?
REVISION INDEX UL EX 34706-1-04
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REVISION INDEX
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SECTION PAGES
I.GENERAL INFORMATION1-1 – 1-4
DESIGN AND APPLICATION1-1
UL LISTING1-1
DEFINITION OF TERMS1-1 – 1-3
II.SYSTEM DESCRIPTION2-1 – 2-2 TOTAL SYSTEM2-1
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM2-1 – 2-2 SYSTEM OPERATION2-1 – 2-2
III.SYSTEM COMPONENTS3-1 – 3-10 EXTINGUISHING AGENT3-1
REGULATED RELEASE ASSEMBLY3-1
(MECHANICAL)
REGULATED RELEASE ASSEMBLY3-1
(ELECTRICAL)
REMOTE MECHANICAL RELEASE3-2
REGULATED ACTUATOR ASSEMBLY3-2
MECHANICAL REGULATED RELEASE3-2
ASSEMBLY WITH OEM BRACKET
REGULATED ACTUATOR ASSEMBLY3-3
WITH OEM BRACKET
AGENT TANKS3-3
GAS CARTRIDGES3-3
APPLIANCE/PLENUM NOZZLE (AP)3-3
DUCT/LOW PROXIMITY NOZZLE (DL)3-4
SWIVEL ADAPTOR3-4
RUBBER BLOW-OFF CAPS3-4
METAL BLOW-OFF CAPS3-4
CONDUIT OFFSET ASSEMBLY3-5
“QUIK-SEAL” ADAPTOR3-5
COMPRESSION-SEAL ADAPTOR3-5
“HOOD SEAL” ADAPTOR ASSEMBLY3-5
DETECTORS3-6
FUSIBLE LINK3-6
PULLEY ELBOWS3-6
PULLEY TEE3-6
STAINLESS STEEL CABLE3-7
REMOTE MANUAL PULL STATION3-7
MECHANICAL GAS VALVES3-7
ELECTRICAL GAS VALVES3-7
MANUAL RESET RELAY3-8
ELECTRICAL SWITCHES3-8
ALARM INITIATING SWITCH3-8
BURSTING DISC3-8
REGULATOR TEST KIT3-8
WATER PRESSURE TESTING ASSEMBLY3-9
NOZZLE AIMING DEVICE3-9SECTION PAGES
III.SYSTEM COMPONENTS(Continued)
WATER SHUTDOWN DEVICE3-9
STAINLESS STEEL ACTUATION HOSE3-9
LOCKABLE FULL FLOW INDICATING3-10
SHUT-OFF VALVE
FLUSHING CONCENTRATE KIT3-10
IV.DESIGN4-1 – 4-26 SYSTEM DESIGN4-1
APPLIANCE PROTECTION DEFINITIONS4-1
APPLIANCE PROTECTION4-1 – 4-5
Overlapping Nozzle Coverage4-2
Overlapping Appliance Nozzle and4-2 – 4-4
Hazard Zone Locations
Dedicated Nozzle Coverage4-4 – 4-5
PROTECTION UNDER OBSTRUCTIONS4-5
DUCT PROTECTION4-6
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR4-6
PROTECTION
PLENUM PROTECTION4-7
NOZZLE PLACEMENT SUMMARY CHART4-7
TANK AND CARTRIDGE REQUIREMENTS4-8 CHART
DISTRIBUTION PIPING REQUIREMENTS4-8
DISTRIBUTION PIPING DEFINITIONS4-8
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PIPING RULES4-8
SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION PIPING RULES4-9
PIRANHA74-9
PIRANHA104-9
PIRANHA134-9
ACTUATION GAS LINE REQUIREMENTS4-10
Actuation Gas Line – 2 Additional4-10
Tanks Maximum
Actuation Gas Line – 5 Tanks Maximum4-10
DETECTION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS4-11 – 4-12 Detector Identification4-11
Detector/Pulley Elbow Quantity4-11
Detector Placement Requirements4-11 – 4-12 Detection Line Requirements4-12
Fusible Link Selection4-12
WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS4-12 – 4-13 BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICE4-13
WATER SHUTDOWN DEVICE4-13
SIZING WATERLINE4-13 – 4-16 MANUAL PULL STATION REQUIREMENTS4-17
Metal Stamped Style4-17
MECHANICAL GAS VALVE REQUIREMENTS4-17 – 4-18 ELECTRICAL GAS VALVE REQUIREMENTS4-18
Approvals4-18
ELECTRICAL SWITCH REQUIREMENTS4-18 – 4-21 SPECIFIC APPLICATION BY MODEL4-22 – 4-23 TYPICAL TIE-IN DRAWINGS4-24 – 4-25
SECTION PAGES
V.INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS5-1 – 5-20 MOUNTING THE COMPONENTS5-1 – 5-2
INSTALLING THE ACTUATION GAS LINE5-2 – 5-3
General Piping Requirements5-2
Actuation Gas Line5-2 – 5-3
SIZING AND INSTALLING WATERLINE5-4
General5-4
Sizing the Waterline5-4
CONNECTING TO WET PIPE5-4 – 5-6
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
INSTALLING THE DISTRIBUTION PIPING5-6
General Piping Requirements5-6
Piping Installation5-6
LOCATING AND AIMING OVERLAPPING5-6 APPLIANCE PROTECTION NOZZLES
INSTALLING THE DETECTION SYSTEM5-7 – 5-12
Installing “Scissors” Style Linkage5-7 – 5-10
Installing “Hinged” Style Linkage5-10 – 5-12 INSTALLING REMOTE MANUAL PULL5-12 – 5-13 STATION
INSTALLING MECHANICAL GAS VALVE5-14 – 5-17 INSTALLING ELECTRICAL GAS VALVE5-17 – 5-18 INSTALLING OPTIONAL WATER5-18
SHUTDOWN DEVICE
INSTALLING ELECTRONIC SWITCHES5-19
INSTALLING ALARM INITIATING SWITCH5-20
VI.TESTING AND PLACING IN SERVICE6-1 – 6-4 PRESSURE TESTING THE WATER SYSTEM6-1
TESTING MANUAL PULL STATION6-1
TESTING MECHANICAL GAS VALVES6-1 – 6-2
TESTING ELECTRICAL GAS VALVES6-2
TESTING ELECTRIC SWITCH6-2
TESTING DETECTION SYSTEM6-3
VII.RECHARGE AND RESETTING7-1 – 7-6 PROCEDURES
CLEAN-UP PROCEDURES7-1
RECHARGE7-1 – 7-4
RESETTING7-4 – 7-5
Resetting Remote Manual Pull Station7-4
Metal Stamped Style7-4
Molded Plastic Style7-4
Resetting Mechanical Gas Shut-Off Valve7-4
Resetting Electrical Switch7-4
Resetting Electrical Gas Shut-Off Valve7-4
Resetting Pressure Switch7-5
CARTRIDGE REPLACEMENT7-5
VIII.MAINTENANCE EXAMINATION8-1 – 8-8 SEMI-ANNUAL MAINTENANCE8-1 – 8-4
EXAMINATION
12 YEAR MAINTENANCE EXAMINATION8-4 – 8-8
SELF-CONTAINED OPTION9-1 – 9-6
COMPONENTS9-1 – 9-2
DESIGN9-3
INSTALLATION9-4
TESTING AND PLACING IN SERVICE9-4
RECHARGE AND RESETTING9-5
PROCEDURES
MAINTENANCE EXAMINATION9-6
THE FOLLOWING ARE INCLUDED IN REGISTERED CD ONLY: Design Examples
Aiming Instructions
System Design Chart
System Component Index
Puff Test Instructions
Henny Penny/Capture-Cat
PIRANHA System Data Sheet F-9788
PRX Agent Data Sheet F-97147
Seal Adaptors Data Sheet F-86173 Owners Guide Part No. 423271 Hybrid System White Paper F-99045 Technical Bulletin No. 62F-9802
K-Guard Data Sheet F-9862
K-Guard Manual English/French Part No. 426022
This manual is intended for use with the PIRANHA?Restaurant Fire Suppression Systems.
Those who install, operate, recharge, or maintain these fire suppression systems should read this entire manual. Specific sections will be of particular interest depending upon one’s responsibilities.
Design, installation, recharge, and maintenance of the system must conform to the limitations detailed in this manual and per-formed by an individual who attended an Ansul training program Ansul system.
periodic care. Maintenance is a vital step in the performance of your fire suppression system. As such it must be performed in accordance with NFPA96 (Standard for the Installation of Equipment for the Removal of Smoke and Grease-Laden Vapors from Commercial Cooking Equipment) and NFPA17A(Standard on Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems) by an authorized Ansul distributor. To provide maximum assurance that the fire suppres-sion system will operate effectively and safely, maintenance must be conducted at six-month intervals, or earlier if the situation dictates. Twelve-year maintenance must include agent tank hydrostatic testing.
ANSUL PART NO. 423385-5
ANSUL, ANSUL AUTOMAN, PRX, and PIRANHA are trademarks of Ansul Incorporated or its affiliates.
SECTION I – GENERAL INFORMATION UL EX. 51746-1-04Page 1-1
REV. 2
DESIGN AND APPLICATION
The PIRANHA ?Restaurant Fire Suppression System is designed to provide fire protection for restaurant cooking appliances, hoods,and ducts. It is a pre-engineered group of mechanical and electri-cal components for installation by an authorized Ansul distributor or OEM (original equipment manufacturer). The basic system con-sists of an ANSUL AUTOMAN regulated release assembly which includes a regulated release mechanism, an agent/water valve,and test outlet. Note:Self-contained option regulated release does not contain an agent/water valve or a test outlet. One of three liq-uid agent storage tank sizes, ordered separately, will be housed within the release enclosure. Nozzles, detectors, cartridges, liquid agent, fusible links, pulley tees, and pulley elbows are supplied in
sion system arrangement.
manually through a remote manual pull station. Shutdown of fuel and power to appliances located under protected ventilating equipment shall be in accordance with NFPA 96, NFPA
17A, and all local codes and the authority having jurisdiction.
pressure switches, and electrical switches for automatic equip-ment and gas line shut-off. Accessories can be added, such as alarms, warning lights, etc., to installations where required.
The PIRANHA area, the filters, cooking surfaces, and the exhaust duct system with a predetermined flow rate of PRX ?Liquid Fire Suppressant.When the liquid agent is discharged onto a cooking appliance fire,it cools the grease surface, and reacts with the hot grease forming
a layer of soap-like foam on the surface of the fat. This layer acts helping to prevent the escape of combustible vapors.
Upon actuation, agent is discharged onto the hazard area.Immediately following agent discharge, the internal water valve (domestic or spinkler water supply systems only) changes position and allows water to flow onto the same hazard areas, continually
refurbishing the foam blanket and cooling the hot appliance.through the ventilating system, thus aiding in the fire suppression process. These fans also provide a cooling effect in the plenum
The system is UL listed with or without fan operation.
the exhaust hood(s) being protected, should be shut down upon system actuation.UL
LISTING
The PIRANHA Restaurant Fire Suppression System has been tested and is listed by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. as a pre-engineered system. These tests require extinguishment of fires which are initiated in deep fat fryers, griddles, char-broilers, upright broilers, chain-broilers, woks, ranges, filters, plenum chambers,hoods, and ducts after pre-loading each appliance with a pre-
scribed amount of cooking grease. Each fire is allowed to progress to maximum intensity before the fire suppression system is actuated.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Actuation Gas Line: Piping from the ANSUL AUTOMAN Regulated Release Assembly which supplies nitrogen gas pres-
sure to the Regulated Actuator Assembly for multiple-tank system actuation.
ANSUL (used with domestic or sprinkler water supply systems only):
An assembly which contains the regulated release mechanism,water flow valve, anti-siphon vacuum breaker, water pressure test outlet, expellant gas hose, solenoid, and electric switch within a metal enclosure. The enclosure contains knockouts to facilitate component hookups.
ANSUL
An assembly which contains the regulated release mechanism,water flow valve, anti-siphon vacuum breaker, water pressure test outlet, agent tank, and expellant gas hose within a metal enclo-sure. The enclosure contains knockouts to facilitate component hookups.
A
device located in the AUTOMAN release assembly and the regulated actuator assem-bly which is designed to prevent back-siphonage of possible con-taminated water into a potable water supply.
