专四大作文
序号题号各部分名称题型题数比重
考试时间
（分钟）
I听写主观题 1 15% 15
II1-30 听力理解
A对话
B短文
C新闻
客观题
客观题
客观题
10
10
10
15% 15
III31-50 完型填空客观题20 10% 15 IV51-80 语法与词汇客观题30 15% 15 V81-100 阅读理解20 20% 25
VI 写作
A 作文
B 便条
主观题
主观题
1
1
15%
10%
35
10
合
计
100 103 100% 130
英语专业四级考纲对写作题的测试要求
(1)要求根据所出的题目和列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲)写一篇200词左右的短文。（180-250字）
?做到内容切题、完整、条理清楚，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。
?考试时间35分钟。
(2)写便条：
要求根据提示写大约50--60词的通知、便条、请贴等。
?要求格式正确，语言得体。
?考试时间10分钟。
?英语专业四级写作的评分标准
?
作文的评分标准
(1)文章内容切题、丰富(completeness)，文章通顺，表达清楚。
(2)行文流畅。(transition)
(3)组织严密，逻辑性强。(coherence)
(4)句型多样化，句法结构正确。(variety)
(5)用词得体、恰当、丰富。(diction)
(6)语法正确。
(7)拼写及标点正确，书写整洁。(punctuation)
评分原则
1 评分采取整体评分法，即先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。
?Global Scoring 总体评分法
? 1. 作文体现主题思想50%
? 2. 组织结构合理10%
? 3. 无重大语法错误20%
? 4. 语言充实得体20%
? 5. 卷面整洁
2 大作文字数少于180 或多余250的，便条少于60的从总分减去1分。
?对于大作文，具体来看：
?150~170字，扣1分130~150字，扣2分
?110~130字，扣3分90~110，扣4分
?90及以下，最多给5分。
3 如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。
4 语法和拼写错误要有下划线或斜线/，并在右边空白处标注扣1到3分。
5 拼写和标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英美拼写及词汇，格式，标点用法均可接受。
6 白卷0分。
五档评分
第1档15~14分(outstanding)：
对话题的复杂性的分析清楚有力；熟练驾驭有效写作的要素。
?a)在就某话题展开分析和阐述自己观点时摆出有洞察力的原因和/或有说服力的事例。
?b)结构清晰。
?c)对于语言(包括用词和句法多样性)有很好的掌握
?d)文章完全符合标准书面英语规范(包括语法、用法和拼写规则)，有“闪光点”基本无语言错误。
第2档13~11分(strong)：
对话题的复杂性有充分的分析；很好地掌握了有效写作的要素。
?a)阐述观点时能运用恰当有力的理由/或事例。
?b)结构较清晰。
?c)对于语言(包括用词和句法多样性)有良好的掌握
?d)较好的掌握标准书面英语规范(包括语法、用法和拼写规则)，但可能会有小错误。第3档11~9分(adequate)：
?对事件的复杂性有一定的分析；对写作的要素有一定的掌握。
?a)阐述观点时能举出与事件相关的理由/或事例。
?b)结构基本合理。
?c)对于语言(包括用词和句法)有一定的掌握，但句法缺乏多样性。
?d)对于标准书面英语的规范有一定掌握，但有一些错误。
第4档8~6分(limited)：
对话题的复杂性有一定的分析；对写作的要素有一定的掌握，但有明显缺陷，一般具备下列特征中的一项或几项：
?a)观点模糊或不充分。
?b)结构松散。
?c)不善于举出与议题相关的理由或事例。
?d)语言不准确且/或句子缺乏多样性。
?e)在语法、用法或拼写上偶有错误或常有小错误。
第5档5~0分(seriously flawed)：
在分析性写作技巧上表现出严重缺陷，一般具备下列特征中的一项或几项：?a) 观点不明确或未能充分展开。
?b) 毫无结构可言。
?c) 缺乏相关的理由或事例。
?d) 在语言运用或句子结构上经常出现严重错误。
?e) 在语法、用法或拼写上错误很多，影响文章表达。
?f) 跑题、非英语写作、重抄原题.
注：
1）如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。
2）对于规定三段的作文，只写一段者：0~4分；只写两段者：0~9分
3）按规定，考生作文若为0分，无论其总分是否高于60分，均作不及格处理；若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，报成绩时，需从总分中减去6分，再加上实得作文分。
历年作文题
年份作文题类型
观点选择
2011 Should Private Car Owners be Taxed for
Pollution?
