Published in the Fifth International Workshop on Performability Modeling of Computer and Communication Systems(PMCCS-5),September15-16,2001,Erlangen,Germany.
main contribution of this paper is a novel operational technique for determining whether a can-didate con?guration for an arbitrary system meets performability requirements.Our algorithm generates only the indispensable portion of the failure scenario space,by?rst examining the sce-narios with largest probabilities of occurrence and stopping as soon as a decision can be made. This is not done at the expense of accuracy;an exhaustive search would yield exactly the same results.We decouple the generation of failure scenarios from the computation of a performance level for each scenario(so they can be solved by independent models),and rely on heuristics to do as little as possible of both.Results show that our algorithm works very well for our case study of a planetary-scale content delivery network:on the average,it only took a few minutes of compu-tation time to determine whether each sample system can or cannot satisfy a given performability requirement.
Many alternative performability metrics can be evaluated for any given system[7,8,9],but the most common ones fail to capture the system designer’s requirements.Another contribution of this paper is a natural,multi-part way of specifying performability requirements,as a set of performance levels with associated time durations.
2Specifying performability requirements
We identi?ed some desirable properties of performability speci?cations while studying QoS guar-antees in storage systems[10,11].First,system designers care about the fraction of the time in which outages occur(i.e.,when performance deviates from baseline goals);but it is also nec-essary to quantify the extent to which performance degrades during an outage,for arbitrarily low performance may not be acceptable during most of the time.Metrics that characterize the distribution of rewards over a period of time can capture this level of information,whereas met-rics(such as expected reward)that aggregate rewards observed during both outage and baseline intervals into an average[7]cannot.Second,speci?cations should be ef?ciently and accurately veri?able against candidate con?gurations.In particular,for many aggregate measures it is neces-sary to consider all possible failure scenarios before determining whether the designer’s require-ments are met.Given the exponentially large size of the scenario space,this is clearly impractical and wasteful.
We therefore believe that designers should adopt multi-part performability speci?cations that re?ect the individual characteristics of each performance level users are able to tolerate.A per-formability speci?cation consists of pairs,where and.Each denotes a steady-state performance level,and
the corresponding denotes the fraction of the system’s lifetime during which its performance must be as good as or better(denoted as;we also use the variations,, ).For example,if a web server has a guaranteed latency of at most100ms during60%or more of the time and at most500ms during95%or more of the time,the corresponding speci?ca-tion is(100ms,0.6),(500ms,0.95).A multi-part performability speci?cation can be thought of as a bound on the cumulative distribution function(CDF)of the performance metric.Figure1shows a performability speci?cation corresponding to our example and the CDFs of latency distribution for one conforming and one non-conforming con?guration.
Let be the set of all failure scenarios the system can be in.Associated with each scenario is,its probability of occurrence,and a performance level, the performance experienced in that scenario.To verify whether a performability speci?cation is satis?ed,we need to determine whether the sum of the probabilities of all scenarios in which
performance is or better is at least.A system meets a performability requirement if:
for all(1) where the indicator function is equal to one if expression is true and zero otherwise.
3Verifying performability requirements
As stated,evaluating Equation(1)requires us to examine all failure scenarios,where can be a very large number.In this section,we present our approach for determining whether the equation holds while heuristically minimizing the amount of work.This is accomplished by (a)generating as few scenarios as possible,and(b)computing the performance levels for only the scenarios that are generated.
The architecture of the performability veri?er consists of three modules,that operate on tex-tual representations of workload and system descriptions[10].In what follows,a system con-?guration is a description of the system being studied:the types of its components,the way they are con?gured,and their interconnections.A failure scenario is a system con?guration plus additional information about the failures that have occurred and have not yet been repaired. Performance predictor:Given a workload speci?cation and a failure scenario,it returns a pre-diction of the performance that will be observed when servicing the input workload while in the input failure scenario.This module can be implemented in a variety of ways(e.g.,a simulator,or an analytical model solver).
Failure-scenario generator:This module takes as input a system con?guration,and generates failure scenarios in order of decreasing probability.The ability to generate the most likely sce-narios?rst is critical to verifying that the con?guration meets performability requirements with a minimum number of performance predictions,and thus minimizing the computational require-ments.If a system has components,,,which fail independently of each other with corresponding availabilities,,,,the occurrence probability of a failure scenario with components,,,failed is
Latency (ms)
P r o b a b i l i t y The conforming con?guration has a latency CDF
higher than the performability speci?cation line in
the entire range of latency values,while the latency
CDF of the non-conforming con?guration is below
the bound between 500–550ms.Notice that the mean
latency of the failing con?guration is,at 190ms,
lower than the bound prescribed by the performa-
bility speci?cation (235ms).A veri?cation based
on this common aggregate metric would have found
this con?guration acceptable,even though it is non-
conforming in a part of the range.
Figure 1:Sample performability speci?cation and performance CDFs.while a decision has not been made
obtain ,
compute
if
decide “system meets requirements”
if
decide “system does not meet requirements”
The failure-scenario generator provides the next (,)pair,and the performance predictor computes .The above algorithm computes progressively tighter lower and upper bounds on the latency CDF of the given con?guration;it reports a conforming con?guration when the lower bound is known to be above the performability speci?cation for the entire range,or a non-conforming con?guration when the upper bound falls below the speci?cation in any part of the range,as shown in Figure 1.
