期控制有效性的保证程度越高，则需要实施的控制测试的范围越广 D．如果评估的重大错报风险是高水平，则应当针对所有重大的各类交易、账户余额或披露实施控制测试和实质性程序 【答案】D 【解析】无论评估的重大错报风险是高水平还是低水平，对于重大的各类交易、账户 余额和披露，注册会计师都应当实施实质性程序，故选项D错误。参考教材P182。 2．在注册会计师为提高函证程序的不可预见性而采取的下列措施中，正确的是( )。 A．以跟函方式向境外客户实施函证 B．以积极的函证方式向小余额客户函证 C．将函证的截止日定为12月31日 D．要求客户直接向被审计单位回函【答案】B 【解析】A、D不符合准则要求；C属于常规程序，不具备不可预见性。参考教材P16 -169。 3．确定进一步审计程序的性质时，注册会计师首先需要考虑的是( )。 A．报表层次重大错报风险的评估结果 B．被审计单位内部控制的有效性 C．认定层次重大错报风险的评估结果 D．对被审计单位及其环境的了解 【答案】C 【解析】进一步审计程序是注册会计师为应对认定层次的重大错报风险而实施的程序。参考教材P172。 4.下列各项中，与进一步审计程序的范围反向变动的是( )。 A．认定层次重要性水平 B．评估的重大错报风险 C．计划的保证程度 D．所需审计证据的数量 【答案】A
上海交大各院系专业介绍 2013年，交大自主招生申请大类专业如下表，在其中40多个招生大类科目中任选5个作为志愿： 上海交通大学2013年本科招生专业一览表
注：1、未注明年制的专业均为四年制 2、未注明科类的专业均为理工类 上海交通大学医学院2013年本科招生专业一览表 热门专业介绍 安泰经济与管理学院 学院是学校国际化程度最高的学院之一，与美国哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、MIT 斯隆管理学院、宾大沃顿商学院、密西根大学、华盛顿大学、德州大学奥斯汀商学院等50 多所海外著名大学的商学院建立了广泛的合作关系。在校留学生近200 人，每年有150 余名学生赴
海外进行交流，常年有数十名外籍教师参与教学，在国际化教学方面取得很大成果，在国内外享有较高的声誉。 招生模式： 1. 直接从高中生中招收。学生入学后不分专业进入经济与管理大类学习。一年级下学期有意向读会计的学生可申请进入会计学专业学习。其他同学则在经济学类修读，第三学年末根据自己的意愿申报专业。可申报的专业有经济学、金融学和国际经济与贸易，不可报管理类的。 2.从交大理工科院系二年级学生中择优招收学生转入安泰经济与管理学院，攻读工商管理专业，按照国际通行的工商管理学士（BBA）模式培养。 特色项目： 邹至庄班——学院从2010 级开始，每年在一年级本科生中挑选30 人，培养潜在高端经济学学术人才。该班设立专门的课程体系，强化数学和经济学基础教育，注重严格的、规范的主流经济学研究范式和研究能力的训练，配备最优秀的国际化师资，为每位学生配备导师，为优秀学生提供海外半年～一年的交流学习机会。 金融全英语专业项目——课程设置与世界一流大学接轨，由毕业和执教于世界一流大学的经济学和金融学教授承担专业基础课的教学，聘请金融业界高层管理人员担任部分专业实践性课程的教学，以培养具有国际视野的优秀应用型人才。 ACCA 国际班——课程全部由海外ACCA 会员教师全英语授课。该国际班学生在每年的ACCA 考试中，成绩名列前茅。 IMA 项目—— IMA（International Marketing Analyst）项目是中国唯一的一个针对国际市场营销分析的本科生培养项目。采用全新的培养模式，实现教学与实践的零距离接触；采用英语（或双语）教学，并通过国际交换项目，增强学生跨文化市场研究的能力。