2010 Should College Students Hire Cleaners? 观点选择
2009 Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment? 观点选择
2008 The Benefits for Volunteering 观点阐述
2007 Is It Wise to Make Friends Online? 观点选择
2006 Saving Money or Using Tomorrow’s Money观点选择
2005 My Idea of a University Art Festival 观点阐述
2004 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing? 观点选择
2003 The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood 观点阐述
2002 The Best Way to Stay Healthy 分析解决
2001 Travel Broadens the Mind 观点阐述
2000 The Importance of Extracurricular Activities 观点阐述
Exposition
Discussion
大作文类型
1. 对比选择型
?Yes or No / A or B
2. 给定观点（对于给定的观点予以论证）
?The importance / benefits of…
sth. do good to sth.
3. 问题分析解决型
?The way to solve…/ The best way to do
4. 自由发挥型
?My idea of …/ My view on…
?
写作时间安排（建议）
作文的写作时间：35分钟
审题：1～2分钟;
组织素材, 细节和关键词: 4～5分钟;
起草: 20～25分钟;
修改定稿: 4～5分钟。
写作步骤
审题、确定主题句、段落组织、修改
1、审题
?审题材和体裁
?要审题目：
1.审文章的中心论点或中心主题
2.审试卷提示，即试卷上的提示性话语。
?建议同学们在下笔之前，先在草稿纸上列好写作提纲，即你的论点，你准备分哪几点来论证你的论点，以及你的结论等等，确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。
2、确定主题句
?主题句：文章全文、或每个段落的总结观点。
（1）能保证作文不跑题，使作文看起来立意清晰，观点明确。
（2）主题句能帮助你制定写作思路。
（全文主题句、分论据的主题句）
我们提倡专业四级作文中，每段、以及各个分论据都应该要有一个主题句，使得段落分明，观点清晰，逻辑清楚。
?态度要鲜明（建议选择相对容易的立场）
?文章主题句更适宜放在第一段，根据专业四级英文写作的特点，要在第一段中即要立场鲜明地提出自己的观点。
3、段落组织
段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。
常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等。
4、修改
Case study
2007年专业四级写作Is It Wise to Make Friends Online
Nowadays the Internet has become part of people’s life, and millions of young people have made friends online.
Outline
For: 拓宽视野widen horizon
丰富生活enrich lifestyle
Against: 潜在危险potential danger
华而不实impractical & superficial
第一段：(thesis)
开点明现象，引出问题，描述当今网上交友的普遍性。提出自己的观点，赞成网络交友还是反对网络交友。参考句型：It is an undeniable fact that…；It is widely/ generally/ universally held/ believed that…等。
Making friends online has grown in popularity in the last years and now and then. We hear some appalling stories of disasters as a result of it. As far as I am concerned, it is not wise to make friends online as there are potential dangers to it.
第二段：(argument 1 + argument2 + argument 3…)
阐述问题，具体地阐述你赞成或反对网络交友的理由。
每个论据(argument)的论证由ground + conclusion组成。
1.论据的主题句要有高度的扩展性。
2.扩展句是对主题句进一步阐述或说明的句子，可以运用举例说明、比较对比法、因果
法、类比法、分类法等展开说明，两到三句即可。
3.结论句是对段落进行总结的句子，可以采用重申主题、提出解决问题的方案或呼吁号
召等方式。
段落之间要有层次逻辑之外，段落内部，也要层次分明。表示层层递进的时候，我们要使用一些诸如“第一、第二、第三”“首先、其次、最后”“更重要的是……最重要的是……”之类的表达，使得文章条理清晰。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0018807178.html, 电话：020-3445 3026 5
First of all,（argument 1）Some people's dependence on online relationship can build up a risk of having potential psychological problems.（拓展句）People can be easily attracted to online life and those who are lonely, depressed or not satisfied with their real lives can easily develop an addiction to the “perfect” online life , as they can make up life stories. Too much addiction can gradually affect one's abilities and functions in the real world. （结论句）Gradually the addicts become isolated from others and unconcern with people or events around them. In addition, (argument 2) cyber relationships have the magical power of destroying the intimate relationships between family members and friendships.Teenagers of the generation of Instant Messaging are also too keen to their online friends to care about their relationships with their parents.
结尾段：
再次强调你的观点和你赞成或反对网络交友的意义。
1.承接上文，再次提及你赞成或反对网络交友的原因。
2.提出限制或赞成网络的意义
3.提出一种号召性的语言——用only by doing sth. can sb. do…做结尾，用在文章结尾表示一种号召。
In conclusion, though people are finding it entertaining to make friends online, it dose harm in several ways. Too much trust and dependence on cyber life can cause net addiction that may lead to several psychological disorders or physical problems. Moreover, relationships in real life have been affected by online relationship(反对网络交友的原因).
Extreme cases indicate the most dreadful consequences caused by cyber criminals（反对网络交友的意义. As making friends online still spreading its attractions, people need to be aware of these dangers and take proper actions to protect themselves and their life（号召）.