4Case study:Wide-area content provider
We study a system in which a number of geographically-dispersed servers store and deliver ob-
jects to a number of user locations,also geographically dispersed.Each object served(e.g.,a
web page)consists of several sub-objects(e.g.,advertising banners and the page’s text);each
sub-object is replicated on multiple different servers.We assume that network latencies between servers and users are known in advance.To retrieve an object,a user sends one request per sub-object(all in parallel)to the location that has minimum latency to the user,among the locations
that have not crashed and contain a replica of that sub-object.The latency of the object’s retrieval
is the maximum of the latencies of retrieving the sub-objects.For simplicity,we consider only a single object and a single user location.We also assume a failure model where only servers can
fail and they do so independently and in a fail-stop manner.
The content provider’s network is speci?ed by(1)a number of servers,each with given avail-ability and latency to the user location,(2)an object,constituted of a set of sub-objects,each
with a given number of replicas and their locations,and(3)a performability requirement for the latency of retrieving the object.We then apply our performability veri?er to determine which
con?gurations meet the requirements,and report the number of failure scenarios examined to complete each veri?cation.We applied our algorithm to three such networks,using availability
and latency values obtained from real-world planetary-scale networks as follows:
1.Sites from Netcraft:This is a50-server network.We assigned availabilities to the servers
based on the uptimes of the50most-available ISP sites,obtained from https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d17662505.html,.
We used a downtime of4hours/uptime to estimate their availabilities(the minimum avail-
ability was99.89%).
2.Sites from Uptimes:A27-server network with availability values obtained from https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d17662505.html,.
We eliminated sites which reported either0%or100%availabilities unless the polling pe-
riod was over500days.Availabilities for these sites range from17.2%to100%.
3.Self-reporting sites:We used a network of32-randomly chosen internet sites that report
their own availability statistics.The minimum reported availability in this sample was
93.27%.
We assigned latency values to the servers based on average round-trip latencies of a randomly se-lected100routers spread over5continents,as reported by https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d17662505.html,. We assumed that every object consists of5sub-objects.A random,uniformly-distributed number
of replicas of each sub-object are stored at randomly-chosen servers.We verify each such random
con?guration against three performability speci?cations corresponding to different service lev-
els,from most to least stringent:premium((100ms,0.96),(300ms,0.97),(400ms,0.98),(500ms,
0.99)),standard((200ms,0.9),(300ms,0.95),(500ms,0.99)),and economy((200ms,0.1),(300ms,
0.5),(500ms,0.8)).
Our results indicate that the algorithm proposed in this paper indeed works well in practice. Table1presents the average number of scenarios examined by our algorithm for the case study. Running times on a single processor of an HP9000-N4000server were under1minute in all cases
for the netcraft and the selfreport datasets.The uptimes dataset took an average of10minutes
and a maximum of35minutes.The average time to examine a single scenario was approximately
5ms for our simple performance predictor;for more complex predictors,we would expect longer
run times.We were able to determine whether a given performability speci?cation is satis?ed
Service levels Standard
5101551015 netcraft37373711
1546372751917
uptimes122634687426019332944108632 Table1:Number of scenarios examined by our algorithm to validate each performability spec-
i?cation on each of three sample content-delivery networks,for three mean replica counts.We report averages from?ve different executions.
by examining as little as one scenario;the maximum number of scenarios that our algorithm
had to examine was433,498,for the uptimes dataset.In contrast,the number of scenarios in
the full Markov reward models(up to scenarios for the netcraft dataset)implies that exhaustive methods are not viable for this case study.
The heuristic embedded in the failure-scenario generator implicitly assumes that component availabilities are high,hence scenarios with fewer failures are more likely than scenarios with more failures.This is re?ected in our results:the performability guarantees for con?gurations in which most of the sites have high availabilities can be veri?ed by examining a relatively small number of high-probability scenarios.This is most evident for the case of the netcraft dataset, where our algorithm was able to verify that the economy requirements can be met by examining only one single scenario.This is due to the fact that the failure-free scenario in netcraft has an occurrence probability greater than94.6%and its performance was suf?cient to meet the require-ments of the economy speci?cation.In contrast,the uptimes dataset,which contains several sites with low availabilities,required examining a large number of scenarios as each scenario added only a small increment of probability.
The case study also demonstrated that performance speci?cations with either stringent re-quirements(e.g.,the premium speci?cation)or weak requirements(e.g.,the economy speci?ca-tion)are easier to verify than those with medium-strength requirements.This is because con?g-urations can often be shown to fail the stringent requirements very quickly,and,conversely,to pass the weak requirements quickly.Verifying medium-strength requirements often requires the algorithm to examine a larger number of scenarios.
5Conclusions
Many traditional performability metrics measure the system’s average performance during a time interval.We showed that this falls short of the needs of business-and mission-critical systems,for
it potentially hides time periods during which performance degrades to unacceptably low levels. Realistic metrics need to consider the time-dependent distribution of various performance levels.