Authority Having Jurisdiction: The ‘‘authority having jurisdic-tion’’
is the organization, office, or individual responsible for ‘‘approving’’equipment, an installation, or a procedure. The phrase ‘‘Authority Having Jurisdiction’’is used in a broad manner since jurisdictions and ‘‘approval’’agencies vary as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the ‘‘authority hav-ing jurisdiction’’may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal, chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, health department,building official, electrical inspector, or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance company repre-sentative may be the ‘‘authority having jurisdiction.’’In many cir-cumstances the property owner or his designated agent assumes the role of the ‘‘authority having jurisdiction;’’at government instal-lations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the The PIRANHA system option that requires the water sprinkler system water supply.
Blow-Off Cap: A cap which covers the end of the nozzle tip and prevents grease from plugging the nozzle orifice.
Bull Tee: A out both side outlets.
Bursting Disc: A disc installed in the tank adaptor which elimi-nates the siphoning of the agent up the pipe during extreme tem-perature variations.
Cartridge: A gas used to pressurize the agent tank.
Conduit Offset Assembly: A duit to allow the wire rope for the detection, gas valve and remote manual pull station to be installed in a more convenient manner.Continuous System: A continuous distribution piping system is one that does not include a bull tee between the agent tank and the first nozzle.
SECTION I – GENERAL INFORMATION UL EX. 517411-1-01Page 1-2REV. 2
DEFINITION OF TERMS (Continued)
Cooking Appliance: Includes fryers, griddles, woks, ranges,upright broilers, salamander broilers, chain broilers, natural char-coal broilers, or char-broilers (electric, lava rock, gas-radiant, or mesquite).
The cooking hazard area is defined as the tion is performed, such as the griddle plate, broiler grate, fryer pot,wok pan, range burner grates, etc.
Dedicated Nozzle Appliance Protection: Protection of cooking
appliances with enclosed cooking hazards, such as upright broilers,which cannot be protected with overlapping nozzles and therefore must be protected with nozzles dedicated to the appliance.Dedicated PIRANHA Waterline: The dedicated PIRANHA water-line is defined as the waterline between the water source connec-
tion and the PIRANHA regulated releasing device(s). No other fix-ture connections are allowed on this waterline.
Department of Transportation (DOT): DOT stamped pressure vessels (cartridges) meet the requirements of the Department of Transportation.
Detector: A device which includes the detector bracket, detector linkage, and fusible link used for automatic operation of the fire suppression system.
Detector Linkage:
housed in a bracket.
Distribution Piping: Piping which delivers the extinguishing agent and water from the tank to each discharge nozzle.Ducts (or Duct System): A
components themselves, may include duct fittings, dampers,plenums, and/or other items or air handling equipment.
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP): A device used to aid in the cleaning of the exhaust air. This device may be installed at or near the base of the ventilation duct or it may be installed midway or at the end of the duct system.
Equivalent Length:
Length of distribution piping, defined in feet,which includes the actual length of pipe (measured from center to center of fittings) and a given pipe length value assigned to each fitting used that must be added to the overall pipe length sum.Exhaust Plenum: tion of the hood above the filters.
Full Hood Continuous Appliance Protection: Full hood continu-ous protection is overlapping nozzle appliance protection that cov-ers the complete appliance line-up located under the total hood length. All appliances under the hood are those which can be an ignition source of grease in the hood, grease removal device or duct.
Fusible Links: A fixed temperature heat detecting device employed to restrain the operation of a mechanical control until its designed temperature is reached. When the link reaches its set temperature, a solder connection, keeping two link halves intact,melts. The link’s separation allows slack in a tensioned wire to trig-ger the release mechanism.
Gas Valve: A device used to shut off the gas supply to the cook-ing equipment when the system is actuated.
Gas Valve Air Cylinder: An air cylinder, located in the release mechanism, which operates pneumatically from pressure released from the N 2cartridge, mechanically unlatchs a mechan-ical gas valve actuator, causing the gas valve to close upon sys-tem actuation.
Group Appliance Protection: Group protection is overlapping nozzle appliance protection that protects individual hazard zones located under a common hood. These “groups” of appliances may be separated by appliances not requiring protection, such as steam equipment or work tables.
Hazard Zone: The hazard zone is defined as a theoretical, flat and level, rectangular surface, that includes all of the cooking hazard areas of the protected appliances under a common hood. The pur-pose of the hazard zone is to provide a means for locating and aiming the appliance protection nozzles.
Highest Normal Domestic Water Usage: The highest normal domestic water usage is defined as the total water usage from those water usage points (sinks, dishwashers, toilets, etc.) that could be operated simultaneously under normal usage, during a 24 hour period.
Hood: A device provided for cooking appliances to direct and cap-ture grease-laden vapors and exhaust gases. It shall be con-structed in a manner which meets the requirements of NFPA 96.Linear Length: The actual length of piping measured from center to center of fittings.
Liquid Agent: A specially-formulated, aqueous solution of inor-ganic salts used for the knockdown and suppression of fire.Maximum Length of Cooking Appliance: The maximum dimen-sion, on any side, which may be protected with overlapping protection.
Maximum Piping: Specified length of piping and number of fit-tings which must not be exceeded for each system.
Minimum Piping: Minimum length of distribution piping required between the agent tank outlet and a nozzle protecting a fryer, wok,braising pan, tilt skillet, or range when only one nozzle is used with a tank.
Nozzle: A device designed to deliver the liquid agent and water with a specific flow rate and stream pattern.
Nozzle Aiming/Location Graph: A graph used as an aid in deter-mining appliance nozzle location, nozzle aiming, and hazard zone placement. The graph includes a hood side view with numbered “X” and “Y” axes. The graph may indicate appliance nozzle aim-ing points either on the floor or at a given hazard surface height.Overlapping Protection: When discharge nozzles are spaced equally apart over one or more appliances requiring protection.Nozzles used in this manner provide area protection of eligible appliances within the protected area. Two types of overlapping protection is available: full hood continuous protection and group protection.
The primary domestic control the water to the food service facility being protected.
Pulley Elbow: A device used to change the direction of the wire rope which runs between: the regulated release mechanism and the detectors, the regulated release mechanism and the mechan-ical gas valve, and/or the regulated release mechanism and the remote manual pull station.
Pulley Tee: A to two remote manual pull stations, or from two regulated releases or regulated actuators to a single mechanical gas valve or from one regulated release or regulated actuator to two gas valves.
SECTION I – GENERAL INFORMATION
UL EX. 51746-1-04Page 1-3
REV. 3
DEFINITION OF TERMS (Continued)
Regulated Actuator Assembly: An assembly which contains the
regulator, water flow valve, anti-siphon vacuum breaker, pneumatic
actuator, and expellant gas hose within a metal enclosure. This
assembly is used to pressurize an additional agent tank in a multi-
ple tank system (used with domestic or sprinkler water supply sys-
tems only).
Regulated Release Mechanism: An enclosed device within the
ANSUL AUTOMAN regulated release assembly which releases
the expellant gas, activates alarms, and/or shuts off other devices
when signaled automatically by a detector or manually with a
remote pull station.
Regulator: A device used to regulate the pressure from the nitro-
gen cartridge into the agent tank(s) when the system is actuated.
Remote Manual Pull Station: A device which provides manual
actuation of the system from a remote location.
The PIRANHA system option that is offered
system.
Series Detector: Any detector located in-line between the regu-
lated release assembly and the terminal detector.
Split System: A
between the agent tank and the first nozzle.
Terminal Detector: The last in a series of detectors, or the only
detector used in a single-detector system. This detector is thus
named because it is at the point at which the wire rope ends,
or ‘‘terminates.’’There is only one terminal detector per detection
system.
tee to the outlet opposite and also exits 90°through the center
outlet.
Transition: An extension of the hood or canopy which allows for
the smooth transmission of gases, air, and vapors between the
hood opening and the base of the ventilation duct.
Transport Canada (TC): TC stamped pressure vessels (car-
tridges) meet the requirements of Transport Canada.
Vent Plug: A device used to prevent pressure build-up within the
agent tank or agent distribution lines due to temperature
fluctuations.
Water Flow Valve (used with domestic or sprinkler water sup-
ply systems only): A specially-designed valve located within the
ANSUL AUTOMAN Regulated Release and the Regulated
Actuator which controls the flow of water following the agent
discharge.
Water Shutdown Device (used with domestic or sprinkler
water supply systems only): The Water Shutdown Device, Part
No. 426294, is an optional component which can be field installed
in the ANSUL AUTOMAN release. With this device installed, the
water flow to the discharge nozzles will automatically shut down
after a minimum of 10 minutes after system actuation.
SECTION I – GENERAL INFORMATION UL EX. 517410-31-97Page 1-4 NOTES:
SECTION II – SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
UL EX. 51746-1-04Page 2-1
REV. 2
TOTAL SYSTEM
The PIRANHA?system has been tested in accordance with UL
Standard 300 and is in compliance with NFPA96 and NFPA17A
as a pre-engineered water assisted, wet chemical fire suppression
system.
The PIRANHA Restaurant Fire Suppression System is a pre-engi-
neered, fixed, automatic fire suppression system developed
specifically for improved fire protection of commercial and institu-
tional restaurant cooking appliances, exhaust hoods, and ducts.
When actuated, the system discharges a fixed amount of propri-
etary wet chemical agent followed by water through the same noz-
zles. For domestic or sprinkler water supply systems, water is pro-
vided by the connection of the PIRANHA dedicated water supply.
This connection is made after the primary domestic control valve
serving the food service facility. No other shut-off valve(s) is
PIRANHA lockable, full flow, indicating, shut-off valve.
The three sizes of systems are:
PIRANHA-7:(7 nozzle capacity)
PIRANHA-10:(10 nozzle capacity)
PIRANHA-13:(13 nozzle capacity)
The system is designed to provide either full hood continuous
overlapping protection for a typical cooking appliance lineup or
group protection for one or more appliances under a longer hood.
The system can be pre-piped prior to the appliances being put in
place. Appliances protected within this manual that are eligible for
overlapping nozzle protection can be freely interchanged within
the hazard zone without changing or relocating the nozzles.
Appliances that are not eligible for overlapping protection (such as
upright broilers, chainbroilers, etc.) will require appliance specific
dedicated nozzle installation.
The type of system required for the particular installation will be
determined through the guidelines covered in “System Design.”
Additional equipment which may be required to complete the sys-
tem design is explained in the “System Components” section.
Additional devices covered are: remote manual pull stations,
mechanical and electrical gas shut-off valves, electrical switches,
and pressure switches.
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM – BASIC UNIT(FOR DOMESTIC
OR SPRINKLER WATER SYSTEMS ONLY)
The tank assembly is filled with a proprietary wet agent under
atmospheric pressure. The system is equipped with a pneumati-
cally controlled water flow valve (for domestic or sprinkler supply
systems only). The water inlet port of the valve assembly is con-
nected through the PIRANHA dedicated water supply to the water
source downstream of the primary domestic control valve servic-
ing the food service facility. See “Water Supply Requirements” in
Section 5. The valve is closed and under static water pressure.
The high pressure gas inlet port of the valve is piped to the high
pressure side of the ANSUL AUTOMAN release mechanism and
is under atmospheric pressure until the fire suppression system is
actuated. This high pressure line includes a check valve to trap
high pressure gas in the line when the system is actuated. The low
pressure gas inlet port on the pick-up tube assembly is piped to
the low pressure side of the gas pressure regulator and is also
under atmospheric pressure until the system is actuated. The gas
pressure regulator receives its pressure from a gas cartridge
installed in the release mechanism. The tank discharge outlet on
the pick-up tube assembly is connected to the discharge piping of
the agent/water distribution system.
NOTICE
On domestic or sprinkler water supply systems,
the PIRANHA system includes an atmospheric
anti-siphon vacuum breaker as an integral com-
ponent, built into the AUTOMAN Release.The
atmospheric anti-siphon vacuum breaker is
used to eliminate the possibility of creating a
vacuum, thus eliminating back siphonage of
agent into the potable water supply.The atmos-
pheric anti-siphon vacuum breaker meets the
requirements of ASSE(American Society of
Sanitation Engineers) Standard 1001, ANSI
(American National Standards Institute)
Standard A112.1.1 and CSA(Canadian
Standards Association)Standard B64.Based
on backflow prevention testing by an indepen-
dent laboratory, the PIRANHA system has been
specifically listed and approved by IAPMO
(International Association of Plumbing and
Mechanical Officials) in accordance with
PS108-98, and each PIRANHA system bears
the IAPMO/UPC logo indicating approval under
the Uniform Plumbing Code.