连贯
?段落内部及段落之间的连贯性
?连贯性原则不仅要求文章段落中各句都要前后衔接，条理清楚，使读者易于理解，而且要求在叙事次序和使用转折语进行过渡这两个方面体现出来。
? 1. 叙事次序
?各种不同类型文章及不同作者使用的写作次序当然会有所不同，常见的大致有以下几种：
?1）按时间先后次序，这主要见于记叙文和说明文。
?2）按空间先后次序，包括前后、左右、上下、内外等顺序，主要见于描写文和记叙文。
?3）按动作或操作程序，这尤见于“How to…”一类的使用、烹调、指路等说明书中。
?4）按推论法（deduction）次序，即从总的概念到具体情节，常见于记叙文、说明文和论述文中。
?5）按归纳法（induction）次序，即从个体细节到总的概念或结论，主要用于说明文和论述文。
?6）按情节的重要性次序，即按最重要的到不太重要的排列，或按不太重要的到最重要的排列，在各种文体中都可使用。
? 2.使用转折语进行过渡
?1) 代词的使用
Example
?It is the most talked-of subject in our daily life. Everyone mentions it several times a day.
You think about it at least once during every class. Its passage is steady. It touches
everyone. What is it? It is time!
?2) 关联词的使用
? 1. Different students learn English for different purposes. Most of the students learn English because they need to read English textbooks or journals and attend English
lectures, （while）（Meantime）(in comparison with) a few students use it to talk to English-speaking visitors, attend seminars, or write letters and reports.（表并列）
? 2. Many people applaud / welcome this new development while others have expressed their concern about this.(表转折)
? 3. Bird flu and SARS are two typical examples that environmental destruction may threaten our life. （Besides）（Furthermore）（Moreover）, forest destruction, water and air pollution result in decrease of planting land and unpleasant weather.（表递进）?3) 重复关键词
?My first visit to the cinema was a very unhappy one. I was taken there by some friends when I was only seven years old. At first there were bright lights and music and I felt quite happy. When the lights went out, I felt afraid. Then the film started and I saw a train on the screen. The train was coming towards me. I shouted out in fear and got down
under my seat. When my friend saw me, they started to laugh. I felt ashamed and sat
back in my seat. I watched the film to the end but I still felt afraid. I was glad when the film ends.
?4)使用同义词（包括：近义词）
?Of all Jefferson’s many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer…. His talent as an author was soon discovered.
?I first heard this tale in India…. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine.
?5）使用转折词
?根据意义要求，使用不同的转折词。依其作用可分为以下十类：
? a. 表示举例（example）
?for example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point, namely, that is, incidentally
? b.表示增补意义(addition)
?in addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, also, again, and, then, too, likewise, what’s more
? c. 表示强调(emphasis)
?certainly, indeed, above all, of course, surely, anyway, in fact, as a matter of fact, in other words, in this case, that is (to say), in particular, naturally, obviously
? d. 表示对比或对照(contrast)
?in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead, while, in spite of, despite, on the contrary, although, but, however, still, yet, nevertheless, unlike, otherwise, conversely
? e. 表示比较（comparison）
?like, likewise, similarly, in the same way, equally important, meanwhile, at the same time, even so, even though, not only…but also…
? f. 表示让步（concession）
?after all, clearly, although, it is true (that)
?g. 表示原因（cause）
?because of this, because, for, for this reason, since, as, due to, owing to, thanks to
?h. 表示结果(consequence)
?therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, so, hence, thus, in this way, otherwise ?i. 表示次序（order）
?first (second, third, etc.), in the first place, first of all, now, next, then, to begin (start)with, at first, as last, finally, eventually, in the end, lately, recently, immediately, temporarily,
since then, soon, after a while, afterward, after, before, today (tomorrow, yesterday),
above, across, against, around, behind, before, in front of, below, beneath, down, over,
under, up, beyond, adjacent to, close to, near to, next to, opposite to, at the bottom (of), in the middle (of), on the left (right), on the opposite side
?j. 表示结论（conclusion）
?to sum up, to conclude, to summarize, in summary, in all, in a word, in short, in brief, in conclusion, so, therefore, thus, in any event, as has been noted (mentioned, stated)
语言表达
（一）词汇
? 1. 选用自己熟悉的词,力求简洁、准确
? 2. 尽可能不要连续、重复地用一个词。
?（二）句子
? 1.不要出现任何的拼写或语法错误
? 2.要注意句型的多样化。
?（简单句，并列句和复杂句的交替使用，适当将句中非谓语结构、介词短语、从句等位置多样；插入语、同位语的运用等等）
?