We presented a multi-part style of specifying performability requirements,and a novel algo-rithm that determines whether a candidate system con?guration meets the requirements.Our al-gorithm heuristically minimizes the number of failure scenarios evaluated,thus solving the prob-
lem very rapidly and without sacri?cing any accuracy.Our case study shows that this is indeed
the case—we examined several network con?gurations using data gathered on real planetary-scale systems.All runs?nished in35minutes or less of computation time and had very low
memory requirements,as only one failure scenario is examined at a time and then discarded. Our technique scales well to large real-world systems,and compares favorably to other existing model-solving approaches.
Acknowledgements:John Wilkes proposed the multi-part speci?cation of performability re-quirements and Ralph Becker-Szendy participated in the genesis of the algorithm presented here. We thank Erik Riedel and John Wilkes for comments on an earlier draft of this paper. References
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如何写先进个人事迹 篇一：如何写先进事迹材料 如何写先进事迹材料 一般有两种情况：一是先进个人，如先进工作者、优秀党员、劳动模范等；一是先进集体或先进单位，如先进党支部、先进车间或科室，抗洪抢险先进集体等。无论是先进个人还是先进集体，他们的先进事迹，内容各不相同，因此要整理材料，不可能固定一个模式。一般来说，可大体从以下方面进行整理。 (1)要拟定恰当的标题。先进事迹材料的标题，有两部分内容必不可少，一是要写明先进个人姓名和先进集体的名称，使人一眼便看出是哪个人或哪个集体、哪个单位的先进事迹。二是要概括标明先进事迹的主要内容或材料的用途。例如《王鬃同志端正党风的先进事迹》、《关于评选张鬃同志为全国新长征突击手的材料》、《关于评选鬃处党支部为省直机关先进党支部的材料》等。 (2)正文。正文的开头，要写明先进个人的简要情况，包括：姓名、性别、年龄、工作单位、职务、是否党团员等。此外，还要写明有关单位准备授予他(她)什么荣誉称号，或给予哪种形式的奖励。对先进集体、先进单位，要根据其先进事迹的主要内容，寥寥数语即应写明，不须用更多的文字。 然后，要写先进人物或先进集体的主要事迹。这部分内容是全篇材料
的主体，要下功夫写好，关键是要写得既具体，又不繁琐；既概括，又不抽象；既生动形象，又很实在。总之，就是要写得很有说服力，让人一看便可得出够得上先进的结论。比如，写一位端正党风先进人物的事迹材料，就应当着重写这位同志在发扬党的优良传统和作风方面都有哪些突出的先进事迹，在同不正之风作斗争中有哪些突出的表现。又如，写一位搞改革的先进人物的事迹材料，就应当着力写这位同志是从哪些方面进行改革的，已经取得了哪些突出的成果，特别是改革前后的．经济效益或社会效益都有了哪些明显的变化。在写这些先进事迹时，无论是先进个人还是先进集体的，都应选取那些具有代表性的具体事实来说明。必要时还可运用一些数字，以增强先进事迹材料的说服力。 为了使先进事迹的内容眉目清晰、更加条理化，在文字表述上还可分成若干自然段来写，特别是对那些涉及较多方面的先进事迹材料，采取这种写法尤为必要。如果将各方面内容材料都混在一起，是不易写明的。在分段写时，最好在每段之前根据内容标出小标题，或以明确的观点加以概括，使标题或观点与内容浑然一体。 最后，是先进事迹材料的署名。一般说，整理先进个人和先进集体的材料，都是以本级组织或上级组织的名义；是代表组织意见的。因此，材料整理完后，应经有关领导同志审定，以相应一级组织正式署名上报。这类材料不宜以个人名义署名。 写作典型经验材料-般包括以下几部分： (1)标题。有多种写法，通常是把典型经验高度集中地概括出来，一
How to manage time Time treats everyone fairly that we all have 24 hours per day. Some of us are capable to make good use of time while some find it hard to do so. Knowing how to manage them is essential in our life. Take myself as an example. When I was still a senior high student, I was fully occupied with my studies. Therefore, I hardly had spare time to have fun or develop my hobbies. But things were changed after I entered university. I got more free time than ever before. But ironically, I found it difficult to adjust this kind of brand-new school life and there was no such thing called time management on my mind. It was not until the second year that I realized I had wasted my whole year doing nothing. I could have taken up a Spanish course. I could have read ten books about the stories of successful people. I could have applied for a part-time job to earn some working experiences. B ut I didn’t spend my time on any of them. I felt guilty whenever I looked back to the moments that I just sat around doing nothing. It’s said that better late than never. At least I had the consciousness that I should stop wasting my time. Making up my mind is the first step for me to learn to manage my time. Next, I wrote a timetable, setting some targets that I had to finish each day. For instance, on Monday, I must read two pieces of news and review all the lessons that I have learnt on that day. By the way, the daily plan that I made was flexible. If there’s something unexpected that I had to finish first, I would reduce the time for resting or delay my target to the next day. Also, I would try to achieve those targets ahead of time that I planed so that I could reserve some more time to relax or do something out of my plan. At the beginning, it’s kind of difficult to s tick to the plan. But as time went by, having a plan for time in advance became a part of my life. At the same time, I gradually became a well-organized person. Now I’ve grasped the time management skill and I’m able to use my time efficiently.
