托福阅读讲义
一.阅读方法
1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法
(1) 句子阅读中的障碍
1) 定语
前置定语: adj+n
后置定语:
n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for you
prep phrase介词短语: a pen on the desk
v-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tool developed
for the project
不定式: a way to solve the problem
注:
?分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词
?不定代词只能用后置定语修饰
?不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem
定语从句:
?关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that,
which, who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句)
?关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句
?介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what
2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除
A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句)
A, or B
A that + 句子( 完整句)
A of B: the city of Beijing
3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离
Adv 副词
Prep phrase 介词短语
分词短语
不定式
注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语
4) 并列结构
并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等
5) that引导的各种从句
S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句
S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句
It + Vi + that +句子
It + be + adj +that +句子完整句
That +句子+ V
N+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句)
定语从句(非完整句)
S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.
S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).
(2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法
1) 括号匹配
……关联词(完整句)
…… (关联词+ 非完整句)
2) 划右括号的条件:
句子终结
连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前
例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously) and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)
例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.
例3: The history of clinical nutrition,or the study of the relationship between
health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential
agents).
例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP?s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语，删除), was able to maintain a steady
position on the ocean?s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of
sediments and rock from the ocean floor.
例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).
例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).
例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often
much heavier) 独立主格结构.
例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790?s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing
materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))
例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century) 例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.
读和写作的关系：
为写作提供原始模仿素材，并且是抽象结构．
Basic to any understanding of the
disadvantages of building a large factory near
a community is _________.
例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).
例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.
例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装
例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the country’s impressive population growth(主语).
句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B
例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).
句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分
例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)).
例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain
fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America?s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 〔bording the Hudson River〔)).
句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.
例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).
例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as …slient?, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.
句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.
例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to the health of the Earth and human well-being(主语).
句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性
例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.
例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.
(4) 强调句的阅读方法
构成：It + be + 强调成分＋that/ who+ 其他成分
注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整＼正确的就是强调句．
强调句不强调形容词和代词．
例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.
例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).
例3: It was in the cities(强调句)that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper in
place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).
2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读
(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING
1) 需要详细阅读的内容
结构主体的内容
非举例性质的概括描述
题目映射回原文的内容
2) 可以快速浏览的内容
大量的数据堆砌
明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置
对比\类比读一半
让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)
(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论
1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\
二次阅读
2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑
加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法
?可以合并为意群的成分:
?副词
?介词短语
?分词短语
?非谓语的不定式
?主语和谓语或谓语和宾语
?固定搭配
例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must process hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is
. 1. (1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见OG 第25页 (2) 词汇题的解答方法
认识：直接解题，沾边就对。
不认识： 推断： 从词的本身
上下文：因果＼对比＼解释＼定义＼同位 代入验证
不认识的不要乱猜
2. 指代题(Reference Question)
(1) 指代题简介和提问方式: 参见OG 第26~27页 (2) 指代题的解答方法 代词
a. 从句的主语指代主语的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义)
b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系)
c. 重复概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原则)
d. some of others
some + n + of + n, others 指名词 some + v, some others 共指之前概念 名词:
a. 优先选择题干的上下意词 a is a kind of A, A 是a 的上意词
b. 若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理 注意:
a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现
b. 从句开头往后找答案
c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须一致
3. 事实信息题( Factual Information Question)
(1) 事实题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第20页
(2) 事实题的正确选项特征: 原文重现和同义改写
(3) 细节类题目的干扰方式
1) 信息滞留点
信息滞留点的概念
信息滞留点的表现形式
a. A在原文的出现, B在原文中不出现.,A + B在选项中出现.
b. A\B均在原文中出现, A + B在选项中出现.
c. A+ B在原文中出现. A或B在选项中出现.
2) 干扰选项特征
虚假比较: 如果选项中出现了比较级\最高级\绝对化描述或范围的扩张, 则该选项优先不为正确选项,在除非在原文存在比较的一一对应.