检查修改
? 1. 检查是否切题
? 2. 检查语言的连贯性,上下文是否通畅,过渡词语使用是否恰当。
? 3. 再逐句检查语法,主、谓一致性,时态、语态、语气、习惯搭配等使用是否准确。
单词的正确拼写;字母大小写和标点符号;数的一致性(包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性); 指代关系(包括指代的一致性和代词的选用);动词形式(时
态、语态、语气)等方面。
? 4. 检查大小写、拼写等。
书写认真，卷面整洁
Ⅰ.大作文
说明文：“语言是如何产生的”；“解释社会分工是如何产生的”；
议论文：对某一观点支持或反驳；对某一事物或现象进行评论或讨论；
如何布局？
如何审题？
1. 框架，逻辑，内容，语言
多为议论文
议论文评分标准：总体评分原则（global scoring）；拟题计分
三段式：提出论点；展开论证；进行总结
注意积累。从校园生活的方方面面拓展开去加以观察：校园生活【兼职，校园活动（演讲，朗诵，歌唱，戏剧，绘画，影视欣赏等），学生的消费习惯等】
1.1第一段：
两个任务：
1. 引出话题或现象
2. （别人的观点，）自己的观点
名人名言、谚语习语；先抑后扬；正反对比；权威数字；
首段常用句型：
引出社会现象或人们普遍接受的观点
It is generally accepted that
It is universally acknowledged that
There is an assumption that
Everybody agrees that
Nowadays it has become fashionable for sb to do
As every college student would agree
As everybody would agree
There arises a pressing problem confronting
Nowadays people are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of
The issue of … is becoming a matter of concern
It is not an uncommon phenomenon that
It is not uncommon that
In recent years, a growing number of … This phenomenon has aroused wide concern
…, which provoked nationwide heated debates on …
There is a growing tendency these days for … to …, and this has aroused a heated debate among people as to …
The controversial issue is often brought into public focus.
… has become a headache of …
引出争议或个人观点
Some of … maintain that …. I do not side with this view for two reasons.
In my opinion,/in my eye,/from my viewpoint/perspective/point of view, …
As for me, …
As far as I am concerned, …
I am a strong believer in the claim that …
Personally, I support such a view …
It is my firm belief that …
For my part, …
Views on the issue in question vary from person to person.
Some solutions to the problem have been proposed, such as ….However, I would say …Some people believed that…, but others don?t think so. In my opinion, …
For my part, the best way to … is the combination of … and …
I would argue that …
I am convinced that …
I firmly believe/hold that
Modern people are supposed to … However, not all people can manage to …
The issue of whether … or not has been widely debated currently
The discussion as to whether … or not is a very controversial one.
Recently there has been a very controversial debate as to …
There arises a fierce debate concerning/regarding …
This report has evoked a strong repercussion among the public.
There are both sides of people who have very strong feelings.
Some people claim that …. However, many other people argue that …
Quite a few people, who advocate … maintain that …. On the other hand/However, those who think differently argue that …
People, who approve of …, claim that …. On the other hand, those who think differently argue that …
Some people are for … other people voice strong opposition.
Some people hold the belief that …, whereas many others are of the opinion that …
While most people are aware of …, quite a proportion of people fail to recognize the significance of …
Admittedly（诚然）, people rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue. An increasingly heated debate has arisen as to the issue of whether …
There is no denying that …, but …
There is no doubt that … However, we could not lose sight of the fact.
It goes without saying that …. However,…
On the surface of it, their argument sounds persuasive, but on second thoughts, it cannot hold water.
At first thought, it seems to be reasonable. But on second thoughts, it cannot bear analysis.
It is true that …, but …
There is some truth in their argument. However, …
It cannot be denied that …;however, I can hardly share the viewpoint.
Personally, I think the advantages/merits/benefits of … outweigh its
disadvantages/demerits/harms.
The advantages of studying abroad outshine its negative effects.
I would say that the advantages/merits/benefits of … carry more weight than its disadvantages/demerits/harms.
谚语：
Put the cart before the horse.
Two heads are better than one.
It is never too old to learn.
Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性
1.2第二段
如何拓展：
1.同一个意思，改变表达形式：同义表述；反义表述
2.举例法
1.3第三段：
第三段完成两个任务：
1. 重申自己的观点；
2. 篇幅不够时，可以提出自己的建议或呼吁
预言后果；引用典故、谚语、名言；提问；综合；
总结：
In sum, … has both merits and demerits.