英语演讲稿：未来的工作 这篇《英语演讲稿范文：未来的工作》，是特地，希望对大家有所帮助！ 热门演讲推荐：竞聘演讲稿 | 国旗下演讲稿 | 英语演讲稿 | 师德师风演讲稿 | 年会主持词 | 领导致辞 everybody good afternoon:. first of all thank the teacher gave me a story in my own future ideal job. everyone has a dream job. my dream is to bee a boss, own a pany. in order to achieve my dreams, i need to find a good job, to accumulate some experience and wealth, it is the necessary things of course, in the school good achievement and rich knowledge is also very important. good achievement and rich experience can let me work to make the right choice, have more opportunities and achievements. at the same time, munication is very important, because it determines whether my pany has a good future development. so i need to exercise their municative ability. i need to use all of the free time to learn
小学生个人读书事迹简介怎么写800字 书,是人类进步的阶梯,苏联作家高尔基的一句话道出了书的重要。书可谓是众多名人的“宠儿”。历来,名人说出关于书的名言数不胜数。今天小编在这给大家整理了小学生个人读书事迹,接下来随着小编一起来看看吧! 小学生个人读书事迹1 “万般皆下品,惟有读书高”、“书中自有颜如玉,书中自有黄金屋”,古往今来,读书的好处为人们所重视,有人“学而优则仕”,有人“满腹经纶”走上“传道授业解惑也”的道路……但是,从长远的角度看,笔者认为读书的好处在于增加了我们做事的成功率,改善了生活的质量。 三国时期的大将吕蒙,行伍出身,不重视文化的学习,行文时,常常要他人捉刀。经过主君孙权的劝导,吕蒙懂得了读书的重要性,从此手不释卷,成为了一代儒将,连东吴的智囊鲁肃都对他“刮目相待”。后来的事实证明,荆州之战的胜利,擒获“武圣”关羽,离不开吕蒙的“运筹帷幄,决胜千里”,而他的韬略离不开平时的读书。由此可见,一个人行事的成功率高低,与他的对读书,对知识的重视程度是密切相关的。 的物理学家牛顿曾近说过,“如果我比别人看得更远,那是因为我站在巨人的肩上”,鲜花和掌声面前,一代伟人没有迷失方向,自始至终对读书保持着热枕。牛顿的话语告诉我们,渊博的知识能让我们站在更高、更理性的角度来看问题,从而少犯错误,少走弯路。
读书的好处是显而易见的,但是,在社会发展日新月异的今天,依然不乏对读书,对知识缺乏认知的人,《今日说法》中我们反复看到农民工没有和用人单位签订劳动合同,最终讨薪无果;屠户不知道往牛肉里掺“巴西疯牛肉”是犯法的;某父母坚持“棍棒底下出孝子”,结果伤害了孩子的身心,也将自己送进了班房……对书本,对知识的零解读让他们付出了惨痛的代价,当他们奔波在讨薪的路上,当他们面对高墙电网时,幸福,从何谈起?高质量的生活,从何谈起? 读书,让我们体会到“锄禾日当午,汗滴禾下土”的艰辛;读书,让我们感知到“四海无闲田,农夫犹饿死”的无奈;读书,让我们感悟到“为报倾城随太守,西北望射天狼”的豪情壮志。 读书的好处在于提高了生活的质量,它填补了我们人生中的空白,让我们不至于在大好的年华里无所事事,从书本中,我们学会提炼出有用的信息,汲取成长所需的营养。所以,我们要认真读书,充分认识到读书对改善生活的重要意义,只有这样,才是一种负责任的生活态度。 小学生个人读书事迹2 所谓读一本好书就是交一个良师益友,但我认为读一本好书就是一次大冒险,大探究。一次体会书的过程,真的很有意思,咯咯的笑声,总是从书香里散发;沉思的目光也总是从书本里透露。是书给了我启示,是书填补了我无聊的夜空,也是书带我遨游整个古今中外。所以人活着就不能没有书,只要爱书你就是一个爱生活的人,只要爱书你就是一个大写的人,只要爱书你就是一个懂得珍惜与否的人。可真所谓
关于坚持的英语演讲稿 Results are not important, but they can persist for many years as a commemoration of. Many years ago, as a result of habits and overeating formed one of obesity, as well as indicators of overall physical disorders, so that affects my work and life. In friends to encourage and supervise, the participated in the team Now considered to have been more than three years, neither the fine rain, regardless of winter heat, a day out with 5:00 time. The beginning, have been discouraged, suffering, and disappointment, but in the end of the urging of friends, to re-get up, stand on the playground. 成绩并不重要，但可以作为坚持多年晨跑的一个纪念。多年前，由于庸懒习惯和暴饮暴食，形成了一身的肥胖，以及体检指标的全盘失常，以致于影响到了我的工作和生活。在好友的鼓励和督促下，参加了晨跑队伍。现在算来，已经三年多了，无论天晴下雨，不管寒冬酷暑，每天五点准时起来出门晨跑。开始时，也曾气馁过、痛苦过、失望过，但最后都在好友们的催促下，重新爬起来，站到了操场上。 In fact, I did not build big, nor strong muscles, not a sport-born people. Over the past few years to adhere to it, because I have a team behind, the strength of a strongteam here, very grateful to our team, for a long time, we encourage each other, and with sweat, enjoying common health happy. For example, Friends of the several run in order to maintain order and unable to attend the 10，000 meters race, and they are always concerned about the brothers and promptly inform the place and time, gives us confidence and courage. At the same time, also came on their own inner desire and pursuit for a good health, who wrote many of their own log in order to refuel for their own, and inspiring. 其实我没有高大身材，也没健壮肌肉，天生不属于运动型的人。几年来能够坚持下来，因为我的背后有一个团队，有着强大团队的力量，在这里，非常感谢我们的晨跑队，长期以来，我们相互鼓励着，一起流汗，共同享受着健康带来的快
