b-毗喘pyridine 巴比妥酸:barbituric acid 比电导conductance 不规则的:irregular 崩解剂disintegrant
C--萃取extraction 成团:ogglomerotion 测量仪measurement 肠液:intestinol fluid d-胆固醇cholestero 对映体:enontiomer 电极electrode 代谢:metobolism f-反相渗透reverse osmosis 分布:disposition
g-构象：conformotion 固化:solidize
卜-甲苯toluene 静脉注:introvenous injection 挤压:compress
聚集:aggregate 胶囊capsule
I一粒子:particle 立体选择性:stereoselectivity 利用率:availability
灭菌产品sterile products n—粘合剂odhesive
P—偏振光:polarized light 片剂tablet 酉己剂elixir 排泄:excretion
q一起女台原料starting materials(raw materials) q 醛aldehyde
「一溶解度:solubility 乳剂emulsion 润滑剂lubricant
s-释放:release 渗液solution 生物膜:biologic membrane 生物碱okoloid, t…糖浆syrup 甜味剂sweetener
w-丸剂pill 微生物microorganism 胃液:gastric fluid 稳定态:steady-state
x-?旋光异构现象:optical isomerism 悬浮液suspension 香味剂flavor 稀释剂diluent 形状:shape 吸收absorption 消除:elimination
y-胰岛素insulin 压片:tablet compression
z-中间体intermediote 重结晶recrystallization 左旋:levorotation
蒸徭distillation 组织tissue
a-asymmetric carb on 不对称碳absorption 吸收action 动作odhesive 粘合剂c-contamination 污染chirality:手性compress 压缩composite 合成的compressibility:可压缩性compaction:压紧contaminotion specialize 特殊污染conductivity 电导率control控制clinical:临床的
d- design:设计dry:干燥delivery:传送
e-巳xtgnd:延长epoxide:环氧化物
f- formulation:$ij 剂fluidity:流动性function:功能
g- geometric isomerism:几何异构
h- hormone 激素hydrolysis diastereoisomer:水解非对映异构体
heterogeneous catalyst 多相催化剂，
i- irrigating 冲洗
m- metabolite代谢物medication药物治疗medicine内服药mill:研磨measure 尺寸mix:混合microorganisms 微生物
o- ophthalmic 眼药
p- polysaccharide 多糖peptide 肽plosmo 血浆penicillin 青霉素，
precursor:前体partition coefficient:狭义分配系数pharmaceutical 制药的
parenteral 注射药物pycogens 热源procedure:程序
q- quality 性质quantity 数量
s- steroid 笛类steric effect:空间效应stereoselectivity:^体选择性
screening:过筛sustain :维持
t-- treo t 治疗therapy:治疗
u-uniformity 目标v-vaccine 疫苗
Unitl P7
1、Answer the following questions:
(1) How mony groups can pharmaceutical agents be split into depending on their
production or origin?
?totally syn thetic materials (synthetics) ? na tural produ cts? produ cts from partial syn theses (semi-sy nthetic products)
(2) CQn you illustrate ony sign ificant examples of pharmaceutical agents obtained by total synthesis?
L-aminexhleramphomicalxaffeine^opamine^Epi nephrine,
Lerodapa,peptide,hormones.Prestaglandi ng, P_Pouricollamine z Vincamine,
(3) What is the difference between the synthetic drugs and traditional Chinese herbal medicine?
synthetic drugs include the most import ant of synthetics and semi-sythetic products, however, natural products are frequently needed as starting materials or intermediates for important synthetic products.
2s生物碱
4、Introduction of Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids ore polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymers are composed of a sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually termed a polynucleotide? The nucleic acids are of two main varieties, rib on ucleic (RNA) ond deoxyrib on ucleic (DNA). DNA is fou nd primorily in the chromatin to the cell nucleus, whereas 90% of RNA is presented in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are distinguished primary on basis of the five-carbon atom sugar of pentose present. Two general kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine? Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in all nucleic acid is derived from the pare nt compound pyrimidine ?
介绍核酸
核酸是超高分子量聚阴离子分子。这些聚合物组成，亚基或核昔酸，使整个通常称为多核昔酸序列。核酸有两种，主要品种核糖核酸(RNA)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的。DNA 是主要存在于细胞核内的染色质，而90%的RNA在细胞质现在和10%的核仁。核酸类的两个主要的区别在于对目前的五个戊糖碳原子的糖基础。一般两个种基地发现,在所有核酸。—类是母体化合物瞟吟的衍生物。原理是鸟瞟吟和腺瞟吟的例子。在所有发现核酸碱基第二类是来自母体化合物嚅唳。
Unit2 P23
1、Answer the following questions:
(1) What is quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of pharmacologic agents?
quantitative descriptions of physical properties of compounds and the response of the biological system under consideration.
(2) How mony steric factors influence on the pharmacologic activity? Three major headings.(l)Optical ond Geometric Isomerism and Pharmacologic
Activity.(2)Confrontationol Isomerism and Pharmacologic Activity.(3)Isomerism ond Pharmacologic Activity.
(3) Why do enantiomophric pairs (optical isomers) exhibit different biological activities? differenee in biologic activity may be due to a difference in the distribution of the isomers or to a differenee in the properties of the drug-receptor combination of less them the optimal number of binding groups is suitably located for binding.
2、静脉注射
4、The finding of a novel drug molecule is a long, expensive, and tortuous process with no guarantee of success. Clearly, out of the almost in finite number of possible compounds, only a finite(few, smcill) number can ever be selected for testing within a given time and the skill of medicinQl chemist is in deciding which of those compounds to make first. Of course, there is then the major problem of how to synthesize them! In order to make that decision, the mass of biological data produced for compounds already tested needs to be analyzed in such a way that features which are important for the biological activity/activities can be identified and then for future molecules. The goal of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is to find predicative effect between quantitative descriptions of physical properties of compounds and the response of the biological system under consideration. Hopefully the resulting QSAR will lead to an definition of the molecular features/properties most important in derterming activity, and guide the research of biological activity within the compound series.