To sum up, … is/are of immense importance to …
In summary, I believe …
In conclusion, … will play a very important role in …
It is an inescapable conclusion that …
In short, …
In a word, …
On the whole, …
All in all, the best way to … is …
Form what we have discussed above, we can see clearly that …
Form the above discussion, we can safely arrive at/come to the conclusion that …
From the above discussion, we can easily conclude that …
From the above discussion, it can be safely concluded that …
Form what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that …
The above-mentioned factors lead to the conclusion that …
For the tow reasons discussed above, I am deeply convinced that …
After weighing the advantages/merits/benefits and disadvantages/demerits/harms, we?ll come to the conclusion that …
Form the comparison and contrast above, we can conclude that …
When all the factors are examined, we may safely come to the conclusion that …
建议：
My suggestion to those who … is that …
To those …, I would suggest …
It is suggested that …
Suggestions are put forward as to …
I strongly recommend that …
It is strongly recommended that …
… are well advised to …
I believe that some measures should be taken so as to …
It is my proposal to …
For people who ..., it is important to …
强调：
Unless people are aware of the importance of …, we can never expect …
Only in this way, could/can we …
What we should keep in mind is …
We should pay more attention to …
We should give more priority to …
More priority should be given to …
The time is right for us to …
It is high time that …
It is the very time to …
2. 审题三要素：
1. 写作的情景：对社会现状的描述；对社会现象的争议；实用型写作
2. 写作标题the main difference, one way, the best way
3. 写作要求:
1. 陈列理由型support your view with one or two reasons;
2. 细节说明型support your opinion with appropriate details;
3. 举例论证型give one or two examples to illustrate your ideas
2.1. 陈列理由型
04年
情景：Nowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other. So, some say that phones will kill letter writing. What is our opinion?
标题：Will phones kill letter writing?
要求：1. State specifically what your view is.
2. Support your view with one or two reasons.
3. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
第二段如何展开（理由）：更正式；更真切；更带给人喜悦
范文：
Will phones kill letter writing?
With the development of information technology and the reduced price of communication products , telephones have become a necessity for most people. And many youngsters prefer phoning to letter writing . Some maintain that phones will kill letter writing. I do not side with this view. Why won?t this happen ?
First of all, on some certain occasions, black and white confirmation is still a must due to the traditional formality of letter writing . Business letters and legal correspondence are two typical examples. And it is not uncommon that formal invitation letters for marriage ceremonies or other rituals are thought of as being polite and decent. Secondly, profound and heart-felt emotions can be hardly expressed via telephones. Most people are accustomed to expressing their intense affections by writing elaborately. Thirdly, we couldn?t neglect
people?s delight in receiving traditional letters and unsealing the envelopes.
When all the factors are examined, we may safely come to the conclusion that letter writing won?t be replaced by phone calls, though phones render modern communication more convenience . As is generally accepted, everything existing in the world has its own mission and significance.
比较一下05年、98年、96年、02年真题，哪个主题句更易于展开第二段：
05年
情景：The student s? union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester, and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included.
标题：My idea of a university arts festival
要求：1. State specifically what your view is.
2.Provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.
3. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
自己的观点；As regard s my personal suggestions for the arts festival nest semester, I would highly recommend holding an evening with the theme of Shakespearean dramas.
比较：I think the arts festival in the next semester should be more interesting.
可以建议几种活动及其意义和对能力的锻炼，（演讲，绘画，戏剧）；也可以建议一种活动，详细分析其意义。
98年
情景：It is now generally accepted that vehicles (cars, trucks, etc) are a major source of air pollution in cities. You are to suggest only one way to solve the problem.
标题：one way to solve the problem
要求：1. State what your suggested way is.
2. State one or tow advantages of your suggestion.
3. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.
自己的观点：It is suggested that we employ electricity, instead of petrol, as the source of power to make vehicles environmentally friendly because of its clean, inexhaustible and low-cost nature.
比较：I would suggest two ways: to trim down the number of vehicles and employ electricity as the source of power.
审题关键字：The main difference between my college life and my middle school, One way to solve the problem, The best way to stay healthy, My idea of a university arts festival.
主题句：
足够明确；有拓展性
96年推荐主题句
As for me, I prefer the more independent life in university for the following three reasons.
比较：I think university life is better than middle school life.
02年推荐主题句
For my part, the best way to stay healthy is the combination of guided physical exercises and a balanced diet.
比较：In my opinion, the best way to stay healthy is to do more exercises.
Outline
强身健体body building
It is widely acknowledged that it is sports that help body building, prevent disease and extend longevity.
Physical training accelerates blood circulation and strengthens immunity, thus the possibility of falling ill is reduced.
Moreover, exercises may be better treatment and prevention as little side effect can be expected. There is no doubt the elderly who do exercises every day in early morning usually have longer lifespan.
缓解压力relieve pressure
Sp orts can relieve one?s pressure and he could be mentally relaxed.