1.How to build a business that lasts100years 0:11Imagine that you are a product designer.And you've designed a product,a new type of product,called the human immune system.You're pitching this product to a skeptical,strictly no-nonsense manager.Let's call him Bob.I think we all know at least one Bob,right?How would that go? 0:34Bob,I've got this incredible idea for a completely new type of personal health product.It's called the human immune system.I can see from your face that you're having some problems with this.Don't worry.I know it's very complicated.I don't want to take you through the gory details,I just want to tell you about some of the amazing features of this product.First of all,it cleverly uses redundancy by having millions of copies of each component--leukocytes,white blood cells--before they're actually needed,to create a massive buffer against the unexpected.And it cleverly leverages diversity by having not just leukocytes but B cells,T cells,natural killer cells,antibodies.The components don't really matter.The point is that together,this diversity of different approaches can cope with more or less anything that evolution has been able to throw up.And the design is completely modular.You have the surface barrier of the human skin,you have the very rapidly reacting innate immune system and then you have the highly targeted adaptive immune system.The point is,that if one system fails,another can take over,creating a virtually foolproof system. 1:54I can see I'm losing you,Bob,but stay with me,because here is the really killer feature.The product is completely adaptive.It's able to actually develop targeted antibodies to threats that it's never even met before.It actually also does this with incredible prudence,detecting and reacting to every tiny threat,and furthermore, remembering every previous threat,in case they are ever encountered again.What I'm pitching you today is actually not a stand-alone product.The product is embedded in the larger system of the human body,and it works in complete harmony with that system,to create this unprecedented level of biological protection.So Bob,just tell me honestly,what do you think of my product? 2:47And Bob may say something like,I sincerely appreciate the effort and passion that have gone into your presentation,blah blah blah-- 2:56(Laughter) 2:58But honestly,it's total nonsense.You seem to be saying that the key selling points of your product are that it is inefficient and complex.Didn't they teach you 80-20?And furthermore,you're saying that this product is siloed.It overreacts, makes things up as it goes along and is actually designed for somebody else's benefit. I'm sorry to break it to you,but I don't think this one is a winner.