发现了新的药物分子是一个长期的，昂贵的，曲折的过程没有成功的保证。显然，出了几乎无限多的可能，只有有限的(很少，小)数量能被选定为测试在给定的时间和技能的药用化学家在决定哪些是这些化合物使第一。当然，有那么主要问题是如何合成！为了使这一决定，大规模的生物数据产生的化合物已经测试需要分析的方式，特点，是重要的生物活性/ 活动可确定，然后为未来的分子。目的定量构效关系(构效关系)是找到预测作用之间的定量描述化合物的物理性质和反应的生物系统的思考。希望由此产生的构效关系将导致一个定义的分子功能/性能最重要的dertemning活动，并指导研究生物活性的化合物系列。
Unitl 1 P120 1、Answer the following questions:
(1) How many kinds of the route of drug administration are there?
?oral route@parenteral route③topical route
(2) Can you present these usual dosages for us of the drug that ore administered orally?
?tablets ② copsules (^liquid oral
(3) How is on evaluation of a tablet J s properties mode?
The actual physical desigrx mcinufacturing process, ond complete chemical makeup of the tablet can have a profound effect on the efficacy of the drug being administered 2x Solid oral dosage forms are delivery systems presented as solid dose units readily odmin istered by mouth. The group in eludes tablets# capsules, pills, and turundo(suppository), as well QS bulk or unit-dose powder and granules. The group constitutes the most popular form of presentation, and tablets and capsules account for the greatest number of preparations in this category. The prime reasons for this
popularity includes: easy of accurate (yet versatile) measurement good physical end chemical stability, competitive unit production costs, and an elego nt distinctive appear a nee resulting in a high level of patient acceptability. Among the potential disadvantages are irritant effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa by some solids ond the possibility of bioavailability problems caused by the fact that both effectivity (in most causes) and stobility must take place before the drug is a available for absorption.
固体口服剂型的运载系统作为固体剂量单位容易管理的嘴。该集团包括片剂，胶囊，丸，和栓剂(栓)，以及体积或单位剂量的粉末和颗粒。该组的最流行的形式，介绍，和片剂和胶囊占最大数量的筹备工作在这个类别。主要原因包括：容易普及准确(但多才多艺)测量, 物理和化学
稳定性好，具有竞争力的单位生产成本，和优雅的独特的外观，导致高水平的病人接受。其中潜在的缺点是刺激性影响胃肠粘膜的某些固体和可能的生物利用度的问题造成的事实，既有效性(在大多数的原因)和稳定之前必须发生的药物是一种可吸收。
4、片剂
Unitl2P127
1、Answer the following questions:
(1) Hove you ever know the general methods and processes of the monufacture of tablet?
Yes
(2) What is the importance of monufacture granulation which tobles are made from? Such as compactness, physical stabiling, rapod production, capubilty chemical stability and efficacy, are in general distated primarily by the qualities of the granmlation from which it is made
(3) What components are included in general excipients in a tablet5 s formula?
All nondrug components
(4) Have you understood the principle of tablet compression operation?
2、One of the commonly used dosage forms oral is tablet, the components in tablet5 s formulation include general d订uent, binder, disintegrant, lubricant, and making the gronulation is an important process of tablet5 s monufacture, the characteristics of a tablet depend basically on the qualities of the granulation, which must possess two characteristic: fluid ity and compressibi lity
.The wet g ranulotion is a commonly used method of granulation, which involves wet massing of the powers, wet sizing or milling and drying. The idesl physical form of tablet materials is spheres .unfortunately z most materials do not asily form spheres, which must be processed by ulation for forming sphere like or regularly shaped agg regates.
—个常用的剂型口服片剂，片剂的配方成分包括稀释剂，粘合剂，崩解剂，润滑剂，和造粒的过程是一个重要的片的制作，特色的一片基本上取决于质量的造粒，其必须具备的特征: 流动
性和可压缩性。湿造粒方法常用的是肉芽组织，其中包括湿集结的权力，或研磨和干燥的湿上浆。理想的物理形式的片材料领域。不幸的是，大多数材料不容易形成领域，必须处理的肉芽组织形成球形或定期形成聚集体。
4粒子
5、There are three essential methods of the manufacture of granulation for tablet compression, what are they?
Unitl3P135
1 (1 )Can you tell differenee in quality control between the oral tablet and sterile products injected?
They are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into intemcil body compartme nt
(2) How is the quality of sterile products assured in-process?
assured in process :No externporaneous changes are permitted to be made in these procedures, ony change must go through the same approval steps as the original written sop. Further, extensive records must be kept to give assuranee at the end of the preduction process that all steps have been preformed as prescribed, an aspect emphasized in the FDA' s Good Manufacturing Practices
(3) What is the standard operating procedure(SOPs)?
To enhance the assurance of successful manufacturing operation, all process steps must be carefully reduced to writing after being shown to be effective
(4) How is the water for injection usually prepared?
Producing high-purity water
Distillation and reverse osmosis, can be expected to remove undissociated substances along with those that are dissociated substances such as pyrogenus, however, could be present in the absenee of ions and not be disclosed by the test
2、Complete the passage below:
Sterile product are dosage forms of therapeutic agent that ore free of viable microorgcinisms, these include parenterol , ophthQlmic and Irrigating preporertions, because they are injected through the skin or muexious membranes into internal body, parenteral products must be free from microbiol contomincition and from toxic components .
Sterile products are most frequently solutions or suspensions, the most frequently employed vehicle for sterile product is water the quality of water for injection (WFI) is required by pharmacopeia, which is superior quality required, the natural water contain generally dissociated ond undisscioted organic and inorganic substonces which they must be essentially removed and set o permitted limits, contaminants are products of matabolism of microorg on isms, t he removal of pyrogens is very important for water for injection.