Underwriters’Laboratories (UL) has tested the
PIRANHA system for mechanical and fire sup-
pression performance in accordance with UL
Standard 300.UL has not evaluated the integral
anti-siphon vacuum breaker or any other back-
flow prevention device with respect to their
ability to prevent backflow from occurring.
SYSTEM OPERATION – BASIC UNIT(FOR DOMESTIC OR
SPRINKLER WATER SYSTEMS ONLY)
When a fire is detected by the fire suppression system, the spring-
loaded ANSUL AUTOMAN Release assembly automatically actu-
ates to puncture the seal of the expellant gas cartridge, thereby
releasing gas under high pressure to both the high pressure inlet
of the water flow valve (on domestic or sprinkler water supply sys-
tems only) and the high pressure inlet of the pressure regulator,
where the high gas pressure is reduced to a lower operating pres-
sure for the agent tank. The high pressure gas opens the valve to
the water supply (on domestic or sprinkler water supply systems
only) by moving the internal stem assembly toward the water inlet
against the force of the spring and the static water pressure. Once
the stem assembly is unseated, the trapped high pressure gas will
hold it open until the gas pressure is manually released after the
fire event when the system is recharged and reset. The low pres-
sure gas from the regulator enters the top of the tank to expel the
wet agent from the tank through the tank discharge outlet, dis-
charge piping, and discharge nozzles. Once the low pressure gas
is flowing, the regulator will feed the low pressure gas into the tank
at a constant pressure until the decaying pressure of the gas in the
cartridge falls below the preset outlet pressure of the regulator, at
which time the gas pressure from the regulator will also decay.
Although the valve was opened initially by the high gas pressure,
water will not flow into the tank until the water pressure from the
water supply overcomes the decaying gas pressure of the low
pressure gas in the top of the tank, at which time water will auto-
matically commence flowing through the tank, discharge piping,
and the discharge nozzles. On domestic or sprinkler water supply
systems, water will continue to flow until it is manually shutoff
upstream from the water flow valve after the fire event is conclud-
ed or it was shut off approximately 10 minutes after actuation if the
system has a water shutdown device installed in the ANSUL
AUTOMAN Release.
SECTION II – SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
UL EX. 51746-1-04Page 2-2
REV. 1
SYSTEM ONLY)
system option utilizes a PIRANHA Regulated Release without the integral water valve/
system is activated, the
AUTOMAN
SYSTEM ONLY)
AUTOMAN release assembly automatically actu-
AUTOMAN wet agent tank
agent tank AUTOMAN release assembly at the time of system actu-
SECTION III – SYSTEM COMPONENTS UL EX. 51746-1-04Page 3-1
REV. 3
EXTINGUISHING AGENT
PRX?Liquid Fire Suppressant, Part No. 423320, is a specially-formulated, aqueous solution of inorganic salts designed for fast knock-down and suppression of grease-related fires. The agent is shipped in a translucent 5.0 gallon (18.9 L) plastic container. The agent is colored red for easy identification. Agent storage life expectancy is twelve years. PRX LIQUID FIRE SUPPRESSANT
5.0 GALLON (18.9 L) PAIL
FIGURE 1
001606
REGULATED RELEASE ASSEMBLY (MECHANICAL)
The ANSUL AUTOMAN Regulated Mechanical Release Assembly,Part No. 423477, contains the regulated release mechanism, water flow valve, anti-siphon vacuum breaker, water pressure test outlet,expellant gas hose for agent tank hookup, and enclosure knock-outs to facilitate installing actuation piping; expellant piping; detec-tion system; and additional equipment. This regulated release assembly must be mounted to a rigid surface. The release mecha-nism can be used to interconnect both the actuation and expellant gas lines as required per system design. The regulator is designed to allow a constant flow of gas into the tank at 150 psi (10.3 bar)when the system is actuated.
double throw (SPDT) electrical switches.
within the enclosure.
actuation occurs when a fusible link within the detection system separates in a fire condition. Manual actuation of the system occurs when personnel pull on the remote manual pull station pull ring.
self-contained design option. For Self-ANSUL AUTOMAN REGULATED RELEASE ASSEMBLY (MECHANICAL)
FIGURE 2
001693
REGULATED RELEASE ASSEMBLY (ELECTRICAL)
The ANSUL AUTOMAN Regulated Electrical Release Assembly,Part No. 423386, is identical to the mechanical version except it contains a factory installed 120 VAC solenoid and two single-pole,double throw (SPDT) electrical switches.
The solenoid is used to provide electrical actuation of the release mechanism. The electric switch is used to protect the solenoid by opening the circuit to the solenoid once the system is fired.Additional electrical switches can be added as required for auto-matic equipment and gas shut-off accessories, as well as initiating audible and visual alarms.
This Regulated Release Assembly (mechanical) cannot be self-contained design option. For Self-“ANSUL AUTOMAN” REGULATED RELEASE ASSEMBLY (ELECTRICAL)
FIGURE 3
001694
WATER FLOW VALVE
WATER PRESSURE TEST OUTLET
REGULATOR
HIGH
PRESSURE HOSE VACUUM PRESSURE HOSE (TO AGENT TANK ADAPTOR)
WATER LINE (TO
AGENT TANK ADAPTOR)
FLOW VALVE
HOSE (TO AGENT TANK ADAPTOR)
AGENT TANK ADAPTOR)
VACUUM
SECTION III – SYSTEM COMPONENTS UL EX. 51746-1-04Page 3-2REV. 4
REMOTE
MECHANICAL RELEASE
The Remote Mechanical Release, Part No. 32381, is used to actu-
ate up to five (5) PIRANHA regulated actuators. The 101 remote mechanical release utilizes a 101-10 carbon dioxide cartridge as
the actuation pressure to operate the PIRANHA regulated actua-
tors. The remote release assembly contains an external strike but-ton for manual actuation.
This Regulated Release Assembly (mechanical) cannot be self-contained design option. For Self-FIGURE 4
004205
REGULATED ACTUATOR ASSEMBLY
The Regulated Actuator Assembly, Part No. 423368, contains the regulator, water flow valve, anti-siphon vacuum breaker, pneumat-ic actuator, water pressure test outlet, expellant gas hose for agent tank hookup, and enclosure knockouts to facilitate installing expel-lant piping. This assembly is used in multiple-tank systems and must be mounted to a rigid surface.
assembly actuation piping.
Agent tanks must be purchased separately and must be mounted tate distribution piping hookup.
self-contained design option. For Self-REGULATED ACTUATOR ASSEMBLY
FIGURE 5
001695
MECHANICAL REGULATED RELEASE ASSEMBLY WITH OEM BRACKET
The Mechanical Regulated Release Assembly with OEM Bracket,Part No. 423629, contains the same release mechanism and water flow components as the standard mechanical regulated release assembly without being housed in a stainless steel enclo-sure. The assembly is attached to a metal backplate for mounting inside a cabinet or appliance stand.
This Regulated Release Assembly (mechanical) cannot be self-contained design option. For Self-FIGURE 6
003403
LINE (TO
AGENT TANK ADAPTOR)LINE
WATER LINE (TO AGENT TANK ADAPTOR
FLOW VALVE
VACUUM BREAKER
STRIKE BUTTON RELEASE MECHANISM
ANTI-SIPHON
WATER FLOW VALVE
LOW
LINE
HIGH
PRESSURE LINE
TO AGENT TANK
ADAPTOR
RELEASE MECHANISM
SECTION III – SYSTEM COMPONENTS
UL EX. 51746-1-04Page 3-3
REV. 4
REGULATED ACTUATOR ASSEMBLY WITH OEM BRACKET
The Regulated Actuator Assembly With OEM Bracket, Part No.
426640, contains the same actuator mechanism and water flow
components as the standard regulated actuator assembly without
being housed in a stainless steel enclosure. The assembly is
attached to a metal backplate for mounting inside a cabinet or
appliance stand.
This Regulated Release Assembly (mechanical) cannot be
self-contained design option. For Self-
FIGURE 7
003404
AGENT TANKS
The agent tanks are shipped uncharged and must be filled with
PRX Liquid
Fire Suppressant during installation.
the enclosure. The tank contains an adaptor/tube assembly with a
burst disc union. The burst disc helps prevent siphoning of the
agent up the pipe due to significant temperature fluctuations in the
area where the tank is located.
PIRANHA-7PIRANHA-10PIRANHA-13
1.5 GALLON
2.25 GALLON
3.0 GALLON
(PART NO. 422816)(PART NO. 422877)(PART NO. 422810)
19 IN. HIGH X
18 IN. HIGH X23 IN. HIGH X
5 5/8 IN. DIA.7 IN. DIA.7 IN. DIA.
21 LB. (9.5 kg)
CHARGED31 LB. (14 kg) CHARGED38 LB. (17 kg) CHARGED
FIGURE 8
001706
GAS CARTRIDGES
The PIRANHA system uses cartridges to store nitrogen expellant
gas under pressure until the system is actuated, at which time the
cartridge seal is punctured and the released gas expels liquid
out the discharge nozzles.
The LT-20-R
PIRANHA-7
and the LT-30-R Cartridge, Part No. 423435
(TC/DOT), is used with the PIRANHA-10 and PIRANHA-13.
One carbon dioxide cartridge is available.
or Part No. 15850 (DOT), is utilized in the remote mechanical
release assembly.
See Section IX for Self-Contained Option cartridge.
NITROGEN GAS CARTRIDGES
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARTRIDGE
101-10 CARBON DIOXIDE
LT-20-R CARTRIDGE LT-30-R CARTRIDGE CARTRIDGE
PART NO. 423429
PART NO. 423435PART NO. 15850 (DOT)
(TC/DOT)(TC/DOT)PART NO. 423439 (TC/DOT)
000145000146000149
FIGURE 9
APPLIANCE/PLENUM NOZZLE
The Appliance/Plenum Nozzle, Part No. 423480, is a one piece
contains a stainless steel strainer and retaining spring.
Appliance/Plenum nozzle.
“AP” nozzles must be ordered as Nozzle Shipping Assembly, Part
No. 423482, which contains 50 nozzles.
Replacement blow-off caps are available.
tion and plenum protection.
FIGURE 10
001690
2 1/2 IN.
(63.5 mm)
2 1/2 IN.
(63.5 mm)
2 IN.
(50.8 mm)
3/8 – 18 NPT
INTERNAL CUP
STRAINER
INSIDE
VENDOR
CODE
(IF PRESENT)
STAMPING
BLOW-OFF
CAP LOOP
WATER
FLOW
VALVE
LOW
LINE HIGH
PRESSURE
LINE
WATER
TEST OUTLET
TO AGENT
TANK
ADAPTOR
SECTION III – SYSTEM COMPONENTS UL EX. 517411-1-01Page 3-4REV. 2
DUCT/LOW PROXIMITY NOZZLE
The Duct/Low Proximity Nozzle, Part No. 426093, is a one-piece nozzle body. The nozzle is chrome plated. The nozzle assembly contains a stainless steel strainer and retaining spring.
The nozzle tip is stamped with “DL” indicating this is a PIRANHA Duct/Low Proximity nozzle.
Nozzle is shipped with a silicone rubber blow-off cap.
“DL” nozzles must be ordered as Nozzle Shipping Assembly, Part No. 426092, which contains 25 nozzles.
Replacement blow-off caps, strainers and retaining springs are available.
This nozzle is used for all duct protection and low proximity appli-ance protection.
FIGURE 11
001691
SWIVEL ADAPTOR
The Swivel Adaptor, Part No. 418569, consists of a swivel nut,swivel body, and swivel ball. All are chrome-plated. The Swivel Adaptor allows the nozzle to be rotated approximately 30°in all directions. Swivel Adaptors must be ordered as a Swivel Adaptor Shipping Assembly, Part No. 423572, which contains 25 Swivel Adaptors.