In such a society with cutthroat competition, one is under great pressure from society, and financial pressure and peer pressure are the obvious ones.
During exercises, one may be physically exhausted, but mentally exciting, leaving various pressure, from work or from home, behind.
范文：
The best way to stay healthy
Modern people place more emphasis upon the importance of a sound body. And several ways are proposed to keep healthy, such as starting an exercise program and keeping a balanced diet. For my part, the best way to stay healthy is the combination of guided physical exercises and a balanced diet .
On the one hand, physical exercises helps to build the body and strengthen the muscles. It is of vital significance for bookworms, who are isolated in studies and classrooms only . What?s more, regular exercises promotes the process of metabolism, through which, detrimental substances in our bodies, namely the redundancy of fat, could be removed successfully. On the other hand, a balanced diet is indispensible for it furnishes us with various kind of nutrition that is required for a robust constitution. Keeping doing exercises without proper input of nourishments is like keeping a machine running for days and nights without adding oil to it. The body will finally break down due to the drainage of energy.
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that the best way to keep fit is combining proper physical exercises with a healthy diet. The absence of either will in no sense result in sustainable health .
各原因/理由的排列顺序：
并列：at the same time
递增：needless to say, moreover, most importantly,
递减：above all, it is true to a great extent that, admittedly,
一般情况下，由浅入深
结构框架模板及套用演示：
1.
Modern people place more emphasis upon the importance of . And several ways are proposed to , such as . For my part, the best way
to .
On the one hand, helps to . It is of vital significance for . What?s more, promotes . On the other hand, .
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that . The absence of either will in no sense result in .
The best way to stay healthy
Modern people place more emphasis upon the importance of a sound body. And several ways are proposed to keep healthy, such as starting an exercise program and keeping a balanced diet. For my part, the best way to stay healthy is the combination of guided physical exercises and a balanced diet .
On the one hand, physical exercises helps to build the body and strengthen the muscles. It is of vital significance for bookworms, who are isolated in studies and classrooms only . What?s more, regular exercises promotes the process of metabolism, through which, detrimental substances in our bodies, namely the redundancy of fat, could be removed successfully. On the other hand, a balanced diet is indispensible for it furnishes us with various kind of nutrition that is required for a robust constitution. Keeping doing exercises without proper input of nourishments is like keeping a machine running for days and nights without adding oil to it. The body will finally break down due to the drainage of energy.
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that the best way to keep fit is combining proper physical exercises with a healthy diet. The absence of either will in no sense result in sustainable health .
2.
With the development of , have become a necessity for most people. And prefer to . Some maintain that . I, do not side with this view.
Why ?
First of all, on some certain occasions, . are two typical examples. And it is not uncommon that . Secondly, . Most people are accustomed to . Thirdly, we couldn?t neglect .
When all the factors are examined, we may safely come to the conclusion that , though . As is generally accepted, .
Will phones kill letter writing?
With the development of information technology and the reduced price of communication products , telephones have become a necessity for most people. And many youngsters prefer phoning to letter writing . Some maintain that phones will kill letter writing. I do not side with this view. Why won?t this happen ?
First of all, on some certain occasions, black and white confirmation is still a must due to the traditional formality of letter writing . Business letters and legal correspondence are two typical examples. And it is not uncommon that formal invitation letters for marriage ceremonies or other rituals are thought of as being polite and decent. Secondly, profound and heart-felt emotions can be hardly expressed via telephones. Most people are accustomed to expressing their intense affections by writing elaborately. Thirdly, we couldn?t neglect
people?s delight in receiving traditional letters and unsealing the envelopes.
When all the factors are examined, we may safely come to the conclusion that letter writing won?t be replaced by phone calls, though phones render modern communication more convenience . As is generally accepted, everything existing in the world has its own mission and significance.
3.
Views on vary form person to person. Some people advocate/maintain
that . However, others argue that is of decisive importance. For my part,
is comparatively more important. There are major reasons.
First and foremost, . . moreover, . . Needless to say, .
All in all, it goes without saying that . .
The most important element of success 对成功因素的争议
Views on the most important element of success vary form person to person. Quite a few people advocate university education is the key to success. However, those who think differently argue that rich working experience is of decisive importance. For my part, formal education is comparatively more important. There are three major reasons.
First and foremost, university education equips youngsters with scientific knowledge in certain professional fields, which paves the way for their future career success . formal academic education provides basic skills of solving problems, which is like the foundation stone of a skyscraper . Moreover, a university is a mini-society, in which students have chances to join in social activities, and learn to cooperate with others . They acquire interpersonal skills besides accumulating expertise, which is very helpful for their future career development . Needless to say, university education also renders opportunities to put book knowledge into practice, which surely prepares students well for their future career .