Water for injection is prepared by distillation or reverse osmosis.
无菌产品剂型的治疗剂，是免费的，可行的微生物，其中包括肠外，眼科和灌溉的筹备工作，因为他们是通过皮肤或粘膜进入人体内部，肠外产品必须免受微生物污染和有毒成分。无菌产品是最常见的溶液或悬浮液，最经常使用的车辆为无菌产品水水质注射(注射用水)所需的药典，是上乘的质量要求，自然含水量一般分离和undissciated有机和无机物质，它们必须是基本上消除，设置一个允许的限度，污染物产品代谢的微生物，去除热原是非常重要的注射用水。注射用水的制备蒸憎水或反渗透。
4、灭菌产品
5、Why removol of pycogens is very important for WFI?
Usually by a thermal method, in a container that has dissolved to some extent in the water. Therefore, the solids content will be greater than for the nonsterlilzed product. Unit 14 Pl42
lx (l)Whatis the sustained release concept?
Sustai ned release, sustai ned action, proIon ged action, con trolled release, extended action, timed release, depot and repository dosage forms are terms used to identify drug delivery systems that are designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended perior of time after administration of a single dose?
(2) What are the advantages of sustained release dosage forms?
Since the frequency of drug administration is reduced, patients compliance can be improved, and drug administration can be made more convenierrt as well. Is that the total amount of drug administered can be reduced, thus maximizing availability with a minimum dose? In addition, better control of drug absorption can be attained, since the high blood level peaks that may be observed after administration of a dose of a high availability drug can be reduce by formulation in an extend action form. The safety margin of high potency drugs can be in creased and the incidence of both local and systemic adverse side effects can be reduced in sensitive patients. Overall administration of sustained release forms enQbles increased reliability of therapy?(3) What methods ore employed for in vitro measurement of drug availability?
Using either the rotating basket, the paddle, or the modified disintegration testing apparatus.
2. Complete the passage below.
The effectiveness of drug' s therapy correlate in general with avaigb订ity of in vivo drugs z which are influenced by absorption, disposition, metabolism, excretion, and elimincrtion of drug in internol body.
Sustained release and sustained action are terms used to identity drug delivery system that are designed to achieve o proIonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time.
Term “con trolled release" has associated to deliver once automatic
predefined rates over a long period of time.
During the development stage, the effect of sustoined release is simulated by in citro testing with the specification permissible of pharmacopoeia.
药物的有效性的治疗相关的一般可用性体内的药物，这是影响吸收，处置，代谢，排泄, 和消除药物在人体内部。
缓释和持续的行动是用来识别药物输送系统，目的是实现长期治疗效果的持续释放药物在一段长时间。
术语“控释”相关的救助自动预定率在很长一段时间。
在发展阶段，持续的影响释放模拟在目标测试规范允许的药典。
4、吸收
Unitl6 P158
1. Answer the following questions:
(1) Whot kinds of the reoctor are o什en used in pharmaceutical factories ?
All reactors have in comm on selected characteristics of four basic reactor types: the well-stirred batch reactor, the semi batch reactor, the continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor, and the tubular reactor (Fig」)?
(2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Continuous-Flow Stirred-Tonk reactor?
The CSTR is the idealized opposite of the well-stirred batch and tubular plug-flow reactors. An alysis of selected combi nations of these reactor types con be useful in quantitatively evaluating more complex gas-, liquid-, and solid-flow behaviors.
(3) Could you give some production examples that use multiphase reactors?
Rotary kilns, belt dryers, and travelling grates are examples.
(4) Whot kind of the reoctor does a jacked fermentor belong to?
Con tinuous-Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor.
Unit 18
1. (1) Do you know the typical applications of the main types of crystallizer? Separatio n, purification, concentration, solidificati on.
(2) Whot are the factors that determine the product quality?
Key determinants of product quality are the size distribution(including mean and spread), the morphology (including habit or shape and form), and purity? Of course, only the last is importont with other separation processes.
(3) Con you show the features of some basic types of drying?
Reas on for drying in elude user convenience, shippi ng cost reduction, product stabilization, removal of noxious or toxic volatiles, ond waste recycling and disposal.
(4) Whot are the differences between drying and evaporation?
This is commonly done by evaporation, but the derived juices may lose flavor components or undergo thermal degradation during evaporation. Evaporation differs from drying in that feed and product are both pumpable fluids.
考试题型
1 .Put the following into Chinese/English:
(1) heat sink; crystallization; pocked column; sustoin; enzyme
散热片；结晶；填料塔；维持；酶
(2) 重结晶；肠胃系统；稳定态；沉淀物；中试工厂
recrystallization; gastrointestinal system; steady state; sediment; pilot plant
2. Complete the passage below:
Term a controlled release^ has associated to deliverance automatic predefined (rates ) over a long period of time.
It may merely be noted that such careful control applies not only to the products, ( )to the raw materials, and also to the ( ).
3. Answer the following questions:
1 What is the difference between the synthetic drugs and traditional Chinese herbal medicine?
synthetic drugs include the most im porta nt of synthetics and semi-sythetic products, however, natural products are frequently needed as storting materials or intermediates for important synthetic products.
2 What are the advantage of sustained release dosage forms?
Since the frequency of drug administration is reduced, patients compliance can be improved, and drug administration can be made more convenient as well. Is that the
total amount of drug administered can be reduced, thus maximizing availability with a minimum dose .In addition, better control of drug absorption can be ottained, since the high blood level peaks that may be observed after administration of a dose of a high availability drug can be reduce by formulation in an extend action form. The safety margin of high potency drugs con be in creased and the in cide nee of both local and systemic adverse side effects can be reduced in sensitive patients. Overall administration of sustained release forms enables increased reliability of therapy?4. Write a short essay based on the following paragraph with not more thon 250 words:
Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups.