FIGURE 12
000003
RUBBER BLOW-OFF CAPS
The Rubber Blow-Off Cap, Part No. 77676, helps keep the orifice of the nozzle free of grease or other substances that could inter-fere with agent distribution. A retaining strap attaches the blow-off cap to the nozzle. Rubber Blow-Off Caps must be ordered as a Shipping Assembly, Part No. 77695, which contains 50 blow-off caps, or Part No. 77411, which contains 12 blow-off caps.
FIGURE 13
000009
METAL BLOW-OFF CAP
Metal blow-off caps are available as options to the standard rub-ber caps. The metal cap can be used in unusually high heat con-ditions, generally over 400 °F (204 °C). The metal blow-off cap is attached to the nozzle by means of a stainless steel wire which prevents it from falling into the appliance during discharge.Shipping Assembly Part No. 79745 contains 10 metal blow-off caps.
FIGURE 14
000152
STAINLESS STEEL WIRE
CAP
3/8 – 18 NPT
INTERNAL CUP STRAINER INSIDE
VENDOR CODE (IF PRESENT)
NOZZLE STAMPING
BLOW OFF CAP LOOP
3/8 – 18 NPT
FEMALE THREAD
3/8 – 18 NPT MALE THREAD
30 DEGREE
ROTATION
SECTION III – SYSTEM COMPONENTS UL EX. 51748-1-99Page 3-5
REV. 1
CONDUIT OFFSET ASSEMBLY
The Conduit Offset Assembly is used to change direction of the wire rope on detection, mechanical gas valve, and remote pull sta-tion lines. The conduit offset assembly can only be used in the area where the conduit attaches to the regulated release assem-bly. When using the conduit offset assembly, the maximum num-ber of pulley elbows is still allowed. The Conduit Offset Shipping Assembly, Part No. 79825, consists of 6 conduit offsets.
FIGURE 15
000153
“QUIK-SEAL” ADAPTOR
The “Quik-Seal” adaptor is a listed mechanical bulkhead fitting that produces a liquid-tight seal around both distribution piping and detection conduit which runs through restaurant hoods and ducts. The “Quik-Seal” adaptor accepts threaded pipe or conduit. The adaptor is available for 1/4 in. (Part No. 78195), 3/8 in. (Part No. 77284), 1/2 in. (Part No. 77286), or 3/4 in. (Part No. 77288) pipe or conduit sizes. When using with EMT conduit, a conduit con-nector must be installed in each end of the adaptor. The “Quick-Seal” Adaptor Shipping Assembly must be ordered as stated below.
Shipping
Assembly Hole Size
Size Part No.Qty.Required
1/4 in.78196243/4 in.
3/8 in.7728524 1 1/8 in.
1/2 in.7728724 1 1/8 in.
3/4 in.7728924 1 3/8 in.
FIGURE 16
000154“COMPRESSION-SEAL” ADAPTOR
This adaptor is a mechanical bulkhead fitting that produces a liquid-tight seal around pipe and conduit when installing distribu-tion piping and detection conduit through restaurant hoods and ducts. The “Compression-Seal” adaptor is a straight-through design requiring no cutting or threading of conduit or pipe. The adaptor is available for pipe sizes of 1/4 in. (Part No. 79148), 3/8 in. (Part No. 79150), 1/2 in. (Part No. 79146), and EMT conduit size of 1/2 in. (Part No. 79152). Each “Compression-Seal” adaptor shipping assembly must be ordered as stated below.
Shipping
Assembly
Size Part No.
Qty.Required
1/4 in. Pipe79149243/4 in.
3/8 in. Pipe7915124 1 1/8 in.
1/2 in. Pipe7914724 1 1/8 in.
1/2 in. EMT Conduit7915324 1 1/8 in.
FIGURE 17
000155
“HOOD SEAL” ADAPTOR ASSEMBLY
This adaptor assembly is a mechanical bulkhead fitting that pro-
duces a liquid-tight seal around 1/2 in. EMT conduit when
installing the detection line through restaurant hoods and duct.
The adaptor accepts a high temperature pulley elbow and, when
used, correctly positions the elbow or conduit in line with the con-
duit adaptor hole in the detector bracket. The “Hood Seal” elimi-
nates the need for multiple elbows when penetrating the top of a
hood when installing the detection line. “Hood Seal” Adaptors are
available in quantities of 6 as Shipping Assembly Part No. 423253.
FIGURE 18
000156
ADAPTOR BODY
SEAL
PULLEY
ELBOW
(NOT PART
OF ASSEMBLY)
COMPRESSION NUT
ADAPTOR BODY
LOCKWASHER
GASKET
NUT
CONDUIT
COUPLING
CONDUIT
OFFSET
CONDUIT
SECTION III – SYSTEM COMPONENTS UL EX. 51746-1-04Page 3-6REV. 3
DETECTORS
The detector consists of three basic components: the bracket, link-age, and fusible link. (Fusible links are not included and must be ordered separately.) The bracket holds the entire assembly to the mounting surface. The linkage is used to support the fusible link.The fusible link is designed to separate at a specific temperature and release the wire rope, thereby actuating the regulated release mechanism.
the scissor style.
The hinged style detector requires the wire rope to be strung to the detector bracket, and then “threaded” through the linkage assem-bly before continuing to the next detector bracket.
The scissor style allows the wire rope to be strung completely through the detection system conduit and brackets first and the
detector linkage assemblies are installed later.
Each style of detector consists of two types of assemblies:The Terminal Detector (Part No. 15375, or 417368) includes a test link and is placed last in a series of detectors. This detector is sometimes referred to as the end-of-line detector and is thus named because it is at the point at which the wire rope “termi-nates,” or is anchored at the detector bracket. Only one terminal
detector is required per detection system.
The Series Detector (Part No. 15373, or 417369) is any detector located in-line between the regulated release assembly and the terminal detector.
When using Part No. 15373 and 15375 style detectors, a total of 5 detectors can be in one detection system: 4 series detectors,Part No. 15373 and 1 terminal detector, Part No. 15375.
When using Part No. 417368 and 417369 style detectors, a total of 15 detectors can be in one detection system: 14 series detec-tors, Part No. 417369 and 1 terminal detector, Part No. 417368.
HINGED STYLE – PART NO. 15373 AND 15375
000158
SCISSOR STYLE – PART NO. 417368 AND 417369
000159
FIGURE 19
FUSIBLE LINK
Select correct UL Listed fusible link(s) for installation in detector(s)according to the temperature condition chart below:
Fusible Link To Be Used Shipping Where
Assembly Temperature Temperature
Part No.Rating Does Not Exceed 415739 (1)165 °F (74 °C)100 °F (38 °C)415740 (1)212 °F (100 °C)150 °F (66 °C)415744 (25)280 °F (138 °C)225 °F (107 °C)415745 (25)360 °F (182 °C)300 °F (149 °C)415746 (25)450 °F (232 °C)
375 °F (191 °C)Fusible Link To Be Used Shipping Where
Assembly Temperature Temperature
Part No.Rating Does Not Exceed 551522 (10)165 °F (74 °C)100 °F (38 °C)551523 (10)212 °F (100 °C)150 °F (66 °C)551524 (10)280 °F (138 °C)225 °F (107 °C)551525 (10)360 °F (182 °C)300 °F (149 °C)551526 (10)450 °F (232 °C)375 °F (191 °C)551527 (10)500 °F (260 °C)475 °F (246 °C)73867 (25)
500 °F (260 °C)
475 °F (246 °C)
K STYLE
ML STYLE
000170500 °F (260 °C) ONLY
000171
FIGURE 20
PULLEY ELBOWS
There are two types of pulley elbows used to change the direction of the wire rope by 90°. Ansul recommends for temperatures not in excess of 700 °F (371 °C). Part No. 415670 has socket ends with set screws for 1/2 in. conduit, and Part No. 423250 has com-pression ring ends also for 1/2 in. conduit. Pulley elbows must be ordered in quantities of 50 as Shipping Assembly Part No. 415671(socket end type) and Part No. 423251 (compression end type).
PART NO. 415670
PART NO. 423250
000160
000161
FIGURE 21
PULLEY TEE
The Pulley Tee (Part No. 427929) is used to change the direction of two wire ropes by 90°. It must be used in areas where the tem-peratures are within the range of 32 °F to 130 °F (0 °C to 54 °C).Pulley tees can be used in mechanical gas valve actuation lines and remote manual pull station lines. Pulley tees cannot be used within a detection line.
FIGURE 22
000447
FUSIBLE BRACKET
FUSIBLE LINK
TEMPERATURE
RATING STAMPED ON
SECTION III – SYSTEM COMPONENTS
UL EX. 517411-1-01Page 3-7
REV. 3
STAINLESS STEEL CABLE
The 1/16 in. stainless steel cable is run from the terminal detector,
through conduit, all series detectors and pulley elbows, and into
the regulated release mechanism trip lever. When any fusible link
separates, the tension on the cable is relaxed, and the trip lever
actuates the regulated release mechanism. The cable can also be
used for mechanical gas valves and remote manual pull stations.
The cable is available in 50 ft. (15 m) (Part No. 15821) and 500 ft.
(152.4 m) (Part No. 79653) lengths.
REMOTE MANUAL PULL STATION
The Remote Manual Pull Station (Part No. 4835 or Part No.
54011) is required for manual actuation of the regulated release
assembly. The remote manual pull station should be mounted at a point of egress and positioned at a height determined by the authority having jurisdiction. A brushed aluminum trim ring is avail-able for installation between the recessed junction box and the pull station. A package of 10 trim rings is available as Part No. 427074.
PART NO. 4835 (WITHOUT CABLE)
PART NO. 54011) (WITH 50 FT. OF CABLE)
METAL STAMPED
FIGURE 23
000163
MECHANICAL GAS VALVES
The mechanical gas valves are designed to shut off the flow of gas to the appliances upon actuation of the regulated release assem-bly. The valves are available in sizes of 3/4 in., 1 in., 1 1/4 in., 1 1/2 in., and 2 in. Ansul style; and 2 1/2 in. and 3 in. Asco style. The valves are rated for natural and LP gas. Both styles are UL Listed and includes the air cylinder, tubing, and fittings for connection to the release mechanism.
Maximum
Part Operating
No.Description Pressure
_____________________________ 555983/4 in. Gas Valve (ANSUL)10 psi (.69 bar) 55601 1 in. Gas Valve (ANSUL)10 psi (.69 bar) 55604 1 1/4 in. Gas Valve (ANSUL)10 psi (.69 bar) 55607 1 1/2 in. Gas Valve (ANSUL)10 psi (.69 bar) 55610 2 in. Gas Valve (ANSUL)10 psi (.69 bar) 25937 2 1/2 in. Gas Valve (ASCO) 5 psi (.35 bar) 25938 3 in. Gas Valve (ASCO) 5 psi (.35 bar
A B C
Valve Size in.(mm)in.(mm)in.(mm) __________________________________________ 3/4 in. 3 3/4 (95.3) 6 3/8(161.9) 5 1/2(139.7) 1 in. 3 3/4(95.3) 6 3/8(161.9) 5 1/2(139.7) 1 1/4 in. 4 7/8(123.8)7 3/8(187.3) 6 3/8(161.9)
1 1/
2 in. 4 7/8(123.8)7 3/8(187.3) 6 3/8(161.9)
2 in. 5 7/8(149.2)7 7/8(200.0) 6 11/16(169.9)
2 1/2 in.7 13/16(198.4)-----9 1/16(230.2)
3 in.7 25/32(197.6)-----9 1/16(230.2)
FIGURE 24
ELECTRICAL GAS VALVES
The electrical gas valves are designed to shut off the flow of either natural or LP gas to the appliances upon actuation of the regulat-ed release assembly. The valves are available in sizes of 3/4 in., 1 in., 1 1/2 in., 2 in., and 3 in. The valve is held open by an ener-gized solenoid and upon system actuation, the switch contacts in the regulated release assembly open, thus de-energizing the cir-cuit to the gas valve solenoid, causing the valve to close. Valves are available in 120 VAC and are UL Listed.