《审计学》第13章在线测试 A B C D 、在所有的审计意见类型中，最常见的、也是最受审计业务各方面环境的应当是 A B C D 、注册会计师发表保留意见的前提应当是被审计单位的财务报表必须整体具有 A B C D 、注册会计师发表否定意见的基本条件是被审计单位财务报表整体不具有 A B C D 、最容易使得使用者对被审计单位财务报表的品质感到无所适从的审计意见类型是 A B C D
D、否定意见 E、无法表示意见 2、非标准意见审计报告包括下列审计意见类型 A、标准无保留意见 B、带强调事项段的无保留意见 C、保留意见 D、否定意见 E、无法表示意见 3、对被审计单位财务报表出具无保留意见审计报告的条件包括 A、财务报表已经发布 B、财务报表合法、公允 C、注册会计师已按规定计划和实施审计 D、审计过程未受限制 E、审计费用较高 4、注册会计师对被审计单位财务报表出具保留意见审计报告的前提条件是报表整体公允，同时具备下列条件之一 A、财务报表已经发布 B、部分会计事项不合法、且重大，但不至于发表否定意见 C、大部分会计事项不合法，但不愿意出具否定意见 D、因审计范围受到限制，虽影响重大、但不至于发表无法表示意见 E、审计范围受到非常重大的限制，但不愿意发表无法表示意见 5、按特殊基础编制的财务报表通常包括下列基础ACD A、计税基础 B、权责发生制基础 C、收付实现制基础
正确错误 、审计意见类型可以从审计报告的责任段内容反映出来。 正确错误 、无法表示意见的审计报告实际上是注册会计师没有表达其审计意见。 正确错误 、当被审计单位支付过多的审计资费时，容易发生购买审计原则。 正确错误 、无论从审计业务委托人，还是从被审计单位管理层，都愿意接受无保留意见的审计报告。 正确错误
审计学原理作业1 及答案 一、单项选择题： 1．审计独立性的存在主要取决于（）在审计关系中所处的超脱地位。 A 审计人 B 被审计人 C 委托人 D 当事人 2．审计产生的客观基础是（） A 受托经济责任关系 B 生产发展的需要 C 会计发展的需要 D 管理的现代化 3．《中华人民共和国审计法》在全国实施的时间是（） A 1994.1.1 B 1995.1.1 C 1996.1.1 D.1997.1.1 4．下列各项中，属于“对同行的责任”职业道德的要求是（）。 A．不以向他人支付佣金等不正当方式招揽业务 B．不允许他人借用本人、本所的名义承接业务 C．注册会计师不以个人名义同时在两家或两家以上的会计师事务所执业 D．不承接不能按时完成的业务 5．注册会计师所提供的审计业务属于有偿服务的性质，但其所收审计费用的多少不能以（）为依据。 A．服务的性质 B．工作量的大小 C．特定结果的实现 D．参加人员层次的高低 6．按照预先规定的时间进行的审计，称为（） A 定期审计 B 不定期审计 C 事前审计 D 事中审计 7．在西方，最具代表性的国家审计机关是（）的国家审计机关。 A 司法系统 B 立法系统 C 行政系统 D 管理系统 8．逆查法应先从（）查起。A 原始凭证 B 记账凭证 C 会计账簿 D 会计报表 9．函询法是通过向有关前段时间发函了解情况取得证据一种方法，这种方法一般用于（）的查证。 A 无形资产 B 固定资产 C 往来款项 D 流动资产 10．（）是指在审查某个项目时，通过调整有关数据，从而求得需要证实的数据方法。 A 鉴定法 B 调节法 C 盘存法 D 抽样法 11．民间审计属于（）。 A 任意审计 B 强制审计 C 专项审计 D 突击审计 12．民间审计的业务范围不包括（）。 A 验资 B 审计业务 C 会计咨询业务 D 会计监督 13．《中华人民共和国注册会计师法》实施时间是（） A 1986.7.1 B 1993.10.1 C 1994.1.1 D 1995.1.1 14．