《会计专业英语》模拟试题及答案 一、单选题（每题1分，共20分） 1. Which of the following statements about accounting concepts or assumptions are correct? 1）The money measurement assumption is that items in accounts are initially measured at their historical cost. 2）In order to achieve comparability it may sometimes be necessary to override the prudence concept. 3）To facilitate comparisons between different entities it is helpful if accounting policies and changes in them are disclosed. 4）To comply with the law, the legal form of a transaction must always be reflected in financial statements. A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 3 only D 2 and 3 Johnny had receivables of $5 500 at the start of 2010. During the year to 31 Dec 2010 he makes credit sales of $55 000 and receives cash of $46 500 from credit customers. What is the balance on the accounts receivables at 31 Dec 2010? $8 500 Dr $8 500 Cr $14 000 Dr $14 000 Cr Should dividends paid appear on the face of a company’s cash flow statement? Yes No Not sure Either Which of the following inventory valuation methods is likely to lead to the highest figure for closing inventory at a time when prices are dropping? Weighted Average cost First in first out (FIFO) Last in first out (LIFO) Unit cost 5. Which of following items may appear as non-current assets in a company’s the statement of financial position? (1) plant, equipment, and property (2) company car (3) €4000 cash (4) €1000 cheque A. (1), (3) B. (1), (2) C. (2), (3)
2010-2011第二学期专业英语试卷A答案 1.Translate the following Chinese terms into English ( one point for each,20 points for all) 1) 汽车与工程机械automobile and construction machinery 2) 筑路机械road-making machine 3) 发电机generator 4) 起动马达self starter 5) 方向盘steering wheel 6) 进气门inlet valve 7) 齿轮泵gear pump 8) 机油滤清器oil filter 9) 差速器differential 10) 摩擦式离合器friction clutch 11) 蓄电瓶storage battery 12) 铲土运输机scraper 13) 塔式起重机tower crane 14) 叉车fork lift 15) 商业车辆commercial vehicle 16) 变速箱transmission box (gear box) 17) 带式输送机belt conveyer 18) 步履式挖掘机walking excavator 19) 颚式砸机jaw crusher 20) 履带和轮胎track and tire 2.Translate the following English terms into Chinese (one point for each, total 20 points) 1) gasoline and diesel 汽油和柴油 2) flywheel and cam 飞轮和凸轮 3) disk brake 盘式制动器 4) mechanical vibration 机械振动 5) power steering 动力转向 6) vibratory roller 振动式压路机 7) hydraulic torque converter 液力变矩器 8) piston ring 活塞环 9) suspension system 悬挂系统 10) cab and chassis 驾驶室与底盘 11) radiator 散热器 12) fuel-injection system 燃油喷射系统 13) air compressor 空气压缩机 14) lubrication and lubricant 润滑与润滑剂
操作系统作业 （第一章—第四章） 一、单项选择 1 在计算机系统中配置操作系统的目的是【】。 A 增强计算机系统的功能 B 提高系统资源的利用率 C 合理组织工作流程以提高系统吞吐量 D 提高系统的运行速度 2 在操作系统中采用多道程序设计技术，能有效提高CPU、内存和I/O设备的【】。 A 灵活性 B 可靠性 C 兼容性 D 利用率 3 在操作系统中，并发性是指若干事件【】发生。 A 在同一时刻 B 一定不在同一时刻 C 在某一时间间隔内 D 依次在不同时间间隔内 4 以下不属于衡量操作系统性能指标的是【】。 A 作业的大小 B 资源利用率 C 吞吐量 D 周转时间 5 下列选项中，操作系统提供给应用程序的接口是【】。 A 系统调用 B 中断 C 函数 D 原语 6 在分时系统中，当用户数为50时，为了保证响应时间不超过1s，选取的时间片最大值为【】。 A 10ms B 20ms C 50ms D 100ms 7 假设就绪队列中有10个就绪进程，以时间片轮转方式进行进程调度，如果时间片为180ms，切换开销为20ms。如果将就绪进程增加到30个，则系统开销所占的比率为【】。 A 10% B 20% C 30% D 90% 8 中断系统一般由相应的【】组成。 A 硬件 B 软件 C 硬件和软件 D 固件 9 以下工作中，【】不是创建进程所必须的。 A 创建进程的PC B B 为进程分配内存 C 为进程分配CPU D 将PCB插入就绪队列 10 系统中有5个用户进程且CPU工作于用户态，则处于就绪状态或阻塞状态的进程数最多分别为【】。 A 5，4 B 4，0 C 0，5 D 4，5 11 如果系统中有n个进程，则就绪队列中进程的个数最多为【】。 A 1 B n-1 C n D n+1