Maximum
Part Operating
No.Description Pressure
_____________________
3/4 in. Solenoid Gas Valve (ASCO)25 psi (1.7 bar)
1 in. Solenoid Gas Valve (ASCO)25 psi (1.7 bar)
1 1/
2 in. Solenoid Gas Valve25 psi (1.7 bar)
(ASCO)
2 in. Solenoid Gas Valve (ASCO)25 psi (1.7 bar) 1764
3 3 in. Solenoid Gas Valve (ASCO) 5 psi (.35 bar)
Valve A B
Size in.(mm)in.(mm)
________________________________
3/4 in. 3 5/16(81.0) 3 5/8(92.1)
1 in.5(127.0) 6 27/32(173.8)
1 1/
2 in.5(127.0) 5 19/32(142.1)
2 in. 6 3/32(78.6) 5 15/16(150.8)
3 in.7 13/16(198.4)7 29/32(200.8)
FIGURE 25
004210
A
B
C
004208
A
B
A
C
004209
3/4 IN. THRU 2 IN. 2 1/2 IN. THRU 3 IN.
SECTION III – SYSTEM COMPONENTS UL EX. 51746-1-04Page 3-8REV. 4
MANUAL RESET RELAY
The manual reset relay, Part No. 426151, is required when using an electrical gas valve shut-off system. After the electric gas valve has closed, either due to system actuation or power failure, the valve can not be re-opened, allowing gas to flow, until the reset relay button is manually pressed, re-energizing the circuit. The reset relay is available 120 VAC. The manual reset relay is also recommended for electrical shut down.
FIGURE 26
000087
ELECTRICAL SWITCHES
The electrical switches are intended for use with electric gas valves, alarms, contactors, lights, contractor supplied electric power shut-off devices and other electrical devices that are designed to shut off or turn on when the system is actuated.Switches are available in kits: One Switch Kit, Part No. 423878,Two Switch Kit, Part No. 423879, Three Switch Kit, Part No.423880, and Four Switch Kit, Part No. 423881. Each switch has a set of single-pole, double-throw contacts rated at 21 amp, 1 HP ,125, 250, 277 VAC or 2 HP , 250, 277 VAC. Mounting hardware and 12 in. (305 mm) long wire leads are provided with each kit.
FIGURE 27
001612
INITIATING SWITCH
Alarm Initiating Switch Kit, Part No. 428311, can be field AUTOMAN release. This switch must
AUTOMAN release actuates. This action FIGURE 28
004890
BURSTING DISC
The Bursting Disc is installed in the tank adaptor assembly. The bursting disc eliminates the siphoning of the agent up the pipe dur-ing extreme temperature variations. The bursting discs are avail-able in packs of 10, Part No. 423666.
FIGURE 29
000172
REGULATOR TEST KIT
The Test Kit Assembly (Shipping Part No. 56972) is required to test the regulator setting and nitrogen flow during 12-year mainte-nance examinations. This will ensure that the regulator is func-tioning properly.
FIGURE 30
000169
N.O.
COMMON
ALARM INITIATING SWITCH
SWITCH ARE PROPERLY MOUNTED, THIS DIVIDER MUST BE BETWEEN THE N.O. AND N.C. TERMI-TOWARD AUTOMAN
N.O.
SPACER
N.C.
各种系统框架图简介 以下文字和架构图均在本人相关系统设计和架构方案中有所应用。 原文出处：https://www.doczj.com/doc/0b16538343.html,/6517/viewspace-609654 1.Spring 架构图 Spring 是一个开源框架，是为了解决企业应用程序开发复杂性而创建的。框架的主要优势之一就是其分层架构，分层架构允许您选择使用哪一个组件，同时为J2EE 应用程序开发提供集成的框架。Spring 框架的功能可以用在任何 J2EE 服务器中，大多数功能也适用于不受管理的环境。Spring 的核心要点是：支持不绑定到特定J2EE 服务的可重用业务和数据访问对象。这样的对象可以在不同J2EE 环境（Web或EJB ）、独立应用程序、测试环境之间重用。 组成Spring 框架的每个模块（或组件）都可以单独存在，或者与其他一个或多个模块联合实现。每个模块的功能如下： 核心容器：核心容器提供Spring 框架的基本功能。核心容器的主要组件是BeanFactory ，它是工厂模式的实现。BeanFactory 使用控制反转 （IOC ）模式将应用程序的配置和依赖性规范与实际的应用程序代码分开。
?Spring 上下文：Spring 上下文是一个配置文件，向Spring 框架提供上下文信息。Spring 上下文包括企业服务，例如JNDI 、EJB 、电子邮件、国际化、校验和调度功能。 ?Spring AOP ：通过配置管理特性，Spring AOP 模块直接将面向方面的编程功能集成到了Spring 框架中。所以，可以很容易地使Spring 框架管理的任何对象支持AOP 。Spring AOP 模块为基于Spring 的应用程序 中的对象提供了事务管理服务。通过使用Spring AOP ，不用依赖EJB 组件，就可以将声明性事务管理集成到应用程序中。 ?Spring DAO ：JDBC DAO 抽象层提供了有意义的异常层次结构，可用该结构来管理异常处理和不同数据库供应商抛出的错误消息。异常层次结构 简化了错误处理，并且极大地降低了需要编写的异常代码数量（例如打 开和关闭连接）。Spring DAO 的面向JDBC 的异常遵从通用的DAO 异常 层次结构。 ?Spring ORM ：Spring 框架插入了若干个ORM 框架，从而提供了ORM 的对象关系工具，其中包括JDO 、Hibernate 和iBatis SQL Map 。所有这些都遵从Spring 的通用事务和DAO 异常层次结构。 2.ibatis 架构图 ibatis 是一个基于Java的持久层框架。 iBATIS 提供的持久层框架包括SQL Maps 和Data Access Objects （ DAO ），同时还提供一个利用这个框架开发的 JPetStore 实例。
数码图像的基本概念 像素 像素（pixel）是计算机上用来记录图像的基本组成单位，也是组成“位图”的最小单位。“像素”数量越多，越可以表现图像细微的部分，品质和文件也会相应增加：反之“像素”数量越少，当图像放大到一定程度时，在图像边缘处容易产生失真的锯齿状（一种类似马赛克德色块）。 一般最常用的判断数码相机品质的因素就是看它的最高像素是多少。 许多不同颜色拼凑起来的“像素”所构成的集合称之为“分辨率”（resolution） 如果作品要用在杂志类高品质的纸张上，建议“分辨率”设置为300dpi以上，而一般文书报告或报纸则是150dpi，网页、多媒体等在屏幕上显示的作品设置为72~96dpi即可。 注因每张照片所含的颜色组成组成数字不同，文件的大小也不相同。一般使用在图像上的分辨率单位为ppi，指每英寸所包含的像素点；而打印机上的分辨率单位为dpi，指每英寸所包含的图点。 位图和矢量图 1、位图 位图（Raster Image）是以像素点为基础，用点的方式来记录图形中所有使用的颜色色码，像拼图一样组成整张图像。位图能真实呈现图像的原貌以及色彩上的细微差异，但放大后会产生如马赛克色块般的锯齿边缘。 2、矢量图 矢量图（V ector Image）以“数学运算”为基础，就像“两点成一条直线”的概念，这两点的距离可以是1cm，也可以10cm，所形成直线是根据两点的距离重新计算出来的，因此不会涉及“分辨率”的问题，当然也就没有“放大后会失真产生锯齿状”的问题。所以，矢量图的文件大多比位图要少，这也是为什么网络上flash矢量动画会如此盛行的一个很重要的原因。 3、位图和矢量图的应用范围 一般而言，位图适合如人物、风景、产品等这类需要表示真实图像的地方，因为“像素”可以真实地记录下所有的图像信息；而矢量图则是适合卡通、线条画等表现抽象意念的地方，因为矢量图在色彩的表现上不及位图来的细腻（尤其是在渐变色上），它无法完整地记录下图像的信息，只能用线条模拟出类似的效果，因此矢量图一般给人的印象多为仿真的感觉，不易产生像照片拍摄出来的细腻质感，但却是讲究精准的设计图最好的选择。 颜色模式 1、CMYK颜色（青色cyan、洋红magenta、黄色yellow、黑色black） 用“减色法”来混合出各种色彩，色彩，颜色在相互混合后，重叠的部分越加越暗。理论上CMY三种原色经过混色后，便能展现不同层次的灰度色彩，常应用于实际印刷的出版物中，但为求得更细腻的表现，所以特别将黑色独立出来，例如市场上销售的彩色喷墨打印机所使用的墨盒，就是应用印刷时的配色方式。 注印刷用分辨率最好在1000~3000dpi以上，才能用于大图输出。 2、RGB颜色（红red、绿green、蓝blue）——全彩图像 以“加色法”来将色彩的三原色（红、绿、蓝）混合出各种色彩，如（r255、g255、b255）会产生白色，颜色在混合后重叠的部分越加越亮。以一张24位全彩图像来说，每个像素以8位所组成，以28计算每个原色从最暗到最亮共有256种明暗变化，数值为0时最暗、255时最亮，所以共计有256*256*256近1600万种涵盖大部分肉眼可辨识的颜色。而当RGB 为最大混色时（数值皆为255），就会形成白色。