关于工作的优秀英语演讲稿 Different people have various ambitions. Some want to be engineers or doctors in the future. Some want to be scientists or businessmen. Still some wish to be teachers or lawers when they grow up in the days to come. Unlike other people, I prefer to be a farmer. However, it is not easy to be a farmer for Iwill be looked upon by others. Anyway,what I am trying to do is to make great contributions to agriculture. It is well known that farming is the basic of the country. Above all, farming is not only a challenge but also a good opportunity for the young. We can also make a big profit by growing vegetables and food in a scientific way. Besides we can apply what we have learned in school to farming. Thus our countryside will become more and more properous. I believe that any man with knowledge can do whatever they can so long as this job can meet his or her interest. All the working position can provide him with a good chance to become a talent. 1 ————来源网络整理，仅供供参考
建筑行业通用英文缩写及含义
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常用的英语缩写（AＢＢRＥVIATIOＮS) 构件篇 英语缩写中文翻译COLUMN 柱子 POST 从梁上升起的柱子BAＳＥPLATE 底板 CAP PLATE 顶板 CＯVER PLＡTＥ盖板 ＥND PLATE 封板,短板 SEAL PＬAＴE 封板 SHEAR ＰLＡＴE 剪切板 COＮＮECTＩON PLATE 连接板 GIRＤER 主梁 ＢEAM 梁/次梁 ＳECONDARY BEAM 次梁 JOIＳT GIRDEＲ主桁架 ＪＯISＴ次桁架 ＢＲＡCE 支撑 ＬIＮTＥＬ过梁 ＭISC 杂件 ＥＭBED PALTE 预埋板件 AＮCＨＯR BOLT 地脚螺栓 FRAMＥ钢架 RAＩLＩNＧ扶手 STAIR 楼梯 RC WALL 混凝土墙 BRＡCＫET 马仔 ＰAＲT/TＹP ＰARＴ零件 ASSY 组合件CANOPY 雨棚 CATWAＬK 猫道 LＡDDER 爬梯 ＰURLIＮ檩条 ＦISH PＬATE 结合板 HＯＩSＴＢＥAM 起吊运输梁 BUＩLＴ－ＵP ＳECTIＯN 组合截面 ＢEARINGＰLATE 支撑板 ＣANTIＬEVＥRＢEAＭ悬臂梁/挑梁 ＣRANE GIＲDER 吊车梁 CROSS BEAＭ井字梁
GＩRT 抗风梁 RINＧBＥＡＭ圈梁 DIAＰHRＡGM 横隔板 ＳTIFFENER／ＳTIFF 加劲板/肋 GＵＳＳＥT ＰＬAＴＥ节点板 HＡNGEＲ吊杆／吊环GRIＰ夹具／卡子ＴIE BAR 拉结钢筋 ＴIＥBEＡＭ系梁 TＩＥTOD 系杆 TＩＥROＤ系杆FLANGE 翼缘/法兰WEＢＰLATＥ/WＥB 腹板 图纸/版本篇 DＥSＩGN ＤRＡWINＧ设计图SHOP DRAＷING 施工图/详图FABRＩＣAＴION DRAWＩNＧ加工图 ARCＨITＥCTＵRＥ建筑图 ＡS-BUＩＬT DＲAWING 竣工图 FＯR APPRＯＶAL 审批 ＦOR FＡB加工UPDATE 更新 ＦOR FIELＤUSED 现场使用 材料篇 SHS(SＱUARE HOLLOW SECＴION）方通/方管RHS（RＥＣTＡNＧLE HOＬLOW ＳEＣＴIOＮ) 矩形管 CＨS(CIRCULAR ＨOＬLOW SＥＣＴIOＮ）圆管/喉管GMS( ＧAＬＶMILＤSTEEＬ) 低碳钢 RSC（RＯLLＥＤSTEEL CＨANＮＥL) 槽钢 RSA（ＲOLLEＤSTEEＬAMＧLＥ) 角钢 ＨSB （HIＧN STRENＧTH BOLＴ）高强螺栓 TS(TUBE CHＡNNEL）方通/方管HSＳ（HOＬLOW SQUＡRE SECTION) 方通/方管 EＡ(ＥQUＡL ANGLＥ) 等边角钢 UA（UNEQUＡL ＡNGLE）不等边角钢ＵC（UNIVERSAL COLUＭNS）等边工字钢UB（UＮIVＥＲSAL BＥAM）不等边工字钢PＦＣ(ＰＡRALLEL FＬANGE CHＡNNEL）方脚槽钢CSK BOＬT 沉头螺栓 FLＡT BAＲ扁钢 CＨANNEL 槽钢
个人先进事迹简介 01 在思想政治方面,xxxx同学积极向上,热爱祖国、热爱中国共产党,拥护中国共产党的领导.利用课余时间和党课机会认真学习政治理论,积极向党组织靠拢. 在学习上,xxxx同学认为只有把学习成绩确实提高才能为将来的实践打下扎实的基础,成为社会有用人才.学习努力、成绩优良. 在生活中,善于与人沟通,乐观向上,乐于助人.有健全的人格意识和良好的心理素质和从容、坦诚、乐观、快乐的生活态度,乐于帮助身边的同学,受到师生的好评. 02 xxx同学认真学习政治理论,积极上进,在校期间获得原院级三好生,和校级三好生,优秀团员称号,并获得三等奖学金. 在学习上遇到不理解的地方也常常向老师请教,还勇于向老师提出质疑.在完成自己学业的同时,能主动帮助其他同学解决学习上的难题,和其他同学共同探讨,共同进步. 在社会实践方面,xxxx同学参与了中国儿童文学精品“悦”读书系,插画绘制工作,xxxx同学在班中担任宣传委员,工作积极主动,认真负责,有较强的组织能力.能够在老师、班主任的指导下独立完成学院、班级布置的各项工作. 03 xxx同学在政治思想方面积极进取,严格要求自己.在学习方面刻苦努力,不断钻研,学习成绩优异,连续两年荣获国家励志奖学金；作
为一名学生干部,她总是充满激情的迎接并完成各项工作,荣获优秀团干部称号.在社会实践和志愿者活动中起到模范带头作用. 04 xxxx同学在思想方面,积极要求进步,为人诚实,尊敬师长.严格 要求自己.在大一期间就积极参加了党课初、高级班的学习,拥护中国共产党的领导,并积极向党组织靠拢. 在工作上,作为班中的学习委员,对待工作兢兢业业、尽职尽责 的完成班集体的各项工作任务.并在班级和系里能够起骨干带头作用.热心为同学服务,工作责任心强. 在学习上,学习目的明确、态度端正、刻苦努力,连续两学年在 班级的综合测评排名中获得第1.并荣获院级二等奖学金、三好生、优秀班干部、优秀团员等奖项. 在社会实践方面,积极参加学校和班级组织的各项政治活动,并 在志愿者活动中起到模范带头作用.积极锻炼身体.能够处理好学习与工作的关系,乐于助人,团结班中每一位同学,谦虚好学,受到师生的好评. 05 在思想方面,xxxx同学积极向上,热爱祖国、热爱中国共产党,拥护中国共产党的领导.作为一名共产党员时刻起到积极的带头作用,利用课余时间和党课机会认真学习政治理论. 在工作上,作为班中的团支部书记,xxxx同学积极策划组织各类 团活动,具有良好的组织能力. 在学习上,xxxx同学学习努力、成绩优良、并热心帮助在学习上有困难的同学,连续两年获得二等奖学金. 在生活中,善于与人沟通,乐观向上,乐于助人.有健全的人格意 识和良好的心理素质.