审计方法中的查询法可以分为询问法和（）两种。 A 核查法 B 询查法 C 查证法 D 函证法 15．注册会计师依法执行审计业务出具的报告，具有（）效力。 A 证明 B 公证 C 公示 D 确定 16．内部审计机构应当接受（）的业务指导和监督。 A 国家 B 社会 C 国家审计机关 D 社会审计组织 17．中国注册会计师协会是注册会计师的（）组织。 A 全国性 B 地方性 C 综合性 D 特定性 18．下列各项中，不属于注册会计师审计业务的有（）。 A．验证企业资本 B．验证年度会计报表的合法性和公允性 C．设计企业内部控制制度 D．审计简要会计报表 19．我国社会主义审计的作用包括（）性和促进性。 A 制裁 B 制度 C 制约 D 体制 20．审计的客体是（）。 A 被审计单位 B 专职审计机构或人员 C 被审计单位的经济活动 D 有关的法规和审计标准
审计学原理期末考试题1 专业：会计学（专）/审计学原理人气指数： 中央广播电视大学2008—2009学年度第一学期“开放专科”期末考试审计学原理试题 一、单项选择题(每题1分，共15分) 1．会计报表审计的判断标准是()。 A.审计准则 B.会计准则 C.企业内部会计制度 D.执业规范指南 2．在下列各项中，不属于注册会计师审计的是()。 A．受托审计B．有偿审计C．强制审计D．预告审计 3．我国的国家审计机关设立在()。 A.全国人民代表大会B．国务院C.财政部D．司法部 4．强制审计一般用在()所进行的审计。 A.国家审计机关B．上级主管部门C.民间审计组织D．内部审计机构5．在我国，注册会计师只有加入()才能承办业务。 A．会计师事务所B．审计局C．审计署D．律师事务所 6．审计准则是为增强()的可信性而产生的。 A.会计账簿B．会计报表C.审计报告D．审计工作底稿 7．审计人员获取的下列证据中()的证明力最弱。 A．应收账款函证回函B．银行对账单C．销货发票D．材料出库单8．签订审计业务约定书是在审计的()进行。 A．复审阶段B．终结阶段C．实施阶段D．准备阶段
9．()是被审计单位的内部控制未能发现或防止重大差错的风险。 A．固有风险B．控制风险C.检查风险D．经营风险 10．()是内部控制的描述方法。 A．核对法B．调查表法C．顺查法D．抽查法 11．符合性测试的目的是获取对准备予以信赖的()是否有效执行的证据，从而确定会计报表审计的范围和程序。 A.会计制度 B.管理制度 C.核算制度D．内部控制 12．固定资产总分类账与固定资产卡片账的记录()分工。A.必须B.无须C.可酌情D.无须认真13．我国《注册会计师法》规定，会计师事务所的组织形式不包括()。 A.独资公司 B.合伙公司C．有限责任公司 14．变量抽样用于()的实质性测试。 A．本期发生额B．科目余额C.账户余额D．存货盘点数额666 15审计报告日是指( )。A审计报告完成日B审计报告公布日C.审计工作完成日D．会计报表公布日 二、多项选择题(每题2分，共10分) 1．内部审计与民间审计的差异主要表现在()。 A.审计依据 B.独立性C．审计收费D．审计作用 2．按审计范围不同，可将审计分为()。 A．全部审计B.综合审计C.专项审计D．局部审计 3．审计依据的特点为()。 A.可比性 B.层次性 C.相关性 D.时效性 E.地域性