第一章绪论 1．什么是操作系统的基本功能? 答：操作系统的职能是管理和控制汁算机系统中的所有硬、软件资源，合理地组织计算 机工作流程，并为用户提供一个良好的工作环境和友好的接口。操作系统的基本功能包括： 处理机管理、存储管理、设备管理、信息管理(文件系统管理)和用户接口等。 2．什么是批处理、分时和实时系统?各有什么特征? 答：批处理系统(batchprocessingsystem)：操作员把用户提交的作业分类，把一批作业编成一个作业执行序列，由专门编制的监督程序(monitor)自动依次处理。其主要特征是：用户脱机使用计算机、成批处理、多道程序运行。 分时系统(timesharingoperationsystem)：把处理机的运行时间分成很短的时间片，按时间片轮转的方式，把处理机分配给各进程使用。其主要特征是：交互性、多用户同时性、独立性。 实时系统(realtimesystem)：在被控对象允许时间范围内作出响应。其主要特征是：对实时信息分析处理速度要比进入系统快、要求安全可靠、资源利用率低。 3．多道程序(multiprogramming)和多重处理(multiprocessing)有何区别? 答；多道程序(multiprogramming)是作业之间自动调度执行、共享系统资源，并不是真正地同时执行多个作业；而多重处理(multiprocessing)系统配置多个CPU，能真正同时执行多道程序。要有效使用多重处理，必须采用多道程序设计技术，而多道程序设计原则上不一定要求多重处理系统的支持。 4．讨论操作系统可以从哪些角度出发，如何把它们统一起来? 答：讨论操作系统可以从以下角度出发： (1)操作系统是计算机资源的管理者； (2)操作系统为用户提供使用计算机的界面； (3)用进程管理观点研究操作系统，即围绕进程运行过程来讨论操作系统。
广东纺织职业技术学院2010～2011学年第一学期 《专业英语》期中考试参考答案 一、单词翻译（英译汉） titrimetric 滴定的analysis 分析 reagent 试剂titrant 滴定剂 flask 烧瓶oxidation 氧化 precision 精密度standard solution 标准溶液sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠Equilibrium constant 平衡常数equilibrium. 平衡manifest 出现，表明equilibrium concentration 平衡浓度frictional flow 有摩擦的流动ionization constant 电离常数correct for 做……的修正molarity 物质的量浓度compressed gas 压缩气体neutralization 中和device 装置，设备plus 正的，加的elevation 海拔，地理高度neutral 中性的positive-displacement 正位移 meter 米，公尺，计， 表，仪表 reciprocating 往复的，来回的sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠piston 活塞 external 外部的(常与to 搭配) centrifugal pump 离心泵，离心抽 机 in the absence of 缺乏……时， 当……不在时 rotational 转动的，轮流的 at the expense of 归……付费，在 损害……的情况 下 rotational velocity 旋转速度 compensation 补偿，赔偿stream 溪，川，流，一 股，一串，河流 specific 特定的upstream station 上游截面 streamline .流线downstream station 下游截面 二、单词翻译（汉译英） normal to surface 垂直于传热面discharge 滤饼卸料 correspondence 符合，一致ceramic 陶器的 momentum 动量，动力，要素filtrate 滤液 momentum transfer 动量传递opening 孔 random motion 随机运动，无规则 运动 colloidal particle 胶体微粒 diffused 扩散的configuration 构造，配置 adjacent .邻近的，接近的fluctuation . 波动，起伏 vibrating 振动的，振荡的atm(atmosphere) 大气压(1atm＝ 101. 3 kPa) bulk temperature (远离表面的)流vane (风车、螺旋桨等
应用题参考答案 第二章 1、下列指令中哪些只能在核心态运行? (1)读时钟日期；（2）访管指令；（3）设时钟日期；（4）加载PSW；（5）置特殊 寄存器；(6) 改变存储器映象图；(7) 启动I/O指令。 答：(3)，(4)，(5)，(6)，(7)。 2、假设有一种低级调度算法是让“最近使用处理器较少的进程”运行，试解释这种算法对“I/O繁重”型作业有利，但并不是永远不受理“处理器繁重”型作业。 答：因为I/O繁忙型作业忙于I/O，所以它CPU用得少，按调度策略能优先执行。同样原因一个进程等待CPU足够久时，由于它是“最近使用处理器较少的进程”，就能被优先调度，故不会饥饿。 6、若有一组作业J1，…，Jn，其执行时间依次为S1，…，Sn。如果这些作业同时到达系统，并在一台单CPU处理器上按单道方式执行。试找出一种作业调度算法，使得平均作业周转时间最短。 答：首先，对n个作业按执行时间从小到大重新进行排序，则对n个作业：J1’，…，J n’，它们的运行时间满足：S1’≤S2’≤…≤S(n-1)’≤S n’。那么有： T=[S1’+( S1’+S2’)+ (S1’ + S2’+ S3’)+…+(S1’ + S2’+ S3’+…+ S n’)]/n =[n×S1’+( n-1)×S2’+ (n-3)×S3’]+…+ S n’]]/n =(S1’ + S2’+ S3’+…+ S n’)-[0×S1’+1×S2 ’+2×S3’+…+(n-1) S n’]/n 由于任何调度方式下，S1’ + S2’+ S3’+…+ S n’为一个确定的数，而当S1’≤S2’≤…≤S(n-1)’≤S n’时才有：0×S1’+1×S2 ’+2×S3’+…+(n-1) S n’的值最大，也就是说，此时T值最小。所以，按短作业优先调度算法调度时，使得平均作业周转时间最短。 10、有5个待运行的作业，预计其运行时间分别是：9、6、3、5和x，采用哪种运行次序可以使得平均响应时间最短？ 答：按照最短作业优先的算法可以使平均响应时间最短。X取值不定，按照以下情况讨论： 1）x≤3 次序为：x，3，5，6，9 2）3 一、选择题 1 BCBCA 6 C BAAA 二、判断题TFTFT 三、填空题 1外部设备联机并行操作 2安全性和简明性 3内存、缺页 4作业 5执行和完成 6段、系统 7多用户、多任务 8就绪、执行 9虚拟 四、简答题 1．什么是系统调用？ 答：系统调用是用户在程序中能以“函数调用”形式调用的、由操作系统提供的子功能的集合。每一个子功能称作一条系统调用命令。它是操作系统对外的接口，是用户级程序取得操作系统服务的唯一途径。 2．什么是临界资源？ 一次仅允许一个进程使用的资源。 3．什么是抖动（或称颠簸）？ 页面抖动是系统中频繁进行页面置换的现象。即如果一个进程没有一定数量的内存 块，它很快就发生缺页。此时，它必须淘汰某页。由于所有这些页面都正在使用，所以刚被淘汰出去的页很快又被访问，因而要把它重新调入。可是调入不久又再被 淘汰出去，这样再访问，再调入，如此反复，使得整个系统的页面替换非常频繁，以致大部分机器时间都用在来回进行的页面调度上，只有一小部分时间用于进程的 实际运算方面。 4.影响缺页中断率的因素有哪些？ 影响缺页中断率的因素有四个： ①分配给作业的主存块数多则缺页率低，反之缺页中断率就高。 ②页面大，缺页中断率低；页面小缺页中断率高。 ③程序编制方法。以数组运算为例，如果每一行元素存放在一页中，则按行处理各 元素缺页中断率低；反之，按列处理各元素，则缺页中断率高。 ④页面调度算法对缺页中断率影响很大，但不可能找到一种最佳算法。 五、应用题（每题10分，共20分） 1.在一个采用页式虚拟存储管理的系统中，有一用户作业，它依次要访问的字地址序列是：115，228，120，88，446，102，321，432，260，167，若该作业的第0页已经装入主存，现分配给该作业的主存共300字，页的大小为100字，请回答下列问题： （1）按FIFO调度算法将产生多少次缺页中断，依次淘汰的页号为多少，缺页中断率为多少。（2）按LRU调度算法将产生多少次缺页中断，依次淘汰的页号为多少，缺页中断率为多少。