图形图像文件大致上可以分为两大类：一类为位图文件；另一类称为描绘类、矢量类或面向对象图形图像文件。前者以点阵形式描述图形图像，后者是以数学方法描述的一种由几何元素组成的图形图像。一般说来，后者对图像的表达细致、真实，缩放后图形图像的分辨率不变，在专业级的图形图像处理中应用较多。 1、点阵图形图像文件 *.bmp(Bitmap) *.bmp是Windows中的标准图像文件格式，已成为PC机Windows系统中事实上的工业标准，有压缩和不压缩两种形式。它以独立于设备的方法描述位图，可用非压缩格式存储图像数据，解码速度快，支持多种图像的存储，常见的各种P C图形图像软件都能对其进行处理。在PhotoShop中，最多可以使用16M的色彩渲染bmp图像。 *.dib(Device Independent Bitmap) *.dib是一种类似于*.bmp的图形文件格式，描述图像的能力与*.bmp基本相同，并且能够运行在多种硬件平台上，只是文件较大。常见的各种P C图形图像软件都能够对其进行处理。 *.gif(Graphics Interchange Format) *.gif是在各种平台的各种图形处理软件上均能够处理的、经过压缩的一种图形文件格式。它是可在Macintosh、Amiga、Atati、IBM 机器间进行移植的一种标准位图格式。该格式由C ompuserver 公司创建，存储色彩最高只能达到256种。在颜色深度和图像大小上，*.gif 类似于*.pcx；在结构上，*.gif类似于*.tiff。正因为它是经过压缩的图像文件格式，所以大多用在网络传输上，速度要比传输其他图像文件格式快得多。它的最大缺点是最多只能处理2 56种色彩，故不能用于存储真彩色的图像文件，但其GIF89a格式能够存储成背景透明的形式，并且可以将数张图存成一个文件，从而形成动画效果。 *.png (Portable Network Graphics) *.png是一种能存储32位信息的位图文件格式，其图像质量远胜过*.gif。同*.gif一样，*.pn g也使用无损压缩方式来减少文件的大小。在压缩位图数据时，它采用了颇受好评的l z77算法的一个变种。目前，越来越多的软件开始支持这一格式，在不久的将来，它可能会在整个Web上广泛流行。*.png图像可以是灰阶的（1 6位）或彩色的（48位），也可以是8位的索引色。*.png图像使用的是高速交替显示方案，显示速度很快，只需要下载1/64的图像信息就可以显示出低分辨率的预览图像。与* .gif不同的是，*.png图像格式不支持动画。 *.rle(Run Length Compressed) *.rle是一种压缩过的位图文件格式。RLE压缩方案是一种极其成熟的压缩方案，特点是无损失压缩(Lossless)，既节省了磁盘空间，又不损失任何图像数据。但是，有利就有弊，在打开这种压缩文件时，要花费更多的时间。此外，一些兼容性不太好的应用程序可能会打不开* .rle文件。
常见工程施工模式介绍 一、传统施工模式（Traditional construction mode） 也称平行发包（DBB）模式，即设计-招标-建造模式(Design-Bid-Build)，是最传统、应用最早、最常见的项目交付模式。该管理模式在国际上最为通用，以世行、亚行贷款项目和国际咨询工程师联合会(FIDIC)的合同条件为依据的项目均采用这种模式。中国目前普遍采用的“项目法人责任制”、“招标投标制”、“建设监理制”、“合同管理制”基本上参照世行、亚行和FIDIC的这种传统模式。 指由业主委托建筑师或咨询工程师进行前期的各项工作(如进行机会研究、可行性研究等)，待项目评估立项后再进行设计；在设计阶段编制施工招标文件，随后通过招标选择承包商；在工程项目实施阶段，工程师则为业主提供施工管理服务。在该模式中，业主与设计方及总包单位分别签署合同，而有关单项工程的分包和设备、材料的采购一般都由承包商与分包商和供应商单独订立合同并组织实施。这种模式最突出的特点是强调工程项目的实施必须按照D-B-B的顺序进行，只有一个阶段全部结束另一个阶段才能开始。 优点： 管理方法较成熟，各方对有关程序都很熟悉，业主可自由选择咨询设计人员，对设计要求可控制，可自由选择工程师，可采用各方均熟悉的标准合同文本，有利于合同管理、风险管理和减少投资。 缺点： （1）项目周期较长，业主与设计、施工方分别签约，自行管理项目，管理费较高； （2）设计的可施工性差，工程师控制项目目标能力不强； （3）不利于工程事故的责任划分，由于图纸问题产生争端多索赔多等。 word1
二、工程总承包模式（Project general contracting mode） 指业主方把建设工程项目的设计任务和施工任务进行综合委托的模式，工程总承包企业按照合同约定对工程项目的可行性研究Feasibility study、勘察Survey、设计Engineering、采购Procurement、施工Construction、试运行（竣工验收）等实行全过程或若干阶段的承包。它包含多种模式，如：设计---施工总承包（简称DB）、设计采购施工总承包（简称EPC）、设计采购与施工管理总承包(EPCM)等等。 （一）工程总承包模式的分类 1、设计+施工总承包（D+B） 即设计-建造模式(Design And Build)，为了设计方和施工方更好的工作协调，二者合并为设计-施工总承包商（即工程总承包商），与业主签署合同，工程总承包商按照合同约定，承担工程项目设计和施工，并对承包工程的质量、安全、工期、造价全面负责。 在项目原则确定之后，业主选定一家公司负责项目的设计和施工。这种方式在投标和订立合同时是以总价合同为基础的。设计-施工总承包商对整个项目的成本负责，他首先选择一家咨询设计公司进行设计，然后采用竞争性招标方式选择分包商，当然也可以利用本公司的设计和施工力量完成一部分工程。 避免了设计和施工的矛盾，可显著降低项目的成本和缩短工期。然而，业主关心的重点是工程按合同竣工交付使用，而不在乎工程总承包商如何去实施。同时，在选定工程总承包商时，把设计方案的优劣作为主要的评标因素，可保证业主得到高质量的工程项目。 优点： （1）和工程总承包商密切合作，完成项目规划直至验收，减少了协调的时间和费用； （2）工程总承包商可在参与初期将其材料、施工方法、结构、价格和市场等知识和经验融入设计中； word2
1、声压频率特性：一个性能优越的扬声器系统，它的重放频带范围，理想情况下应该在人耳能听到的16-20kHz频率范围。结合较大声压级的超低音重放、尽量减少失真的要求，一般都把重放频率范围设定为30-20kHz，而且希望系统在各个听音点的响应特性尽量均匀。通俗地讲就是，在整个听音环境里，每个地方听到的声音大小都是一样的。 2、指向性和指向频率特性：在扬声器系统正面轴向水平30度和60度方向上测得的频率特性叫做该系统的指向频率特性，指向性指的是扬声器系统输出的声压级随声音辐射方向变化的特性。它受分频点频率、音箱结构形式、扬声器配置方法和分频网络元件值等因素的影响。所用的扬声器种类不同时，低音、中音和高音辐射到空间的指向性、声平衡性等特性都不相同。 3、最大输出声压级：扬声器系统的输出声压级与扬声器一样，是指在输入1W噪声电压信号的条件下，将标准测量传声器放在扬声器正面1m处测得的声压级的算术平均值。使用扬声器系统时，在某个距离上系统的声压量是否满足要求，都是用最大输出声压级这个参数来衡量的。 4、阻抗特性：扬声器系统的电气阻抗特性由所用扬声器单元的种类、性能以及分频网络元件等许多因素决定。针对不同的频率点，阻抗会不相同，一般用阻抗频率特性曲线来表示系统的阻抗特性。扬声器系统结构形式不同，阻抗特性也有明显变化。 5、谐波失真特性：扬声器系统的谐波失真特性与单个扬声器单元的谐波失真特性不同，它是由各个低音、高音等单元的失真特性综合而成的，而且还和音箱箱体、分频元件等有直接关系。这就要求在设计、使用扬声器系统时，应该根据实际情况，在重放频带内尽量使失真减小到最低值。否则，扬声器系统的失真特性会不理想。 6、耐输入能力：加到扬声器系统上的输入信号是通过分频器将低音、高音分开后，分别供给各个扬声器单元的，所以加在每个单元上的输入信号的大小是不同的。从系统整体性能考虑，主要是要限制集中于高频段的连续信号，防止高音扬声器单元过载损坏；低音、中音扬声器单元应该考虑能输入功率比较大的信号。
多媒体常见五种图像格式详解 【摘要】：自此互联网以及PC的飞速发展，我们的日常生活已经高度的信息化了，多媒体应用技术也不断地深入到我们的生活中。图像、视频这些最直观的信息无时无刻的充斥着我们的眼球。这时我们需要在繁多的图像种类中辨别以及选择我们所要用到的图像种类来准确完整地传达信息。本文通过对多媒体常见的五种图像格式的详细介绍从而可以深刻的了解图像的格式特点及其应用。 【关键词】：多媒体互联网常见图像格式 一．引言 现在的互联网和多媒体技术的高速发展，多媒体的图形图像以其蕴含的信息量优美直观地显现于人们的视网膜中，给人们以绚丽丰富的视觉效果。但是多媒体图像又因其种类繁多而不能被人们所一一了解，甚至是最常见的图像格式也只是对其格式名略有耳闻。那么，本文将对多媒体常见的图像格式做一番简述，介绍它们的特性和不同点以及其实用性。 二．五种图像格式详解 1、BMP图像 BMP图像，即通常所说的位图（Bitmap），是最早应用于Windows操作系统，也是Windows操作系统中的标准图像文件格式，在Windows环境中运行的图形图像软件都支持BMP图像格式。因而这种格式的图像是最常见最简单的，像我们常用的桌面壁纸一般都是BMP格式图像。 BMP图像文件的文件结构一般认为包括了三部分：表头、调色板和图像像素数据，再细分的话，表头部分有分文件头和位图信息头。表头长度为54个字节，内容包括了BMP文件的类型、文件的大小、位图文件的保留字、位图数据距文件头的偏移量以及位图的尺寸等信息。调色板中有若干个表项相对应地定义一种颜色，从而说明位图中的颜色。只有全彩色BMP图像文件内没有调色板数据，其余不超过256种颜色的图像文件都必须设定调色板信息（电视节目制作中的图形图像格式）。图像像素数据每一个点代表一个像素值，它有着比较独特的记录方式：位图中的像素值是以在扫描行内从左到右、扫描行之间从下到上这样的顺序记录的。 BMP图像文件有下列3个特点：
内容提要 涉及扬声器的人都知道，对扬声器来说，工艺极为重要。和一般的产品相似，良好的工艺设备、精选的材料、合理的操作程序、娴熟的动作技巧、严格的工艺规程、洁净的工作环境、科学的检验方法、认真的工作态度、先进的管理制度，都是生产优质产品所必需的。对于扬声器来说，工艺问题更为重要。材料和工艺会改变扬声器的性能和外观。即使外形和几何形状不变，甚至是巨大的变化。 无论是研究扬声器，还是使用扬声器，更不用说要生产优质的扬声器，不关心扬声器的工艺是不行的，不掌握扬声器工艺更是寸步难行。 本书从扬声器零部件制作、工装、设备，测试仪器等向读者较全面地介绍了工艺过程和要点，其实用性和可操作性都很强。不仅适合于工程技术人员作为工作中的参考手册，也适合于一般扬声器受好者作为科普读物阅读。相信这本书一定会引起广大读者的极大兴趣。 目录 第1章扬声器制造总论 1.1 扬声器制造的特点 1.2 扬声器工艺工作的任务 1.3 对扬声器工艺师的要求 第2章扬声器振膜 2.1 扬声器振膜 2.1.1 振膜材料及加工工艺对扬声器音质的影响 2.1.2 对振膜的要求 2.1.3 常用振膜材料 2.2 纸盆 2.2.1 纸盆的存在 2.2.2 纸浆材料 2.2.3 纸盆制造工艺 2.2.4 打浆 2.2.5 打浆的影响 2.2.6 施胶材料的选择与分析 2.2.7 新型施胶材料 2.2.8 国内外施胶剂的发展 2.2.9 浆料对电声性能的影响 2.2.10 纸盆的捞制和成型 2.2.11 纸盆制造设备 2.2.12 扬声器椭圆纸盆热压模加工装置 2.2.13 染料、湿强度剂、外部施胶、防霉剂 2.2.14 七彩纸盆 2.2.15 纸盆的疏水处理 2.2.16 纸盆阻燃剂 2.2.17 纸盆质量的控制 2.2.18 纸盆的检验 2.2.19 纸盆专用纸浆的研制
各种图片模式介绍 亦称为点阵图像或绘制图像，是由称作像素（元素）的单个点组成的。这些点可以进行不同的排列和染色以构成图样。当放大位图时，可以看见赖以构成整个图像的无数单个方块。扩大位图尺寸的效果是增多单个像素，从而使线条和形状显得参差不齐。然而，如果从稍远的位置观看它，位图图像的颜色和形状又显得是连续的。在体检时，人员会给你一个本子，在这个本子上有一些图像，而图像都是由一个个的点组成的，这和位图图像其实是差不多的。由于每一个像素都是单独染色的，您可以通过以每次一个像素的频率操作选择区域而产生近似相片的逼真效果，诸如加深阴影和加重颜色。缩小位图尺寸也会使原图变形，因为此举是通过减少像素来使整个图像变小的。同样，由于位图图像是以排列的像素集合体形式创建的，所以不能单独操作（如移动）局部位图。 Photoshop RGB 位图颜色的一种编码方法，用红、绿、蓝三原色的光学强度来表示一种颜色。这是最常见的位图编码方法，可以直