2015年7月广东省高等教育自学考试 审计学原理试卷 (课程代码6069) 本试卷共8页，满分100分；考试时间150分钟一. 单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1.注册会计师在审计关系中属于【 A 】 A.第一关系人 B.第二关系人 C.第三关系人 D.第四关系人 2.注册会计师在英国称为【 B 】 A.注册公共会计 B.特许会计师 C.公认会计师 D.注册审计师 3.独立审计具体准则制定的依据是【 B 】 A.独立审计准则 B.独立审计其本准则 C.独立审计实务公告 D.执业规范指南 独立审计准则是中国注册会计师职业规范体系的重要组成部分。独立审计准则体系由以下三个层次组成 (1)独立审计基本准则。独立审计基本准则是独立审计准则的总纲，是对注册会计师专业胜任能力的基本要求和执业行为的基本规范，是制定独立审计具体准则、实务公告和执业规范指南的基本依据。(2)独立审计具体准则与独立审计实务公告。 独立审计具体准则是依据独立审计基本准则制定的，是对注册会计师执行一般审计业务、出具审计报告的具体规范。 独立审计实务公告是依据独立审计基本准则制定的，是对注册会计师执行特殊行业、特殊目的、特殊性质的审计业务、出具审计报告的具体规范。 (3)执业规范指南。执业规范指南是依据独立审计基本准则、具体准则与实务公告制定的，为注册会计师执行独立审计具体准则、实务公告提供可操作的指导意见。 由于上述三个层次独立审计准则的性质不同，因而约束力也有所区别。 独立审计基本准则、具体准则与实务公告，是注册会计师执行独立审计业务，出具审计报告的法定要求，各事务所和注册会计师执行注册会计师法规定的审计业务，应当遵照执行。 执业规范指南是对注册会计师执行独立审计业务、出具审计报告的具体指导，注册会计师参照执行，可以根据承办委托业务过程中的实际情况，具体应用。 4.我国注册会计师协会执业会员接收职业后续教育的时间为3年累计不得少于【 D 】 A.120学时（脱产教育） B.140学时 C.160学时 D.180学时 中国注册会计师协会（CICP）规定，执业会员接受后续教育的时间，三年累计不得少于180学时，其中每年接受后续教育培训时间不得少于40学时；接受脱产后续教育的时间三年累计不得少于120学时，其中每年接受脱产后续教育培训时间不得少于20学时。 5.会计报表存在重大错误，注册会计师审计后发表不恰当意见的可能性是指【 A 】 A.审计风险 B.重要性 C.内部控制 D.可容忍误差
《审计学》在线测试
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第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分） 1、中国注册会计师执业准则使用于注册会计师向社会提供的 A、审计业务 B、审阅业务 C、审核业务 D、所有业务 2、注册会计师职业道德基本准则所规定的基本要求不包括 A、独立原则 B、客观原则 C、准确原则 D、公正原则 3、中国注册会计师职业道德基本准则的基本要求中，最基本的是 A、独立原则 B、客观原则 C、准确原则 D、公正原则 4、下列各项中，属于中国注册会计师专业技术规范最基本内容的是 A、鉴证业务准则 B、相关服务准则 C、职业道德准则 D、质量控制准则 5、在我国，关于注册会计师行业的专业法律是 A、中华人民共和国审计法 B、中华人民共和国会计法 C、中华人民共和国注册会计师法 D、中华人民共和国公司法第二题、多项选择题（每题2分，5道题共10分） 1、中国注册会计师执业准则体系包括以下组成部分 A、鉴证业务准则 B、内部管理准则 C、相关服务准则 D、审计处理准则 E、质量控制准则 2、作为中国注册会计师执业准则的基本部分，鉴证业务准则包括 A、质量控制准则 B、审计准则