答： 页面走向为：1，2，1，0，4，1，3，4，2，1 （1）按FIFO调度算法将产生5次缺页中断；依次淘汰的页号为：0，1，2；缺页中断率为：5/10=50% (3’) 1 2 1 0 4 1 3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 ×××××(2’) （2）按LRU调度算法将产生6次缺页中断；依次淘汰的页号为：2，0，1，3；缺页中断率为：6/10=60% (3’) 1 2 1 0 4 1 3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 1 ××××××(2’) 2.有一个具有如下作业流的批处理处理系统，作业调度采用短作业优先，进程调度采用基于优先数的抢先式调度算法。下表给出的是作业序列和相应进程的优先数，优先数越小优先级越高。 作业名到达时间估计运行时间/min 优先数 1 8:00 40 4 2 8:20 30 2 3 8:30 50 3 4 8:50 20 5 (1)列出所有作业进入内存时间及完成时间 (2)计算作业的平均周转时间和平均带权周转时间 解答： (1)作业进入内存时间与结束时间如下所示：(`4’=1’*4) 作业名进入内存时间结束时间 1 8:00 9:10 2 8:20 8:50 3 9:10 10:00 4 8:50 10:20 (2)各作业的周转时间为：(`4’=1’*4) 作业A：9:10 – 8:00 = 70 min 作业B：8:50 – 8:20 = 30 min 作业C：10:00 – 8:30 = 90 min 一、Give out the full names for the following abbreviations(写出下列缩写词的全称)（15%） WAN__________________________________________________ HTTP__________________________________________________ NT____________________________________________________ CEO__________________________________________________ DBMS________________________________________________ ISP___________________________________________________ XML__________________________________________________ BIOS_________________________________________________ IT____________________________________________________ WWW_______________________________________________ 二、Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right )（10%） 1. output devices a. 操作系统 2. silicon b. 扩展存储器 3. expanded memory c. 硅 4. database administrator d. 输出设备 5. operating system e. 汇编语言 6. assembly language f. 数据库管理员 7. gateway g. 数字图像处理 8. laser technology h. 网关 9. digital image processing i. 制造过程 10.manufacturing process j. 激光技术 1. （ ） 6. （ ） 2. （ ） 7. （ ） 3. （ ） 8. （ ） 分1. There can be no doubt the 1900s is remembered as the electronic century. A. which B. that C. what 2. Electrons, as one knows, are minute charge of electricity. A. negative B. positive C. reverse 3. A resistor is an electrical component that the flow of electrical current. A. increases B. changes C. resists 4. Frequency is the reciprocal of the period, if the period is 4ms, then the frequency would be . A. 4m/s B. C. 25Hz 5. The sixth power of two is . A. 12 B. 36 C. 64 6. A capacitor will block current, but appears to pass current by charging and discharging. A. DC …IC B. AC …DC C. DC …. AC 7. For a 4-band resistor with “color code ”, the first band is the values. A. hundreds B. tens C. ten 8. An electronic device often used for amplifying voltage and current is _____________. A. transistor B. conductor C. diode 9. In a diode, current flows in ________ direction across the junction. A. only one B. two C. three 10. A __________ amplifier provides signal amplification with little or no distortion, so that the output is proportional to the input. A. nonlinear B. linear C. 1.电压有效值（ ） 2. 微处理器（ ） 3.电子元件（ ） 4.公共端插孔（ ） 5.外阻（ ） 6.放大器（ ） 7.脉冲直流（ ） 8.电压源（ ） 9.系统设计（ ） 10.逻辑运 算（ ） （1）internal resistance （2） pulsating DC （3）voltage sources （4）logic circuits （5）RMS voltage （6）logic operation （7）external resistance （8）number systems （9）Microprocessor （10）amplifier （11）common jack （12）digital logic circuits （13）system design （14）anode of diode （15）electrical 三、短语翻译（每小题 2 分，共 20 分） 1. Passive electrical circuits 2. Assembler language 3. The address bus 4. Analog multimeter 5. Semiconductor material 6. chip holders 7. peak-to-peak voltage 8. dual-trace oscilloscope 9. Flowchart 10. Signal generator 四、句子翻译（每小题 5 分，共 201. The impact of digital integrated circuits on our modern society has been pervasive. Without them, the 操作系统作业参考答案及其知识点 第一章 思考题： 10、试叙述系统调用与过程调用的主要区别？ 答： （一）、调用形式不同 （二）、被调用代码的位置不同 （三）、提供方式不同 （四）、调用的实现不同 提示：每个都需要进一步解释，否则不是完全答案 13、为什么对作业进程批处理可以提高系统效率？ 