答非所问: 确保所选答案和题干构成因果关系，否则符合原文也不对。
无中生有：出现了文中没有的信息
（４）事实信息题的解题步骤
１）根据题目中的关键词进行定位（笔记→原文）
关键词：能够缩小搜索范围的词（段落号＼时间和数字＼人名＼地名＼专有名词＼名词动词词组＼条件词因果词）
Scanning: 在原文中寻找某特定概念
寻找关键词及其同反义词和上下义词
寻找关键词及其相关概念的第一次出现位置
２）根据所读内容形成答案初步判断
３）验证选项，选择与答案内涵一致的选项
４）若无匹配选项则检查读题＼定位＼理解准确性．
注意:
?验证选项中的概念和最大的概念组合是否在文章中出现.
?确保所选答案和题干构成因果关系
?不要由于个别生词难词而被吸引眼球
4. 否定事实信息题(Negative Information Question)
(1) 否定事实题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第21页
(2) 局部否定事实题目的特点及解答
特点
a. 对应原文某一处描述, 通常是举例
b. 对应原文两处或两处以上描述, 并且通常是分散举例或排比(未被选择的选项应和原文构成一一对应.
解答原则
a. 优先利用笔记进行判断排除
b. 充分利用已做题目进行判断排除
c. 根据选项中的关键词进行定位排除
d. 直选和排除结合
e. 尽量最后再做
5. 推断题(Inference Question)
(1) 推断题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第23页
(2) 推断题的特点和解答
正确答案不在原文中直接出现
推理的逻辑”
?因果:
?对比: 时间对比; 直接对比; 比例对比(在总量构成不变的情况下此消彼
涨)
推理错误: 附加条件(收敛线性推理)
6. 修辞目的题( Rhetorical Purpose Question)
(1) 修辞目的题见解和提问方式: 参见OG第24页
(2) 修辞目的题的分类和解答
段落关系
a. 顺承: 无明显的标志词
b. 转折: 有表示对比转折关系的关联词
c. 支持: 有表示举例的关联词
作者意图: 对应原文如果有表示举例的关联词,则答案在当前句之前出现,否则答案在当前句中出现; 如果找不到概括性描述.则想段落中心或全文中心
7. 句子简化题(Sentence Simplification Question)
(1) 句子简化题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第28页
(2) 句子简化的两个层面: 语义和逻辑
(3) 常见的逻辑关系转换----四大“明显”/ “隐含”关系
（４）句子简化题解题步骤
１）寻找给定句子中的逻辑关系：因果＼比较＼最高级＼否定．
２）确定与逻辑相关的语义：原因和结果，作用对象，最简化原则
３）验证选项，选择与题干逻辑和相关语义均一致的选项，先验证逻辑（由主到次）再验证逻辑．
否定
?明显否定关系的特色词汇: no, not, none, never, neither, deny
?隐含否定关系的特色词汇: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few,
little, 否定词缀less.
因果
?明显因果关系的特色词汇: because, because of, since, for, as, due to,
owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence,
consequently, accordingly.
?隐含因果关系的特色词汇:
a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render,
produce, make, 使役动词, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.
b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from,
stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to.
c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate.
d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to,
according to, rely on, depend on, resort to.
e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虚拟条件句.
f. 粉刺短语\不定式\独立主格作状语
比较
?明显比较关系的特色词汇: 同级比较\比较级
?隐含比较关系的特色词汇:
a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable, still.
b. “差异”: same, different.
c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel.
最高级\绝对化
?明显最高级/绝对化关系的特色词汇: -est/ 比较级
?隐含最高级\绝对化关系的特色词汇:
a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme.
b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that
8. 句子插入题(Insert Text Question)
(1) 句子插入题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第29~30页.
(2) 句子插入过程的逻辑链
1) 明确逻辑链: 连接关系体现(OG)
2) 语义场连接: 重复信息和指代关系.