C、审阅准则 D、其他鉴证业务准则 E、相关服务准则 3、下列业务中，必须准则鉴证业务基本准则的包括 A、财务报表审计 B、财务报表审阅 C、预测性财务信息审核 D、代编财务报表 E、代理税务申报 4、下列行为中，不符合注册会计师职业道德规范要求的有 A、对未来事项的可实现程度作出保证 B、对自身执业能力进行夸耀性广告 C、注册会计师公告变更了的办公地址 D、以个人名义执业 E、在两个以上的会计师事务所执业 5、下列行为中，符合注册会计师职业道德准则要求的有 A、向社会公告其办公地址和电话 B、向被审计单位收取额外的补贴 C、为客户保密 D、向客户提供管理咨询 E、不收取或有费用 第三题、判断题（每题1分，5道题共5分） 1、在执行审计业务中，注册会计师可以根据服务成果的大小决定收费水平的高低。 正确错误
大作业 课程名称《审计学CPA》 论文题目：从认定角度浅析存货舞弊及其审计 专业名称：ACCA 班级： 学号： 姓名： 任课教师： 上课时间： 大作业完成时间：
目录 从认定角度浅析存货舞弊及其审计 (1) 摘要 (1) 一、引言 (1) 1、当前背景 (1) 2、研究意义 (1) 二、认定 (1) 1、定义 (1) 2、审计五大认定（旧审计准则） (2) 3、新审计准则中的认定 (2) （一）与各类交易、事项相关的认定 (2) （二）与期末账户余额相关的认定 (3) （三）与列报与披露相关的认定 (4) 三、从认定角度分析存货审计程序的选择 (4) （一）期末账户余额层次认定的审计程序选择 (4) 1）针对完整性和存在性认定采用的审计程序 (4) 2）针对计价和分摊认定采用的审计程序 (5) 3）针对权利和义务认定采用的审计程序 (5) （二）列报层次认定的审计程序选择 (5) 1）针对权利和义务认定采用的审计程序 (5) 2）针对完整性认定采用的审计程序 (5) 3）针对分类和可理解性认定采用的审计程序 (6) 4）针对准确性和计价认定采用的审计程序 (6) 四、从案例角度分析存货舞弊及其审计 (6) 1、通用技术集团公司的存货舞弊手段 (6) 2、最应当关注的存货审计认定——计价和分摊 (6) 五、总结与展望 (7) 参考文献 (7)
从认定角度浅析存货舞弊及其审计 摘要 存货是资产负债表的主要项目，也是营运资金的重要组成部分，存货的种类繁多、形式多样且流动性强，准则中对其计价方法的规定也有很大的选择性，基于以上特点，存货项目极容易成为企业进行财务舞弊的工具。审计作为防范财务报告舞弊的最后一道防线，对控制财务报告舞弊的发生与蔓延起着重要作用。但我们可以看到，在诸多财务舞弊案例中，注册会计师均未能有效识别存货舞弊并控制其审计风险，最终导致审计失败。本文将从审计认定角度，对存货舞弊以及存货审计方法进行分析。 一、引言 1、当前背景 存货项目是资产负债表中十分重要的组成部分，国内外的审计准则也对这一项目的审计程序做出了详细规定，随着审计实务的发展，具体的审计技术方法如监盘等也一直在进步。然而，企业在对存货这一项目进行造假的手段也在更新，新兴行业的产生也同样给存货项目带来诸多不同的特性。纵观近些年来的国内外存货舞弊案件，从国外的法尔莫到国内的蓝田股份、银广夏，负责其年报审计的会计师事务所之所以审计失败，都是在存货项目的舞弊审计上出现了重大过失，由此可见，当前存货舞弊审计的形式并不乐观。 2、研究意义 存货作为企业资产的重要组成部分，它的确认和计量会在很大程度上地影响企业资产的价值和期间利润的高低，同时，这些信息也为财务报表的使用者提供了相关信息来预测企业未来的现金流量和评估价值。而种类繁多、流动性强和计价方法多样，使得存货舞弊成为利润操纵的主要手法。因此，审计人员应该关注被审计单位可能存在的存货舞弊，并灵活的综合使用多种方式来有效地发现存货舞弊并降低其审计风险，更多还原企业的财务信息。 二、认定 1、定义 认定是指被审计单位管理层对财务报表组成要素的确认、计量、列报所做出的明确或隐含的表达。认定与审计目标密切相关，注册会计师的基本职责就是确定被审计单位管理层对其财务报表的认定是否恰当。