答：批处理时提交程序、数据和作业说明书，由系统操作员把作业按照调度策略，整理为一批，按照作业说明书来运行程序，没有用户与计算机系统的交互；采用多道程序设计，可以使CPU和外设并行工作，当一个运行完毕时系统自动装载下一个作业，减少操作员人工干预时间，提高了系统的效率。 18、什么是实时操作系统？叙述实时操作系统的分类。 答：实时操作系统（Real Time Operating System)指当外界事件或数据产生时，能接收并以足够快的速度予以处理，处理的结果又能在规定时间内来控制监控的生产过程或对处理系统做出快速响应，并控制所有实时任务协调一致运行的操作系统。 有三种典型的实时系统： 1、过程控制系统(生产过程控制) 2、信息查询系统(情报检索) 3、事务处理系统(银行业务) 19、分时系统中，什么是响应时间？它与哪些因素有关？ 答：响应时间是用户提交的请求后得到系统响应的时间（系统运行或者运行完毕）。它与计算机CPU的处理速度、用户的多少、时间片的长短有关系。 应用题： 1、有一台计算机，具有1MB内存，操作系统占用200KB，每个用户进程占用200KB。如果用户进程等待I/0的时间为80％，若增加1MB内存，则CPU的利用率提高多少？ 答：CPU的利用率=1-P n，其中P为程序等待I/O操作的时间占其运行时间的比例1MB内存时，系统中存放4道程序，CPU的利用率=1－（0.8）4＝59％ 2MB内存时，系统中存放9道程序，CPU的利用率=1－（0.8）9＝87％ 所以系统CPU的利用率提高了28％ 2、一个计算机系统，有一台输入机和一台打印机，现有两道程序投入运行，且程序A先开始做，程序B后开始运行。程序A的运行轨迹为：计算50ms，打印100ms，再计算50ms，打印100ms，结束。程序B的运行轨迹为：计算50ms，输入80ms，再计算100ms，结束。 物流专业英语试卷 一、Translation(30分) 1．Container transport 2．International freight forwarding agent 3．Order cycle time 4．Inventory turnover 5．Environmental logistics 6．Carrying cost 7．Material handling 8．Demand forecasting 9．Reverse logistics 10．Agile logistics 11．Third-party logistics 12．Initial investment 13．Warehouse facility 14．Material procurement 15．Point of consumption 16．多式联运 17．分销渠道 18．条码 19．订单处理 20．保税仓库 21．前置期 22．叉车 23．门到门 24．准时制物流 25．拣选 26．提货单 27．发货区 28．进口税 29．规模经济 30．供应链整合 二、Translate the sentences into Chinese(40分) 1、Customer service involves getting the right product to the right customer at the right place, in the right condition and at the right time, at the lowest total cost possible. 《操作系统》课程作业 （2013年春） 姓名： 学号： 专业： 年级： 学校： 日期： 作业一：作业管理 1、有三道程序A、B、C在一个系统中运行，该系统有输入、输出设备各1台。三道程序 A、B、C构成如下： A：输入32秒，计算8秒，输出5秒 B：输入21秒，计算14秒，输出35秒 C：输入12秒，计算32秒，输出15秒 问：（1）三道程序顺序执行的总时间是多少？ （2）充分发挥各设备的效能，并行执行上述三道程序，最短需多少时间（不计系统开销）？并给出相应的示意图。 2、假设一个单CPU系统，以单道方式处理一个作业流，作业流中有2道作业，共占用CPU 计算时间、输入卡片数和打印输出行数如下： 其中，卡片输入机速度为1000张/分钟，打印机输出速度为1000行/分钟，试计算：（1）不采用spooling技术，计算这两道作业的总运行时间（从第1道作业输入开始到最后一个作业输出完毕）。 （2）如采用spooling技术，计算这2道作业的总运行时间（不计读/写盘时间），并给出相应的示意图。 作业二：进程管理 1、 请写出两程序S1和S2可并发执行的Bernstein 条件。 2、 有以下5条语句，请画出这5条语句的前趋图。 S1：y=x+1 R(x) W(y) S2：c=f-w R(f,w) W(c) S3：d=r-y R(r,y) W(d) S4：x=a+b R(a,b) W(x) S5：r=c+y R(c,y) W(r) 3、 设在教材第62页3.6.4节中所描述的生产者消费者问题中，其缓冲部分为m 个长度相等 的有界缓冲区组成，且每次传输数据长度等于有界缓冲区长度以及生产者和消费者可对缓冲区同时操作。重新描述发送过程deposit(data)和接收过程remove(data)。 P P P i P .. .. 1 2 i k 4、 设有k 个进程共享一临界区，对于下述情况，请说明信号量的初值、含义，并用P ，V 操作写出有关互斥算法。 （1） 一次只允许一个进程进入临界区； （2） 一次允许m （m 1.什么是操作系统？其主要功能是什么？ 操作系统是控制和管理计算机系统内各种硬件和软件资源,有效组织多道程序运行的系统软件(或程序集合),是用户和计算机直接的程序接口. 2.在某个计算机系统中，有一台输入机和一台打印机，现有两道程序投入运行，程序A、B 同时运行，A略早于B。A的运行轨迹为：计算50ms、打印100ms、再计算50ms、打印100ms，结束。B的运行轨迹为：计算50ms、输入80ms、再计算100ms，结束。试说明：（1）两道程序运行时，CPU是否空闲等待？若是，在那段时间段等待？ （2）程序A、B是否有等待CPU的情况？若有，指出发生等待的时刻。 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 50 100 50 100 50 100 20 100 (1) cpu有空闲等待,在100ms~150ms的时候. (2) 程序A没有等待cpu,程序B发生等待的时间是180ms~200ms. 1.设公共汽车上，司机和售票员的活动如下： 司机的活动：启动车辆；正常行车；到站停车。 售票员的活动：关车门；售票；开车门。 在汽车不断的到站、停车、行驶过程中，用信号量和P、V操作实现这两个活动的同步关系。 semaphore s1,s2; s1=0;s2=0; cobegin 司机();售票员(); coend process 司机() ｛ while(true) { P(s1) ; 启动车辆; 正常行车; 到站停车; V(s2); } ｝ process 售票员() { while(true) { 关车门; V(s1); 售票; P(s2); 开车门; 上下乘客; } } 2.设有三个进程P、Q、R共享一个缓冲区，该缓冲区一次只能存放一个数据，P进程负责循环地从磁带机读入数据并放入缓冲区，Q进程负责循环地从缓冲区取出P进程放入的数据进行加工处理，并把结果放入缓冲区，R进程负责循环地从缓冲区读出Q进程放入的数据并在打印机上打印。请用信号量和P、V操作，写出能够正确执行的程序。 