All in all, it goes without saying that university education is very important for us to get more achievements . University education to a great extent foster youngsters? qualifications essential to career success .
4.
Nowadays, are enjoying a striking popularity on/in . Occasionally, some young people . As far as I am concerned, it?s acceptable that . What are the possible reasons that make it a piece of wise advice?
Firstly, it is obvious enough that . Secondly, will free us
form , which will certainly . most importantly, . Generally speaking, . can help .
On the whole, . As to .
5.
The controversial issue about is often brought into focus on/in . some people hold the belief that is beneficial, whereas many others do not agree. I am a strong believers in the claim that because of and .
For one thing, as is known to all, . however, .because . for another, what boasts is . . plays a vital role
in . .
When all the factors are examined, we may safely come to the conclusion that . should be put into right perspective and .
The controversial issue about required class attendance is often brought into focus on/in campus . Some people hold the belief that such policy is beneficial, whereas many others do not agree. I am a strong believers in the claim that rigid class attendance is by no means indispensable because of the real purpose of such policy and the consideration of stimulating students? creativity .
For one thing, as is known to all, the real purpose of the required class attendance is to ensure that students can study as is scheduled and have higher academic achievements .
However, students with a good attendance record may not really devote their efforts to study , because they may take a nap or even chat with others in class . For another, what the academic climate of university boasts is its nature of freedom . College and university students are supposed to be more independent on campus . Such freedom plays a vital role in encouraging students? creativity and initiative . If students have justifiable excuses, a single absence for a class should not be a reason to punish them .
When all the factors are examined, we may safely come to the conclusion that a too rigid attendance policy exerts less positive influence upon university education . Such policy should be put into right perspective and universities should encourage freedom that spurs more creative ideas .
衔接：
引出话题或观点
提及时间：nowadays, at present, currently, recently, most recently, lately
提及话题或观点：as to, as for, generally, regarding, as regards, concerning, generally speaking, in general, as we know, as is known to all, as is generally/universally acknowledged, it is not uncommon that, it is not an uncommon phenomenon that
顺序：first, firstly, first of all, first and foremost, to begin with, to start with, for one thing, on the one hand, in the first place
提及个人观点：as for me, as far as I am concerned, as I see it, in my opinion, form my point of view, for my viewpoint, form my perspective
承接
纯粹承接：second, third, last, secondly, thirdly, for another, in the second place, on the other hand, last but not least
递进承接：besides, furthermore, in addition, in addition to, moreover, what?s more
举例承接：such as, namely, for example, for instance, for … to …, ranging from …to …, as an example, as another example
原因承接：because, since, as, in that, for, because of, owing to, due to, on account of, as a result of, on the basis of, on the ground of
比较承接：similarly, likewise, in the same way, in common, equally important, at the same time, meanwhile, comparatively speaking
对比承接：whereas, while, instead, conversely, in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary
强调承接：in particular，particularly，especially, above all, even worse, needless to say, on top of all, important of all, most importantly, specifically speaking, what?s worth noting is that
转折承接：although, though, granted that, despite, in spite of, it is true … but …, nevertheless, nonetheless, however, but, yet, unfortunately, admittedly, even though, even if, it goes without denying, but/however …, it goes without saying that …, however, …, there is no denying that …, however, …, there is some truth in the argument that …, however, …
总结
结果：thus, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, so, as a result, as a consequence, for this reason, only by doing so, only in such a way
总结：in a word, all in all, to sum up, in summary, on the whole, in brief, in short, as has been noted, by and large, undoubtedly, as has been discussed, briefly
2.2. 细节说明型
97年：
情景：Some of your classmates think that more pressure from academic studies is not beneficial to students. You either agree or disagree with them.
标题：More pressure from academic studies does (or does not do) good to us
要求：1. State clearly what you view is.
2. Support your view with details.
3. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or suggestion.
观点及理由：
观点1：更多压力好
理由：1.压力可以转成动力；2.能够学会如何面对压力，对以后的学习生活有帮助观点2：更多压力不好
理由：1.压力大会让学习效率变低；2.压力大会让人焦虑、抑郁，对身体不好2000年：
情景：College life should be varied and colorful. And extracurricular activities are an important aspect of it. However, at present, there is much room for improvement in this regard.
标题：The importance of extracurricular activities
要求：1. Clearly present your view.
2. Support your opinion with appropriate details.
3. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary.