1.会计与审计的区别与联系： ●联系：审计的主要对象是会计资料及其所反映的财政、财务收支活动。会计资料是 审计的前提和基础。会计活动是经济管理活动的重要组成部分，会计活动本身就是 审计监督的主要对象。 ●区别：1、产生的前提不同。 2、两者性质不同。 3、两者对象不同。 4、方法程序不同。 5、职能不同。 2.审计的三个基本要素： 审计主体、审计客体、审计授权或委托人。 3.审计本质的两方面含义： 1、审计是一种经济监督活动，经济监督是审计的基本职能。 2、审计具有对立性，独立性是审计监督的最本质的特征，是区别于其他经济监督的关键所在。 4.审计的职能： 经济监督职能、经济鉴证职能、经济评价职能。 5.我国的审计假设： (一)审计基本假设：1、审计必要性假设2、审计对象可证实性假设3、错误与弊端 存在性假设4、行为衡量标准假设5、无反证判定假设 (二)审计特种假设：1、审计主体假设2、审计方法假设3、审计证据假设4、其他 方面假设 6.国家审计机关的隶属模式： 立法型、司法型、行政型（我国） 7.会计师事务所的业务范围： 审计业务和会计咨询服务业务，其中审计业务包括审查企业会计报表，出具审计报告；验证企业资本，出具验资报告；办理企业合并、分立、清算事宜中的审计业务，出具有关的报告；法律、行政法规规定的其他审计业务等。 8.审计人员的素质要求： 职业道德素质、专业胜任能力（政治素质、业务素质） 9.审计道德规范的一般原则： 注册会计师应当恪守独立、客观、公正的原则。 可能损害独立性的因素包括经济利益、自我评价、关联联系和外界压力。 10.审计准则特性： 1、审计准则的权威性 2、审计准则的规范性 3、审计准则的可接受性 4、审计准则的课操作性 5、审计准则的性对稳定性 11.审计的对象： 1、被审计单位的会计资料及其有关经济资料（会计报表、会计账簿、会计凭 证其他相关经济资料）审计对象的现象 2、被审计单位的财政财务收支及其有关的经济活动（财政收支、财务收支。 有关的经济活动）审计对象的本质 12.审计的具体目标：
2018年北京交通大学03125审计学 参考书目、考试大纲、专业课复习方法 一、专业课代码及名称 03125审计学 二、专业课参考书 《审计》2015年注册会计师考试用书，注会考试委员会 三、考试大纲 1.审计基本原理 （1）审计概述：审计概念、审计要素、审计目标、审计基本要求、审计风险、审计过程； （2）审计计划：初步业务活动、总体审计策略和具体审计计划、重要性； （3）审计证据：审计证据的性质、审计程序、具体审计证据获取的方法； （4）审计抽样：审计抽样的基本概念、审计抽样基本原理和步骤、审计抽样在控制测试中的应用、审计抽样在细节测试中的应用； （5）审计工作底稿：审计工作底稿概述、审计工作底稿格式、要素和范围、审计工作底稿的归档； 2.审计测试流程 （1）风险的识别和评估：风险的识别和评估概述、风险评估程序、信息来源以及项目组内部的讨论、了解被审计单位及其环境，了解被审计单位的内部控制、评估重大错报风险； （2）风险应对：针对财务报表层次重大错报风险的总体应对措施、针对认定层次重大错报风险的进一步审计程序、控制测试、实质性程序； 3.各类交易和账户余额审计 （1）销售与收款循环审计：销售与收款循环的特点、销售与收款循环的内部控制和控制测试、销售与收款循环的实质性程序； （2）采购与付款循环审计：采购与付款循环的特点、采购与付款循环的内部控制和控制测试、采购与付款循环的实质性程序； （3）生产与存货循环审计：生产与存货循环的特点、生产与存货循环的内