9.文章小结题(Prose Summary Question)
(1) 文章小结题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第32页
(2) 文章小结题解答
a. 优先考虑笔记中结构主体的内容
b. 充分利用已经完成的题目信息
c. 根据选项中关键词进行定位判断
d. 所选答案应在原文中找出明确依据
e. 直选和排除相结合
10. 完成表格题(Fiil in The Table Question)
(1) 完成表格题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第35页
(2) 完成表格题的解答
a. 优先考虑笔记中的分类信息
b. 其次考虑笔记中的结构主体
c. 充分利用已完成的题目信息
d. 根据选项中的关键词进行定位判断
e. 直选和排除结合
托福核心词汇
思考类动词总结
Think/assume/conceive/conclude/expect/
determine/hold/judge/presume/reckon/see/
sense/suppose/comprehend/consider/deduce
infer/deliberate/evaluate/examine/meditate/
mull/mull over/muse/ponder/rationalize/
reason/reflect/resolve/ruminate/speculate/
study/turn over/weigh/contemplate/convey
思考类名词总结(观点/概念/理论)
Notion/idea/view/concept/perception
perspective/observation/examination
witness/judgment/approach/hypothesis
impression/supposition/theory/thought
apprehension/comprehension/realization
consideration/interpretation/understanding
speculation/version/picture/inclination/ideology
支持类单词总结
Support/maintain/insist/hold/uphold/agree/
accede/admit/consent/assent/verify/revel in/
glory in/believe in/dictate/celebrate/value
反对类单词总结
Contradict/decline/disagree/dispute/dissent/
oppose/protest/refuse/abandon/neglect/
disapprove/condemn
核心的；主要的；基本的；内在的
essential/chief/crucial/core
fundamental/main/key/inborn
principal/elementary/primary
indispensable/central/vital
underlying/inherent/intrinsic/inborn
重要的；显著的
important/valuable/substantial/big/considerable/
critical/crucial/decisive/earnest/exceptional/marked meaningful/momentous/paramount/salient/significant/weighty eminent/influential/outstanding/distinctive/esteemed/grand honored/illustrious/leading/majestic/notable/powerful prominent/remarkable/solid/superior/conspicuous
限制/阻挠
limit/confine/compress/decrease/lessen narrow/bar/bind/cap/check/constraint/curb impede/inhibit/obstruct/restrict/cramp diminish/block/choke/frustrate/hamper hinder/retard/stall/throttle/thwart
退步
decline/halt/repress/recession/cease/fall
减少
decrease/abate/curb/curtail/drop/ebb evaporate/fade/lower/reduce/restrain/shrink slacken/slump/subside/wane/diminish/subtract
增加/发展
increase/develop/enlarge/expand/grow/raise advance/aggrandize/amplify/augment/boost/ broaden/enhance/enlarge/escalate/extend further/heighten/inflate/magnify/mount progress/proliferate/spread/swell/widen
发展/进步/加强/丰富/增加
develop/advance/evolve/expand/flourish foster/grow/maturate/mature/promote/ripen thrive/amplify/augment/broaden/cultivate deepen/enlarge/enrich/extend/intensify magnify/perfect/refine/spread/strengthen enhance/stretch/widen/hike/aid/assist/
boost/boom/blossom/expedi(a)te
开始/产生
begin/start/commence/originate/initiate generate/form/unfold/arise/create/kindle ignite
消灭/消失/消散
extinguish/abolish/annihilate/crush/destroy eliminate/eradicate/erase/extirpate/obliterate quell/remove/stamp out/suppress/repress quench/smother/stifle/suffocate/trample disappear/depart/disperse/dissipate/dissolve ebb/end/evaporate/expire/fade/fade away/flee
recede/retire/retreat/sink/wane/withdraw
废除/取消/抵消/使无效
abolish/eliminate/annul/nullify/annihilate
cancel/dissolve/invalidate/negate/neutralize
obliterate/revoke/retract/delete/erase/efface counteract/offset/act against
改变
change/alter/vary/modify
adapt/adjust/convert/evolve/diverge/lower
diversify/diminish/fluctuate/merge/reform