尊敬的领导，老师，亲爱的同学们， 大家好！我是5班的梁浩东。今天早上我坐车来学校的路上，我仔细观察了路上形形色色的人，有开着小车衣着精致的叔叔阿姨，有市场带着倦容的卖各种早点的阿姨，还有偶尔穿梭于人群中衣衫褴褛的乞丐。于是我问自己，十几年后我会成为怎样的自己，想成为社会成功人士还是碌碌无为的人呢，答案肯定是前者。那么十几年后我怎样才能如愿以偿呢，成为一个受人尊重，有价值的人呢？正如我今天演讲的题目是：自主管理。 大家都知道爱玩是我们孩子的天性，学习也是我们的责任和义务。要怎样处理好这些矛盾，提高自主管理呢？ 首先，我们要有小主人翁思想，自己做自己的主人，要认识到我们学习，生活这一切都是我们自己走自己的人生路，并不是为了报答父母，更不是为了敷衍老师。 我认为自主管理又可以理解为自我管理，在学习和生活中无处不在，比如通过老师，小组长来管理约束行为和同学们对自身行为的管理都属于自我管理。比如我们到一个旅游景点，看到一块大石头，有的同学特别兴奋，会想在上面刻上：某某某到此一游话。这时你就需要自我管理，你需要提醒自己，这样做会破坏景点，而且是一种素质低下的表现。你设想一下，如果别人家小孩去你家墙上乱涂乱画，你是何种感受。同样我们把自主管理放到学习上，在我们想偷懒，想逃避，想放弃的时候，我们可以通过自主管理来避免这些，通过他人或者自己的力量来完成。例如我会制定作息时间计划表，里面包括学习，运动，玩耍等内容的完成时间。那些学校学习尖子，他们学习好是智商高于我们吗，其实不然，在我所了解的哪些优秀的学霸传授经验里，就提到要能够自我管理，规范好学习时间的分分秒秒，只有辛勤的付出，才能取得优异成绩。 在现实生活中，无数成功人士告诉我们自主管理的重要性。十几年后我想成为一位优秀的，为国家多做贡献的人。亲爱的同学们，你们们？让我们从现在开始重视和执行自主管理，十几年后成为那个你想成为的人。 谢谢大家！
关于工作的英语演讲稿 【篇一：关于工作的英语演讲稿】 关于工作的英语演讲稿 different people have various ambitions. some want to be engineers or doctors in the future. some want to be scientists or businessmen. still some wish to be teachers or lawers when they grow up in the days to come. unlike other people, i prefer to be a farmer. however, it is not easy to be a farmer for iwill be looked upon by others. anyway,what i am trying to do is to make great contributions to agriculture. it is well known that farming is the basic of the country. above all, farming is not only a challenge but also a good opportunity for the young. we can also make a big profit by growing vegetables and food in a scientific way. besides we can apply what we have learned in school to farming. thus our countryside will become more and more properous. i believe that any man with knowledge can do whatever they can so long as this job can meet his or her interest. all the working position can provide him with a good chance to become a talent. 【篇二：关于责任感的英语演讲稿】 im grateful that ive been given this opportunity to stand here as a spokesman. facing all of you on the stage, i have the exciting feeling of participating in this speech competition. the topic today is what we cannot afford to lose. if you ask me this question, i must tell you that i think the answer is a word---- responsibility. in my elementary years, there was a little girl in the class who worked very hard, however she could never do satisfactorily in her lessons. the teacher asked me to help her, and it was obvious that she expected a lot from me. but as a young boy, i was so restless and thoughtless, i always tried to get more time to play and enjoy myself. so she was always slighted over by me. one day before the final exam, she came up to me and said, could you please explain this to me? i can not understand it. i