semaphore sp,sq,sr; int buf;sp=1;sq=0;sr=0; cobegin process P() { while(true) { 从磁带读入数据; P(sp); Buf=data; V(sq); } } process Q() { while(true) { P(sq); data=buf; 加工data; buf=data; V(sr); } } process R() { while(true) { P(sr); data=buf; V(sp); 打印数据; } } 1.Why are cast metal sheet ingots hot-rolled first instead of being cold-rolled? Because of cold rolling is to use hot rolled steel coils as the raw material, after acid pickling to remove oxide skin for cold rolling, the finished product is hard roll, because of cold work hardening caused by deformation of continuous cold rolling hard roll strength, increase hardness, toughness and plastic index decreased, so the stamping performance will deteriorate, can only be used for simple deformation of the parts 2.What type of heat treatment is given to the rolled metal sheet after hot and “warm” rolling? What is its purpose? 轧钢的热处理的类型？轧钢热处理的目的？ Heat treatment of the main types are annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, solution treatment and aging treatment, cold treatment, chemical treatment, etc. Annealing： The steel is heated to a certain temperature and heat preservation for a period of time, and then make it slowly cooling, called annealing. Steel annealing is a heat the steel to the phase change or part of the phase change temperature, slow cooling after heat preservation heat treatment method. The purpose of annealing is to eliminate tissue defects, improve the organization make composition uniformity and fine grains, increase mechanical properties of the steel, reduce residual stress; Can decrease the hardness at the same time, improve the plasticity and toughness, improve machinability. So before annealing in order to eliminate and improve both the legacy of tissue defects and internal stress, and to prepare for the follow-up process, so the annealing is belong to the intermediate heat treatment, also called heat treatment in advance Normalizing： Normalizing is heated to above the critical temperature of steel, to all into homogeneous austenitic steel, heat treatment and natural cooling in air. It can eliminate hypereutectoid steel mesh cementite, for hyposteel normalizing can refine crystal lattice, improve comprehensive mechanical properties, low requirements for the parts use the normalized instead of the annealing process is more economic. Quenching: Quenching is the steel is heated to above the critical temperature, heat preservation for a period of time, then quickly into the quenching medium, the temperature plummeted, rapid cooling at greater than the critical cooling rate of speed, which is mainly composed of martensite and unbalanced heat treatment method of the organization. Can increase strength and hardness of the steel quenching, but to reduce its plasticity. That is commonly used in quenching hardening agent are: water, oil, caustic soda, and salt solution, etc 第3章处理机调度1）选择题 （1）在分时操作系统中，进程调度经常采用_D_ 算法。 A. 先来先服务 B. 最高优先权 C. 随机 D. 时间片轮转 （2）_B__ 优先权是在创建进程时确定的，确定之后在整个进程运行期间不再改变。 A. 作业 B. 静态 C. 动态 D. 资源 （3）__A___ 是作业存在的惟一标志。 A. 作业控制块 B. 作业名 C. 进程控制块 D. 进程名 （4）设有四个作业同时到达，每个作业的执行时间均为2小时，它们在一台处理器上按单道方式运行，则平均周转时间为_ B_ 。 A. l小时 B. 5小时 C. 2.5小时 D. 8小时 （5）现有3个同时到达的作业J1、J2和J3，它们的执行时间分别是T1、T2和T3，且T1＜T2＜T3。系统按单道方式运行且采用短作业优先算法，则平均周转时间是_C_ 。 A. T1+T2+T3 B. (T1+T2+T3)/3 C. (3T1+2T2+T3)/3 D. (T1+2T2+3T3)/3 （6）__D__ 是指从作业提交给系统到作业完成的时间间隔。 A. 运行时间 B. 响应时间 C. 等待时间 D. 周转时间 （7）下述作业调度算法中，_ C_调度算法与作业的估计运行时间有关。 A. 先来先服务 B. 多级队列 C. 短作业优先 D. 时间片轮转 2）填空题 （1）进程的调度方式有两种，一种是抢占(剥夺)式，另一种是非抢占(非剥夺)式。 （2）在_FCFS_ 调度算法中，按照进程进入就绪队列的先后次序来分配处理机。 （3）采用时间片轮转法时，时间片过大，就会使轮转法转化为FCFS_ 调度算法。 （4）一个作业可以分成若干顺序处理的加工步骤，每个加工步骤称为一个_作业步_ 。 （5）作业生存期共经历四个状态，它们是提交、后备、运行和完成。 （6）既考虑作业等待时间，又考虑作业执行时间的调度算法是_高响应比优先____ 。 3）解答题 （1）单道批处理系统中有4个作业，其有关情况如表3-9所示。在采用响应比高者优先调度算法时分别计算其平均周转时间T和平均带权周转时间W。（运行时间为小时，按十进制计算） 表3-9 作业的提交时间和运行时间操作系统1(参考答案)
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