reduce/regenerate/remake/renovate/resolve revolutionize/shape/shift/substitute/temper
transform/turn/vacillate/revise/customize
不改变
continue/hold/keep/persist/remain/stay/sustain maintain/retain/reserve/preserve/conserve/fix
保__
留 preserve
守 conserve
存 reserve
持 keep/retain/maintain/sustain
uphold/perpetuate/persevere
persist
怀疑(的)
suspicous/doubtable/dubious/rule out
with hold/skeptical
确认/验证/证明/论证
corroborate/approve/authenticate/certify
confirm/endorse/justify/prove/ratify
substantiate/support/validate/verify
affirm/ascertain/attest/determine/manifest
settle/tesify/uphold/warrant
处理/管理/命令/控制/支配
cope with/handle/administer/demand/command/conduct dominate/employ/exercise/govern/manipulate supervise/utilize/wield/dispose (of)/array
大量的
copious/ample/bountiful/extensive/full/generous lavish/liberal/lush/overflowing/plentiful/profuse prolix/replete/rich/abundant/capacious/substantial sufficient
少的/缺乏的
lacking/meager/scarce/insufficient
转折词
副词：alternatively/conversely/nevertheless however/instead/still
连词：but/while/whereas/and/nevertheless
介词：despite/in spite of
托福阅读评分标准解析 托福阅读评分标准解析, 备考前先了解评分规则,今天给大家带来了托福阅读评分标准解析，希望能够帮助到到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 一.托福阅读评分标准 新托福阅读每篇题量为12-14题，每篇阅读除了最后一道题为2分外，其余题目分值都是1分，所以托福阅读总的原始分值为45分。所以。同学们如果在考试中因为时间问题迫不得已要舍弃一道题目时，尽量不要舍弃小结题。一般情况下，这类题目是多选题，6个中选择3个，选错一个扣一分，错2个或3个不得分。具体的评分标准如下表： 如果阅读遇到加试，也有可能会影响阅读成绩。那么阅读加试是如何影响阅读成绩的呢?考试中只有一部分考生会遇到阅读加试，没有遇到加试的考试成绩不会有变动，按照上述评分标准来评分。但是参加加试的考生成绩可能会因为加试题目的情况，成绩产生一些变动，具体细则如下： (1)如果考试正确率比加试正确率高，说明考题偏容易，也就是高分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是
给一些高分的学生减分。给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。 (2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低，说明考题偏难，也就是低分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些低分的学生加分。给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。 (3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平，实现了正态分布，考生的分数则不需要调整了。 之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下，仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数 怎么样排除托福阅读的错误选项.托福阅读中的题目类型比较丰富，其中一种托福阅读题型要求大家排掉错误的选项，那么面对这种托福阅读题该怎么办呢?下面就来看看看具体方法。 排除题这种托福阅读题型很好辨认，每篇阅读0-2题，比较简单，一般就是在题干中会出现一个大写的单词EXCEPT、NOT、LESS。这是特别不受我们中国同学待见的一种题，因为从逻辑思维的角度上来说，要想从四个选项中把错误的那一个给找出来，我们要在大脑
教学内容：写人文章阅读 课前小测： 一个人的最后温暖 她是一个孤儿，一直跟着奶奶长大。 上了高中之后，需要上夜自习，很晚才能回来。从灯火辉煌的东风大道到家，还需要走一段曲折幽深的小巷，尽管有昏暗的路灯，尽管她一再表示自己什么也不怕，可奶奶还是不放心，每晚都在路口等着接她回家。 就因为这个，她不想上学了。那天，奶奶为了接她，滑倒在路上，如果不是抢救及时，奶奶就没命了。这几天，她心里一直涌动着辍学的想法，而且越来越强烈。 这天，她刚转过路口，就看见了奶奶。同时，她还发现了一个老人在那里摆摊修车。她和奶奶走的时候，老人也收了摊不紧不慢地跟在后边一起往回走。 后来，她知道老人略有些跛足，就住在离她们家不远的后街。她觉得这位修车的老人很慈祥，奶奶也觉得他人很好。由于老人一般在她放学的时候才收摊，于是，奶奶放心地把她交给了老人。每天很晚的时候，悠长的巷子里，就回荡着这一老一少回家的欢声笑语。 她不知道老人一天出摊多长时间，也不知道老人一天到底能挣多少钱，她所清楚的是，因为有了这位老人，她就再也没有想过辍学的事情。 后来，她上了大学。再后来，她有了不错的工作。那年冬天，她回去看望已经风烛残年的奶奶，听说后街的那位跛足老人去世了。她去吊唁。虽然那位老人没有给过自己什么，但一个个晚上的同行，还是让她产生了感情。 她碰上了老人的女儿，悲戚地说，老人可是位好修车师傅啊。老人的女儿并不认识她，说，我爸爸哪里会修车啊，刚退休的那一年，他在晚报上看到一个故事，就说什么也要去那个街口修车去。她突然想起几年前，她曾经在晚报上发表过一篇文章，表达过那条悠长的巷子给她带来的烦恼。她问老人的女儿，老人读到的故事主人公是不是一个女孩？ 是。 女孩是不是有一个相依为命的奶奶？ 是。 而您的父亲是不是怕女孩辍学，每晚出去修车是假，送女孩回家是真？ 是。 她“哇”的一声哭了出来。泪眼模糊中，她觉得整个世界，都被老人的一颗心温暖了…… 1.文中的“她”为什么一度有辍学的念头？ 答：因为她奶奶每天晚上都要到街口去接她，还为此滑倒，险些丢命。 2.那位修车的老人为什么要到“她”放学的时候才收摊？