部控制和控制测试、生产与存货循环的实质性程序； （4）货币资金的审计：货币资金审计概述、库存现金审计、银行存款和其他货币资金审计； 4.财务报表审计中对特殊项目的考虑 （1）对舞弊和法律法规的考虑：财务报表审计中与舞弊相关的责任、财务报表审计中对法律法规的考虑； （2）审计沟通：注册会计师与治理层的沟通、前任注册会计师和后任注册会计师的沟通； （3）注册会计师利用他人工作：利用内部审计工作、利用专家的工作； （4）其他特殊项目的审计：审计会计估计、关联方的审计、考虑持续经营假设、首次接受委托时对期初余额的审计； 5.完成审计工作与出具审计报告 （1）完成审计工作：完成审计工作概述、期后事项、书面声明； （2）审计报告：审计报告概述、审计意见的形成和审计报告的类型、审计报告的基本内容、非标准审计报告、比较信息、含有已审计财务报表的文件中的其他信息； 6.会计师事务所质量控制 （1）质量控制制度的目标和对业务质量承担的领导责任 （2）相关职业道德要求 （3）客户关系和具体业务的接受与保持 （4）人力资源 （5）业务执行 （6）监控 7.职业道德 （1）职业道德基本原则和概念框架：职业道德基本原则、职业道德概念框架、注册会计师对职业道德概念框架的具体运用、非执业会员对职业道德概念框架的运用； （2）审计业务对独立性的要求：基本概念和要求、经济利益、贷款和担保以及商业关系、家庭和私人关系、与审计客户发生人员交流、与审计客户长期存在业务关系、为审计客户提供非鉴证服务、收费、影响独立性的其他事项。
郑州大学远程教育《审计学》第11章在线测试 《审计学》第11章在线测试 第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分） 1、企业将现金收入直接用以自身的支付，这种情况一般称为 A、小金库 B、坐支 C、账外账 D、假账 2、为了证明银行存款的存在性，除了需要取得银行对账单外，还需要对银行存款进行 A、检查 B、盘点 C、函证 D、观察 3、对企业货币资金进行审计，一般不会涉及 A、库存现金 B、银行存款 C、其他货币资金 D、交易性金融资产 4、在对企业的期间费用进行审计时，不涉及的账户是 A、管理费用 B、销售费用 C、财务费用 D、制造费用 5、现金流量表中的“现金”不包括 A、库存现金 B、银行存款 C、现金等价物 D、代管现金 第二题、多项选择题（每题2分，5道题共10分） 1、我国的企业现金流量表中将现金流量分为三个主要部分 A、转账活动产生的现金流量 B、经营活动产生的现金流量 C、文化活动产生的现金流量 D、投资活动产生的现金流量 E、筹资活动产生的现金流量 2、通常所说的货币资金一般包括 A、库存现金 B、金融资产 C、银行存款 D、银行证券 E、其他货币资金 3、下列项目中，与证明银行存款的存在性有关的证据包括 A、银行对账单 B、账户使用证
C、银行询证函 D、银行存款余额调节表 E、银行存款账簿记录 4、下列库存现金业务中，不合规的包括 A、坐支现金 B、超限额持有现金 C、零星现金结算 D、用现金进行超限额结算 E、分散保管现金 5、在我国企业会计中，期间费用包括 A、管理费用 B、制造费用 C、销售费用 D、预计费用 E、财务费用 第三题、判断题（每题1分，5道题共5分） 1、货币资金的审计既涉及货币资金的增加业务，又涉及货币资金的减少业务。 正确错误 2、银行对账单是用以证明企业银行存款期末余额的最有效的证据。 正确错误 3、企业的库存现金和银行存款此增彼减业务不涉及现金流量问题。 正确错误 4、现金盘点表是证明期末库存现金存在性的有力证据。 正确错误 5、通过对银行存款日记账记录的抽查，可以初步判断企业银行存款收付管理的质量。 正确错误 在线测试：满分代做QQ1340038370 郑大所有专业的在线收听、在线测试、网上考试、提交作业、课程论文、毕业论文等服务，100% 保过。欢迎新老学员合作！ 需要帮助联系QQ：1340038370