观点：课外活动很重要，是大学生活的重要组成。
理由：1.给学生展示舞台；2.培养学生的实践能力、应用知识的能力；3.培养学生的创造力、想象力；4.培养学生的领导力；5.有助于学生养成某种兴趣爱好
06年：
情景：Recently a Beijing information company did a survey of student life among more than 700 students in Beijing, Guangzhou, Xi?an, Chengdu, Shanghai, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shenyang. The results have shown that 67 percent of the students think that saving money is a good habit while the rest believe that using tomorrow?s money is better, what do you think?
标题：no suggested title
要求：1. State specifically what your opinion is.
2. Support your opinion with appropriate details.
3. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
框架：
1.
Nobody could in the world today. According to a recent
survey , . On the contrary, the rest . As far as I am concerned, .
There are numerous merits for . Firstly, . In these cases, if we , we can manage to . Secondly, . Just as put it, .
In summary, I believe we young people can benefit a lot from . it can provide us with .
2.
have/has found in our daily life. Some people claim that , while some others . Personally I hold the view that .
of lie in the following two aspects. Firstly, . Secondly, . However, every rose has its thorns. .
On the whole, have/has both advantages and disadvantages. As long as we .
2.3. 举例论证型
2001年
情景：Travel has become part of our life. And more and more of us have come to know the significance of travel through our own experience.
标题：Travel broadens the mind
要求：1. State what the topic actually means to you.
2. Give one or two examples to illustrate your ideas.
3. Bring what you have written to natural conclusion or a summary.
2001年真题：
Travel Broadens the Mind
It has become a fashion for us Chinese people to get traveling during the long holidays in recent years. People either travel abroad or go sightseeing around the country. Travel has already turned to be a part of our life.
This situation is encouraging, for it not only relaxes us physically, but also broadens our minds. For example, if we travel to Africa, we will find a culture totally different from that of ours, and people who think and live in a way unimaginable for us before we set foot on the continent. And we will marvel at the natural wonders, historic miracles and cultural brilliances. All these experiences help to broaden our minds. As a result, our misunderstanding about the continent, if any, will be weeded out, our perspective of seeing the world possible changed, our mode of thinking altered, and above all, our mind broadened. Then travel can without any doubt relax us physically. For instance, the sight of beautiful and vast beaches of Hainan may make us greatly refreshed.
In a way, going on travels is like reading books. Reading makes an erudite man; practicing a capable man; and traveling a broad-minded man.
1995年
情景：Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a parting job in their spare time. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.
标题：no suggested title
要求：1. State clearly your viewpoint on both the advantages and disadvantages.
2. Support your viewpoint on details or examples.
3. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or suggestion. 1999年
情景：We see advertisements on television every day. Some people think that TV advertising brings us benefits, but others don?t think so. What is your opinion?
标题：A major advantage/disadvantage of advertising on television
要求：1. State just One major advantage or disadvantage of TV advertising.
2. Give one or two reasons to support your point of view.
3. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.
1999年真题：
A Major Advantage of Advertising on Television
Every time we turn on the TV, we might encounter advertising. Some people enjoy the benefits advertisements bring, while others say that commercials on TV are annoying. According to my own experience, I can positively point our that the major advantage of TV ads lies in its convenience.
Advertising on TV can first save me a lot of time. With the help of TV ads, it is unnecessary for me to spend much time trying to find the goods I need from one shop to another. What?s more, advertising on TV can also save me much money. I can compare the similar products advertised on TV and finally get the best and cheapest one without stepping out of the door. Last but not the least, some chiming music and vivid plot of TV ads are no less enjoyable than certain programs.
To sum up, advertising on TV plays a vital role in our daily life, from which we can conveniently get to know what products are available, how much they cost us and where to get them---in a pleasant way.
写作建议一：开头段描述现象、明确个人立场；主体段开头用for example, for instance等结构直接引出实例，或者the example of … can/may well illustrate this/the point；结尾段简要总结。
写作建议二：开头段描述现象、明确个人立场，用from …/according to …或者I would like to take the example of … to illustrate …结构明示要举某人、物的例子；主体段对实例展开具体论证，结尾段简短总结。
写作建议三：开头段描述现象，用not only … but also …的递进结构明确个人立场；主体段分别用观点+实例的结构展开论证；结尾段简要总结。
各实例如何排列：平行关系；重要性减弱；重要性递增
模板：
It is becoming a fashion for . From my standpoint, .
The example of may well illustrate the point. One the one hand,
and . One the other hand, . However, .
Therefore, we may safely conclude that . My suggestion is that .
实例不是具体到某个时间发生的具体事件（记叙文）；实例要有典型性和多样性
例：是否应该发展旅游业？
肯定：促进经济发展；文化交流；
否定：
My Views on Developing Tourism
Tourism has developed by leaps and bounds in the past decades in China. Thanks to the opening-up policy, an increasing number of foreign visitors have been thronging into this land,