1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space． (定语后置in some ways…) 由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface原因状语 the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 主句 in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 后置定语，修饰a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是： 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是一个主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。 2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth． (倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…) 要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。 该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War． 本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is. 3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore． (同位语从句claims tha t…) 本句的主句结构是claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. 那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。 同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康 本句的机构是主句内部嵌套一个同位语从句， 结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。
新托福阅读讲义 杜昶旭
一.准备知识 1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点 (1)文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子) (2)文章长度:650-750词/篇 (3)题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7) (4)测试时间:20分钟/篇 (5)测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分) 2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点 (1)主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题) (2)细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪----TRUE? FALSE?NOT GIVEN? General statement ideas Some details (3)词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断 (4)推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息 (5)态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段. (6)结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构 托福阅读是以句子为核心的
3.阅读的本质: (1)获取有效信息 (2)消除阅读障碍 4.文章结构特点 (1)文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. ?结构主体(支撑):主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句). ?细节主体(填充) (2)文章具体结构如下: ?Intro:background(细节)&topic(结构) ?Body:sub-topic(结构),analysis(细节)&evidence(细节)?Conclusion:topic(结构) 5.快速笔记方法 (1)快速笔记的意义: ?辅助思维框架形成 ?索引功能 (2)快速笔记的内容 ?结构主体的核心词 ?时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字 ?人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记 ?举例主体 ?新概念和核心概念
语文辅导讲义
5、文章结构与段落结构的考察 6、形象、物象分析型 7、结合课内文章的考察/拓展题 第二部分：实战演练 注意： 1、善于总结各种题型的答题规律 2、如何分析文章（内容、结构的梳理） 3、题目解答 【真题演练· 2010上海卷】 笔墨的超越 ①毛笔、墨是中国书法和绘画的主要工具，原本并无奇特之处，不过分别是由兽毛与熏烧的烟灰制作而成的。但是，在中国的书画艺术史上，它们始终扮演着不可或缺的角色。 ②汉代蔡邕说：“惟笔软则奇怪生焉。”的确，毛笔是中国书画成为艺术的关键因素之一。“墨分五色”，足以展现万类的缤纷，更是中国艺术家的常识。毛笔的锥体造型，具有“锋出八面”的能力；墨与水的调和，经过宣纸的洇化，可产生变幻莫测的效果。 ③笔墨的造型过程一般不可重复，书法和绘画，虽是静态地呈现在纸上，却可以在人们心中唤起强烈的动感。沈尹默说，在欣赏书法时，“不但可以接触到五光十色的神采，而且还会感到音乐般轻重疾徐的节奏”。原本的“墨色”，居然可使人感受到“五光十色”；原本静止的文字，居然可以使人感受到“音乐的节奏”! 中国的书法与绘画艺术，因笔墨的性能，具有了独特的表现能力与艺术魅力。简单的书写或皴擦、普通的黑白两色，竟然以简驭繁、以静寓动，胜过了许多复杂的艺术。宗白华认为：“中国音乐衰落，而书法却取代了音乐成为一种表达最高意境与情操的民族艺术。”其中或有溢美之词，但也足见中国人对笔墨艺术的特殊感情。 ④这种特殊感情的形成，不仅由于笔墨造型能力的超妙和奇特。 ⑤笔墨与文人长相厮守，须臾不离，年深日久，似乎也具有了特殊的性灵 ．．。因此，笔可以“歌”，墨可以“舞”，“妙笔”可以“生花”，笔底可走“龙蛇”，甚至文人也被称为“墨客”——工具与人，达成了性灵的相通。在长达数千年的历史里，笔墨成为文人精神生活重要的呈现手段之一。相传锺繇说过：“笔迹者，界也；流美者，人也。”笔迹界破空间。成为人们传达美的手段，于是乎有了中国书法和绘画的文人传统。 ⑥在这一传统中，笔墨超越了物质的限制，而成为中国人精神世界的外化。朱光潜说：“例如写
托福阅读真题3 PASSAGE 3 The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes- not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects. Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell
pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining —the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article. Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root,