接用于屏幕显示。 CMYK 位图颜色的一种编码方法，用青、品红、黄、黑四种颜料含量来表示一种颜色。常用的位图编码方法之一，可以直接用于彩色印刷。 索引颜色/颜色表 位图常用的一种压缩方法。从位图中选择最有代表性的若干种颜色（通常不超过256种）编制成颜色表，然后将中原有颜色用颜色表的索引来表示。这样原可以被大幅度有损压缩。适合于压缩网页图形等颜色数较少的图形，不适合压缩照片等色彩丰富的图形。 Alpha通道 在原有的编码方法基础上，增加像素的透明度信息。图形处理中，通常把RGB三种颜色信息称为红通道、绿通道和蓝通道，相应的把透明度称为Alpha通道。多数使用颜色表的位图格式都支持Alpha通道。 色彩深度 色彩深度又叫色彩位数，即位图中要用多少个二进制位来表示每个点的颜色，是分辨率的一个重要指标。常用有1位（单色），2位（4色，CGA），4位（16色，VGA），8位（256色），16位（增强色），24位和32位（真彩色）等。色深16位以上的位图还可以根据其中分别表示RGB三原色或CMYK四
扬声器的的主要参数 发布: 2010-9-26 01:19 作者: 网络转载来源: 互联网查看: 打印字体: 小中大| 735次 1.扬声器主要参数综合设计和分析 扬声器性能是电学、力学、声学、磁学等物理参数共同作用的结果，由鼓纸、弹波、音圈、磁路等关键零部件的性能共同确定，其中一些参数相互制约相互影响，因而必须综合考虑和设计。 扬声器常用机电参数以及计算公式、测量方法简述如下： 直流电阻Re 由音圈决定，可直接用直流电桥测量。 共振频率Fo 由扬声器的等效振动质量Mms和等效顺性Cms决定，见公式(5)，Fo可直接用Fo测试仪测量或通过测量阻抗曲线获得。 共振频率处的最大阻抗Zo 由音圈、磁路、振动系统(鼓纸、弹波)共同决定，可用替代法测量或通过测量阻抗曲线获得。 Zo = Re+[(BL)2/(Rms+Rmr)] (10) 机械力阻Rms 由鼓纸、弹波的内部阻尼及使用胶水的特性决定，可由测量出机械品质因数Qms后通过下列公式计算： Rms =(1/Qms)*SQR(Mms/Cms) (11) 这里SQR( )表示对括号( )中的数值开平方根，下同。 辐射力阻Rmr 由口径、频率决定，低频时可忽略。 Rmr = *(f/Sd)2 (12) 等效辐射面积Sd 只与口径(等效半径a)有关。 Sd =π* a2 (13) 机电耦合因子BL 由磁路Bg值和音圈线有效长度L决定，也可通过测量电气品质因数Qes后用下列公式计算: (BL)2 =(Re/Qes)*SQR(Mms/Cms) (14) 等效振动质量Mms 由音圈质量Mm1、鼓纸等效质量Mm2、辐射质量Mmr共同决定，Mms 可由附加质量法测量获得。 Mms=Mm1+Mm2+2Mmr 辐射质量Mmr 只与口径(等效半径a)有关。 Mmr =*ρo* a3 (16) 其中ρo=m3为空气密度，a为扬声器等效半径。
1.Spring 架构图 Spring 是一个开源框架，是为了解决企业应用程序开发复杂性而创建的。框架的主要优势之一就是其分层架构，分层架构允许您选择使用哪一个组件，同时为J2EE 应用程序开发提供集成的框架。Spring 框架的功能可以用在任何 J2EE 服务器中，大多数功能也适用于不受管理的环境。Spring 的核心要点是：支持不绑定到特定J2EE 服务的可重用业务和数据访问对象。这样的对象可以在不同J2EE 环境（Web或EJB ）、独立应用程序、测试环境之间重用。 组成Spring 框架的每个模块（或组件）都可以单独存在，或者与其他一个或多个模块联合实现。每个模块的功能如下： ?核心容器：核心容器提供Spring 框架的基本功能。核心容器的主要组件是BeanFactory ，它是工厂模式的实现。BeanFactory 使用控制反转 （IOC ）模式将应用程序的配置和依赖性规范与实际的应用程序代码分开。 ?Spring 上下文：Spring 上下文是一个配置文件，向Spring 框架提供上下文信息。Spring 上下文包括企业服务，例如JNDI 、EJB 、电子邮件、国际化、校验和调度功能。 ?Spring AOP ：通过配置管理特性，Spring AOP 模块直接将面向方面的编程功能集成到了Spring 框架中。所以，可以很容易地使Spring 框架管理的任何对象支持AOP 。Spring AOP 模块为基于Spring 的应用程序 中的对象提供了事务管理服务。通过使用Spring AOP ，不用依赖EJB 组 件，就可以将声明性事务管理集成到应用程序中。
?Spring DAO ：JDBC DAO 抽象层提供了有意义的异常层次结构，可用该结构来管理异常处理和不同数据库供应商抛出的错误消息。异常层次结构简化了错误处理，并且极大地降低了需要编写的异常代码数量（例如打开和关闭连接）。Spring DAO 的面向JDBC 的异常遵从通用的DAO 异常层次结构。 ?Spring ORM ：Spring 框架插入了若干个ORM 框架，从而提供了ORM 的对象关系工具，其中包括JDO 、Hibernate 和iBatis SQL Map 。所有这些都遵从Spring 的通用事务和DAO 异常层次结构。 2.ibatis 架构图 ibatis 是一个基于Java的持久层框架。 iBATIS 提供的持久层框架包括SQL Maps 和Data Access Objects （ DAO ），同时还提供一个利用这个框架开发的 JPetStore 实例。 IBATIS ：最大的优点是可以有效的控制sql 发送的数目，提高数据层的执行效率！它需要程序员自己去写sql 语句，不象hibernate 那样是完全面向对象的，自动化的，ibatis 是半自动化的，通过表和对象的映射以及手工书写的sql 语句，能够实现比hibernate 等更高的查询效率。 Ibatis 只是封装了数据访问层，替我们做了部分的对象关系映射。但代价是必须要写xml配置文件，相对于Hibernate 还要写很多sql 。Hibernate 通过工具直接从数据库模式生成实体类和基本的配置文件，而且大部分情况下不需要我们写sql ，会较大的提升开发效率。但这些也有很多的局限性，尤其是对
20051004A 对于电脑音箱的选购首先我们需要通过眼睛来看，并且这个看包括两个方面：看技术性能指标，看音箱的外观。 1、技术性能指标 功率：它决定了音箱所能发出的最大声音强度。目前音箱功率的标注方式有两种：额定功率和峰值功率。前者是指能够长时间正常工作的功率值；而后者则是指在瞬间能达到的最大值，虽说功率是越大越好，但也要适可而止，一般应根据房间的大小来选购，如20平方米的房间，2×30W功率的音箱也就足够了。 失真度：失真度在音箱的选购中是十分重要的一个指标，一般用百分数表示，越小越好。它直接影响到音质音色的还原程度。 频率范围：它是指音箱最低有效回放频率与最高有效回放频率之间的范围，单位是赫兹（Hz），一般来说目前的音箱高频部分较高，低频则略逊一筹，如果你对低音的要求比较高，建议配上低音炮。 频率响应：它是指音箱产生的声压和相位与频率的相关联系变化，单位是分贝（dB）。分贝值越小说明失真越小，性能越高。 信噪比：同声卡一样，音箱的选购中信噪比也是一个非常重要的指标，信噪比过低噪音严重，会严重影响音质。一般来说，音箱的信噪比不能低于80分贝，低音炮的信噪比不能低于70分贝。 2、音箱的外观品质 对于广大的普通用户来说，这是比技术性能指标更为直观的判断方法。 箱体材质：目前的音箱材质分为塑料和木质两种。原先一般认为木质材料的音箱优于塑料的音箱，可是目前这种想法是不完美的。一些制作精良的塑料音箱的音质性能远胜于粗制滥造的木质音箱。因此，在挑选音箱时，掂分量是非常重要的一步。如果一台个头颇大的木质音箱很轻的话，那么它的性能一定也不会好到哪里去。 振膜材质：振膜材质是指扬声器振膜的制造材料。其中，高音单元的振膜材质有塑料膜、丝膜和金属膜；低音单元的振膜材质有纸盆、聚乙烯盆、羊毛盆、铝镁合金盆、防弹布盆。这些材质性能各异，价格也有高有低，很难说谁优谁劣，在选购时应掌握的原则是“宁硬勿软，宁柔勿刚”。 扬声器单元口径：扬声器单元口径（低音部分）一般在2～6英寸之间，在此范围内，口径越大灵敏度越高，低频响应效果越好。 音箱的外观造型：目前的电脑音箱很多已经摆脱了传统的长方体造型，而采用了一些外形独特，更加美观时尚的造型。关于外观造型是没有好坏之分，选购是完全是用户自己的个人所好，但是需要指出的是音箱的实质还是在于它的音质，如果音质不佳的话，那么再漂亮的外观也是无济于事的。 20051004B Hi-Fi音响设备中,担任人机界面的电声转换设备--音箱号称音响系统的喉舌,音响 源的最终重新演绎,全赖于此,可见其于音响中的重要地位.无怪乎国外许多高档音 箱耗资巨万,几十万元者亦不鲜见,而国内近年来的发烧热点亦多集中于此. 制作优质发烧音箱,除了采用优质的驱动单元(扬声器)以外,适宜的箱体结构和加 工、处理工艺亦有极重要的意义.由于扬声器单元已由工厂制造定型,故箱体设计 与制作已成为影响特定单元表现力的决定阶段.本文仅就有关制作材料和工艺方面 ,根据报刊文献介绍及本人制作实践,总结出以下几点,以食广大烧门同行,切磋为 要. 音箱的主要作用在于消除声短路,提高低音声压和均匀度,从而改善扬声器低频段 的声特性,但其介入亦会带来一些负面影响,如强化共振峰,中高频反射与衍射,等 等,导至低音声染色和高音声染色.尽量消除负面影响,发挥改善低音的作用,是制 作之根本.
各种系统架构图及其简介 1.Spring架构图 Spring是一个开源框架，是为了解决企业应用程序开发复杂性而创建的。框架 的主要优势之一就是其分层架构，分层架构允许您选择使用哪一个组件，同时为J2EE应用程序开发提供集成的框架。Spring框架的功能可以用在任何J2EE服务器中，大多数功能也适用于不受管理的环境。Spring的核心要点是：支持不绑定到特定J2EE服务的可重用业务和数据访问对象。这样的对象可以在不同J2EE环境（Web或EJB）、独立应用程序、测试环境之间重用。 组成Spring框架的每个模块（或组件）都可以单独存在，或者与其他一个或多 个模块联合实现。每个模块的功能如下： ?核心容器：核心容器提供Spring框架的基本功能。核心容器的主要组件是BeanFactory，它是工厂模式的实现。BeanFactory使用控制反转 （IOC）模式将应用程序的配置和依赖性规范与实际的应用程序代码分开。 ?Spring上下文：Spring上下文是一个配置文件，向Spring框架提供上下文信息。Spring上下文包括企业服务，例如JNDI、EJB、电子邮件、国际 化、校验和调度功能。 ?Spring AOP：通过配置管理特性，Spring AOP模块直接将面向方面的编程功能集成到了Spring框架中。所以，可以很容易地使Spring框架管理 的任何对象支持AOP。Spring AOP模块为基于Spring的应用程序中的对
象提供了事务管理服务。通过使用Spring AOP，不用依赖EJB组件，就可 以将声明性事务管理集成到应用程序中。 ?Spring DAO：JDBC DAO抽象层提供了有意义的异常层次结构，可用该结构来管理异常处理和不同数据库供应商抛出的错误消息。异常层次结构简化 了错误处理，并且极大地降低了需要编写的异常代码数量（例如打开和 关闭连接）。Spring DAO的面向JDBC的异常遵从通用的DAO异常层次结 构。 ?Spring ORM：Spring框架插入了若干个ORM框架，从而提供了ORM的对象关系工具，其中包括JDO、Hibernate和iBatis SQL Map。所有这些都遵 从Spring的通用事务和DAO异常层次结构。 2.ibatis架构图 ibatis是一个基于Java的持久层框架。iBATIS提供的持久层框架包括SQL Maps和Data Access Objects（DAO），同时还提供一个利用这个框架开发的JPetStore实例。 IBATIS：最大的优点是可以有效的控制sql发送的数目，提高数据层的执行 效率！它需要程序员自己去写sql语句，不象hibernate那样是完全面向对象的，自动化的，ibatis是半自动化的，通过表和对象的映射以及手工书写的sql语句，能够实现比hibernate等更高的查询效率。
中国动画片的三种商业模式图解 一、中国动画片的市场结构 图一：中国动画片的市场与收入结构 研究中国动画片的商业模式，首先须简要地分析中国动画片的市场与收入结构。 中国动画片的市场结构，可以分为三个层次： 第一层次是播映市场，即动画片本身的播出市场（A），包括电视台、网络、移动电视、3G手机电视等传统视频或者各种新媒体； 第二层次是直接商品，即直接取材于动画片本身的图书、音像制品、彩铃、彩信等市场；