Dear teacher and colleagues: my topic is on “spare time”. It is a huge blessing that we can work 996. Jack Ma said at an Ali's internal communication activity, That means we should work at 9am to 9pm, 6 days a week .I question the entire premise of this piece. but I'm always interested in hearing what successful and especially rich people come up with time .So I finally found out Jack Ma also had said :”i f you don’t put out more time and energy than others ,how can you achieve the success you want? If you do not do 996 when you are young ,when will you ?”I quite agree with the idea that young people should fight for success .But there are a lot of survival activities to do in a day ,I want to focus on how much time they take from us and what can we do with the rest of the time. As all we known ,There are 168 hours in a week .We sleep roughly seven-and-a-half and eight hours a day .so around 56 hours a week . maybe it is slightly different for someone . We do our personal things like eating and bathing and maybe looking after kids -about three hours a day .so around 21 hours a week .And if you are working a full time job ,so 40 hours a week , Oh! Maybe it is impossible for us at
关于人英语演讲稿(精选多篇) 关于人的优美句子 1、“黑皮小子”是我对在公交车上偶遇两次的一个男孩的称呼代号。一听这个外号，你也定会知道他极黑了。他的脸总是黑黑的；裸露在短袖外的胳膊也是黑黑的；就连两只有厚厚耳垂的耳朵也那么黑黑的，时不时像黑色的猎犬竖起来倾听着什么；黑黑的扁鼻子时不时地深呼吸着，像是在警觉地嗅着什么异样的味道。 2、我不知道，如何诠释我的母亲，因为母亲淡淡的生活中却常常跳动着不一样的间最无私、最伟大、最崇高的爱，莫过于母爱。无私，因为她的爱只有付出，无需回报；伟大，因为她的爱寓于
普通、平凡和简单之中；崇高，是因为她的爱是用生命化作乳汁，哺育着我，使我的生命得以延续，得以蓬勃，得以灿烂。 3、我的左撇子伙伴是用左手写字的，就像我们的右手一样挥洒自如。在日常生活中，曾见过用左手拿筷子的，也有像超级林丹用左手打羽毛球的，但很少碰见用左手写字的。中国汉字笔画笔顺是左起右收，适合用右手写字。但我的左撇子伙伴写字是右起左收的，像鸡爪一样迈出田字格，左看右看，上看下看，每一个字都很难看。平时考试时间终了，他总是做不完试卷。于是老师就跟家长商量，决定让他左改右写。经过老师引导，家长配合，他自己刻苦练字，考试能够提前完成了。现在他的字像他本人一样阳光、帅气。 4、老师，他们是辛勤的园丁，帮助着那些幼苗茁壮成长。他们不怕辛苦地给我们改厚厚一叠的作业，给我们上课。一步一步一点一点地给我们知识。虽然
他们有时也会批评一些人，但是他们的批评是对我们有帮助的，我们也要理解他们。那些学习差的同学，老师会逐一地耐心教导，使他们的学习突飞猛进。使他们的耐心教导培养出了一批批优秀的人才。他们不怕辛苦、不怕劳累地教育着我们这些幼苗，难道不是美吗？ 5、我有一个表妹，还不到十岁，她那圆圆的小脸蛋儿，粉白中透着粉红，她的头发很浓密，而且好像马鬓毛一样的粗硬，但还是保留着孩子一样的蓬乱的美，卷曲的环绕着她那小小的耳朵。说起她，她可是一个古灵精怪的小女孩。 6、黑皮小子是一个善良的人，他要跟所有见过的人成为最好的朋友！这样人人都是他的好朋友，那么人人都是好友一样坦诚、关爱相交，这样人与人自然会和谐起来，少了许多争执了。 7、有人说，老师是土壤，把知识化作养分，传授给祖国的花朵，让他们茁壮成长。亦有人说，老师是一座知识的桥梁，把我们带进奇妙的科学世界，让
优秀党务工作者事迹简介范文 优秀党务工作者事迹简介范文 ***，男，198*年**月出生，200*年加入党组织，现为***支部书记。从事党务工作以来，兢兢业业、恪尽职守、辛勤工作，出色地完成了各项任务，在思想上、政治上同党中央保持高度一致，在业务上不断进取，团结同事，在工作岗位上取得了一定成绩。 一、严于律己，勤于学习 作为一名党务工作者，平时十分注重知识的更新，不断加强党的理论知识的学习，坚持把学习摆在重要位置，学习领会和及时掌握党和国家的路线、方针、政策，特别是党的十九大精神，注重政治理论水平的提高，具有坚定的理论信念;坚持党的基本路线，坚决执行党的各项方针政策，自觉履行党员义务，正确行使党员权利。平时注重加强业务和管理知识的学习，并运用到工作中去，不断提升自身工作能力，具有开拓创新精神，在思想上、政治上和行动上时刻同党中央保持高度一致。 二、求真务实，开拓进取 在工作中任劳任怨，踏实肯干，坚持原则，认真做好学院的党务工作，按照党章的要求，严格发展党员的每一个步骤，认真细致的对待每一份材料。配合党总支书记做好学院的党建工作，完善党总支建设方面的文件、材料和工作制度、管理制度等。
三、生活朴素，乐于助人 平时重视与同事间的关系，主动与同事打成一片，善于发现他人的难处，及时妥善地给予帮助。在其它同志遇到困难时，积极主动伸出援助之手，尽自己最大努力帮助有需要的人。养成了批评与自我批评的优良作风，时常反省自己的工作，学习和生活。不但能够真诚的指出同事的缺点，也能够正确的对待他人的批评和意见。面对误解，总是一笑而过，不会因为误解和批评而耿耿于怀，而是诚恳的接受，从而不断的提高自己。在生活上勤俭节朴，不铺张浪费。 身为一名老党员，我感到责任重大，应该做出表率，挤出更多的时间来投入到**党总支的工作中，不找借口，不讲条件，不畏困难，将总支建设摆在更重要的位置，解开工作中的思想疙瘩，为攻坚克难铺平道路，以支部为纽带，像战友一样团结，像家庭一样维系，像亲人一样关怀，践行入党誓言。把握机遇，迎接挑战，不负初心。