第三层次是衍生产品，即通过角色形象授权的衍生产品（B），也就是常说的“品牌授权”业务，包括服装、玩具、饮料、儿童用品等各种衍生授权。比如国内的《虹猫蓝兔》，主要特点是商品的形状千姿百态，但是商品上均使用了动画片中的角色形象。 这样的动画片，以角色形象和个性的塑造为中心。 其实，第三层次中还包含一种很重要的商业模式（C），即开发生产、销售以动画片中的道具形象为原型的商品（以玩具为主），比如动画片中的车、机器人、刀剑等等。 动画片《四驱兄弟》带动而狂销的四驱车系列，《铁胆火车侠》的电动火车玩具系列……这种类型的动画片，以道具形象商品的营销为中心，故事与人物围绕着道具商品而展开。 二、中国动画片的三种商业模式 从播映市场、角色形象授权、道具形象商品营销的三种不同商业路径，可以简要地分析出中国动画片的三种商业模式，即电视台模式、动画公司模式、玩具公司模式（参见下图）。
图二：中国动画片的三种商业模式 表一：三种不同商业模式的经营导向
表二：三种不同商业模式的动画片情况 从上述三份图表的简要分析可以看出，A模式是以电视台为投资主体的，其商业策略的重点是从整体上经营动画频道或者少儿频道，增强电视台差异化的节目特色，提高收视率，从而增强电视台的广告创收能力。也因此，动画片的投资只是电视频道整体经营性支出的一部分，其投资回收也只占电视台全年广告收入的一部分而已，而不再局限于从动画片本身来回收投资。 因此，无论是《哪咤传奇》，还是《小鲤鱼历险记》，从服务于央视少儿频道整体经营的角度而言，无疑都是成功之作。《中华小子》作为法国电视三台投资的作品，也是如此。 B模式的动画片，是眼下动画业界的一种普遍模式，但是至今成功率很低。这个模式中最关键的，恰恰也是动画公司最缺乏的，就是品牌规划。本质而论，B模式商业动画片的第一使命，
前言： 作为音箱最基本的组成部分，扬声器单元（简称单元）对于普通读者来说是既简单又复杂的。为什么这么说呢？因为单元的工作原理似乎很简单，往复运动的振膜不停的振动，带动空气形成声波，似乎就这么简单。但是它同时又是复杂的，譬如，假设有人忽然拿出一张图片问您，这单元是好是坏啊？恐怕这个还真不容易回答上来。 林林总总的扬声器单元要说出个好坏还真非易事 不过本文也没有让您一下子就能肉眼辨别单元好坏的妙方，只能先为大家揭秘这么个看似简单的单元，内部究竟是个什么样，各部件有何功能等等。想进阶为音频高手的朋友，赶紧充电吧（本文参考王以真教授编著的《实用扬声器技术手册》以及网络上的一些素材以成文，特作此注）。 *特注：本文所引用的图片仅为帮助说明讲解内容，并非特指某款扬声器或某款扬声器的某部分是优秀的或劣质的。 扬声器的爆炸图（分解图）：
将单元按照中轴及大致的装配顺序进行分解排列的说明图被行业人士称为爆炸图，上图便是典型的扬声器爆炸图。下面我们将以锥形扬声器为例，为大家介绍电动式扬声器大致的内部结构。 锥形扬声器的特点及其内部组成： 锥形扬声器是我们最常的扬声器类型，它的结构相对简单、容易生产，而且本身不需要大的空间，这些原因令其价格便宜，可以大量普及。其次，这类扬声器可以做到性能优良，在中频段可以获得均匀的频率响应，因此能够满足大部分普通消费者的常规听感需求。最后，这类扬声器已有几十年的发展史，而其工艺、材料也在不断改进，性能与时俱进，这也令这两款扬声器能够获得成为主流的持续的原动力。
锥形扬声器的结构可以分为三个部分： 1、振动系统包括振膜、音圈、定型支片、防尘罩 2、磁路系统包括导磁上板、导磁柱、导磁下板、磁体等 3、辅助系统包括盆架、压边、接线架、相位塞等 下面我们将为大家逐一介绍锥形扬声器内部的主要部件。 最新扬声器内部解构： 具体到上图，根据序号，他们分别是：1.磁钢、2&4.磁体、3.导磁下板、5.导磁上板、6.盆架、7.定心支片（弹拨）、8.音圈、9.振膜+折环、10.防尘帽。 振膜：电动式扬声器，当外加音频信号时，音圈推动振膜振动，而振膜则推动空气，产生声波。
几种常见图片格式简介 1、PSD格式 PSD格式是使用Photoshop软件生成的图像格式，这种格式可以包含有层、通道和色彩模式，并且还可以保存具有调节层、文本层的图像。在保存图像时，若图像中包含有层，则必须用Photoshop的PSD格式保存。若要将具有层的PSD格式图像保存成其他格式的图像，则在保存之前需要先将层合并。 PSD格式在保存时会将文件压缩以节省磁盘空间但由于PSD格式所包含的图像数据信息较多，因此比其他格式的图像文件要大得多。 2、BMP格式 BMP（Windows Bitmap）格式最早应用于微软公司出品的Microsoft Windows系统，是一种MS-Windows标准的点阵式图形文件格式，它支持RGB、Imdexed-Color、灰度和位图色彩模式，但是不支持Alpha通道。该文件
格式还可以支持1——24位的格式。 3、TIFF格式 TIFF格式的出现是为了便于应用软件之间进行图像数据的交换，其全名是“Tagged ImageFile Format(标志图像文件格式)”。因此TIFF文件格式的应用非常广泛，可以在许多图像软件之间转换。TIFF格式支持RGB、CMYK、Lab、Indexed-Color、位图模式和灰度色彩模式，并且在RGB、CMYK和灰度三种色彩模式中还支持使用Alpha通道。TIFF格式独立于操作系统和文件，它对于PC机和Mac机一视同仁，大多数扫描仪都输出TIFF格式的图像文件。 4、PCX格式 PCX图像格式最早是Zsoft公司PC Paintbrush图形软件所支持的图像格式。随着PC Paintbrush软件的流行，PCX格式也比较流行起来。PCX格式与BMP格式一样，
扬声器系统与功放的配置 扬声器系统要高质量的重放出各种音乐节目，那么根据音乐信号的属性，其峰值因子约为10-15dB从保证音质这个角度来说功放应在此动态范围内不发生任何限幅情况，即功放的最大输出功率应是扬声器额定功率的5—8倍，这样的功率配置音质虽然很好，但它的投资会很大，因此一般都会把这个功率配比定在1—2倍扬声器单元的额定功率。1—2倍这个范围也许太空泛了，我们可以给大家一个较具体的经验。 1( 在一些要求低而投资有限工程功放的功率起码相当于音箱的额定功率，但要非常注意保持声音不失真，过小的功率配置看起来不会损坏扬声器单元，其实不然，过小的功率极易发生过载削波，产生大量谐波，烧毁高音单元。 2( 一般工程建议功放的功率是1.5倍，而低音部份最好超过1.5倍，这样才能获得足够的力量感。 3( 要求极高的声地，例如录音室监听，音乐厅等，最理想是音箱功率的两倍匹，(这与国际电工委员会IEC制定的配接标准推荐值中的一种方案一致) 设计功放功率是没有硬性标准的，完全视乎投资预算和对音质的要求而定。 音箱的分类 自扬声器发明以来，人们一直在为它的频率范围向两端延伸而努力，高频上端现在应用小口径轻质振膜等手段而得到了较好的解决，但低频下端的重放仍需借助于笨重的箱腔。在低频端重放声的声压级与扬声器振膜所能推动的空气量有关，体积流速度是振膜辐射速度与面积的乘积，所以较小的振膜如有较长的运动距离————冲程，同样可得到大锥盆一样的低频声压级，发出深沉有力的低音。为获得最佳低音性能，对低频扬声器需要借助一个箱体才能正常工作。音箱的外型五花八
门，常见的大多是长方形，对箱体结构主要有闭箱、反射箱、传输线、无源辐射器、耦合腔和号筒等几类。 密闭式音箱(Closed Enclosure)是结构最简单的扬声器系统，1923年 Frederick提出，由扬声器单元装在一个全密封箱体内构成，它能将扬声器的前向辐射声波和后向辐射声波完全隔离，但由于密闭式箱体的存在，增加了扬声器运动质量产生共振的刚性，使扬声器的最低共振频率上升。密闭式音箱的声色有些深沉，但低音分析力好，使用普通硬折环扬声器时，为了得到满意的低音重放，需要采用容积大的大型箱体，新式的密闭音箱利用封闭在箱体中的压缩空气质量的弹性作用，尽管扬声器装在较小的箱体中，锥盆后面的气垫会对锥盆施加反驱动力，所以这种小型密闭音箱也称气垫式音箱。 低音反射式音箱(Bass-Reflex Enclosure)也称倒相式音箱(Acoustical Phase Inverter)，1930年Thuras发明，在它的负载中有一个出声口开孔在箱体一个面板上，开孔位置和形状有多种，但大多数在孔内还装有声导管。箱体的内容积和声导管孔的关系，根据亥姆霍兹共振原理，在某特定频率产生共振，称反共振频率。扬声器后向辐射的声波经导管倒相后，由出声口辐射到前方，与扬声器前向辐射声波进行同相叠加，它能提供比密闭式音箱更宽的带宽，具有更高的灵敏度，较小的失真，理想状态下，低频重放频率的下限可比扬声器共振频率低20%之多。这种音箱用较小箱体就能重放出丰富的低音，是目前应用最为广泛的类型。 声阻式音箱(Acoustic resistance Enclosure)实质上是一种倒相式音箱的变形， 它以吸声材料或结构填充在出声口导管内，作为半密闭箱控制倒相作用，使之缓冲，以降低反共振频率来展宽低音重放频段。 传输线式音箱(Labyrinth Enclosure)是以古典电气理论的传输线命名的，在 扬声器背后设有用吸声性壁板做成的声导管，其长度是所需提升低频声音波长的四
常见图像格式及其特点 （1）、BMP（*.BMP；*.RLE） BMP（Windows Bitmap）图像文件最早应用于微软公司推出的Microsoft Windows系统，是一种Windows标准的位图式图形文件格式，它支持RGB、索引颜色、灰度和位图颜色颜色模式，但不支持Alpha通道。 （2）、TIFF（*.TIF） TIFF的英文全名是Tagged Image File Format（标记图像文件格式）。此格式便于在应用程序之间和计算机平台之间进行图像数据交换。因此，TIFF格式应用非常广泛，可以在许多图像软件和平台之间转换，是一种灵活的位图图像格式.TIFF格式支持RGB、CMYK、Lab、Indexed Color、位图模式和灰度的颜色模式，并且在RGB、CMYK和灰度3种颜色模式中还支持使用通道（Channels)、图层（Layers）和路径（Paths）的功能，只要在Save As对话框中选中Layers、Alpha Channels、Spot Colors复选框即可。 （3）、PSD（*.PSD） PSD格式是使用Adobe Photoshop软件生成的图像模式，这种模式支持Photoshop中所有的图层、通道、参考线、注释和颜色模式的格式。在保存图像时，若图像中包含有层，则一般都用Photoshop(PDS)格式保存。若要将具有图层的PSD格式图像保存成其他格式的图像，则在保存时会合并图层，即保存后的图像将不具有任何图层。 PSD格式在保存时会将文件压缩以减少占用磁盘空间，但由于PSD格式所包含图像数据信息较多（如图层、通道、剪辑路径、参考线等），因此比其他格式的图像文件要大得多。但由于PSD文件保留所有原图像数据信息（如图层），因而修改起来较为方便，这是PSD格式的优越之处。 （4）、PCX（*.PCX) PCX图像格式最早是Zsoft公司的PC PaintBrush(画笔)图形软件所有支持的图像格式.PCX格式与BMP格式一样支持1-24位的图像,并可以用RLE的压缩方式保存文件.PCX格式还可以支持RGB、索引颜色、灰度和位图的颜色模式，但不担不支持Alpha通道。 （5）JPEG（*.JPE;*.JPG) JPEG的英文全称是Joint photographic Experts Group(联合图像专家组).此格式的图像通常用于图像预览和一些超文本文档中(HTML文档).JPEG格式的最大特色就是文件比较小.经过高倍率的压缩,是目前所有格式中压缩率最高的格式.但是JPGE格式在压缩保存的过程中会以失真方式丢掉一些数据,因而保存后的图像与原图有所差别,没有原图像的质量好.因些印刷品最好不要用此图像格式. （6）、EPS(*.EPS) EPS(Encapsulated PostScript)格式应用非常广泛,可以用于绘图或排版,是一种PhostScript格式.它的最大优点是可以在排版软件中以低分辨率预览,将插入的文件进行编辑排版,而在打印或出胶片时则以高分辨率输出,做到工作效率与图像输出质量两不误。EPS支持Photoshop中所有的颜色模式，但不支持Alpha通道，其中在位图模式下还可以扶持透明。 （7）、GIF（*.GIF） GIF格式是CompuServe提供的一种图形格式，在通信传输时较为经济。它也可使用LZW压缩方式将文件压缩方式将文件压缩而不会太占磁盘空间，因此