北京新东方全部托福资料（词汇，听力，阅读，写作，口语还有对应软件免费版）都给你总结好了，附带全部链接，分享的同学一定是100分以上。有了它，就不用花钱去书店了。就不用花钱买软件了！！！ 词汇类 李笑来TOEFL核心词21天excel版 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/0616028255.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0712/20071211_bf54b359 d01f5087df89XWGMBWh8L1rd.rar) 文件大小：84.95KB 李笑来TOEFL核心词21天MP3 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/0616028255.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0709/20070911_0554b919 aaf1d0107749XwfVpzof7oVr.rar) 文件大小：23.92MB 熟词偏义词汇列表 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/0616028255.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0710/20071016_de4fa883 10782460e1e4tiFlsNuX7uLi.zip) 文件大小：12.42 KB 老俞托福词汇串讲（网络课堂） 帖子链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/0616028255.html,/bbs/thread-2571-1-1.html 俞敏洪Tofel单词串讲（非网络课堂） 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/0616028255.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0709/20070911_ef4045d5 846bcbbe1a77lCURXvPKRmAe.rar) 文件大小：48.79 MB
习题 2、1、18 记S 就是全体无理数的集合,在实数集R 上规定子集族 {} 1\A ,A S U U τ=?是E 的开集、 (1)验证τ就是R 上的拓扑; (2)验证(),R τ满足2T 公理,但不满足3T 公理; (3)验证(),R τ就是满足1C 公理的可分空间; (4)证明τ在S 上诱导的子空间拓扑s τ就是离散拓扑,从而(),s S τ就是不可分的; (5)说明 (),R τ不满足2 C 公理。 证明:(1)○ 1,A U R R U A ττ=?=?? ??∈?∈??=?=??? 所以R 与?都含在τ中 ○ 2()U A U A λλλλλλλ∈Λ ∈Λ ∈Λ -= - ()0 000,,,x U A x U A x U x A x U x A x U A λλλ λλλλλλλλλλ λλλ∈Λ ∈Λ ∈Λ ∈Λ ∈Λ ?∈ -??∈Λ∈-?∈??∈ ? ?∈ - 使 U A λλλλτ∈Λ ∈Λ - ∈ ∴τ中任意多个成员的并集仍在τ中 ○3() ()()() 11221212\\\U A U A U U A A = () ()()() 11221122 11221212121 2\\,,,,,\x U A U A x U A x U A x U x A x U x A x U U x A A x U U A A ?∈?∈-∈-?∈?∈??∈??∈ ()()1212\U U A A τ∈ ∴τ中两个成员的交集仍在τ中 综上所述:τ就是R 上的拓扑 (2)任取一个有理数a ,则a 在(),R τ中存在一个开邻域11\U A 这样我们就可以在1 E 中找到一个与1U 不相交的开集2U ,令有理数2b U ∈
第29套：The Extinction of the Dinosaurs Paragraph1:Geologists define the boundary between sediment layers of the Cretaceous period(144-65million years ago)and the Paleocene period (65-55million years ago)in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack.Before the limit of65million years ago，marine strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor.Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate,and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments,dinosaur fossils,though frequent before65 million years ago,are totally absent.By contrast,new families of mammals appear,including large mammals for the first time. 1..According to paragraph1，which of the following is true of Paleocene sediments ○They lack fossils from some families of mammals found in Cretaceous sediments. ○They contain fossils of dinosaurs. ○They contain fossils of some animals that did not exist during the Cretaceous. ○They contain fossils of more kinds of mollusks than are found in Cretaceous sediments.
托福基础写作 一、托福写作概述 二、英汉两种语言的区别 （一）、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。 linear way of thinking （二）、英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和, 重语义。英语中常用复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。 10 Linking words cohesion 1. conj.: 1) and. but, or, so, while 2) if, because, although, That, who, which, what, as---as more than, so--- that 2. in this reason, in conclusion, for example 3. however, unfortunately, Undeniably 4. to make things worse 5. generally speaking 6. 同义词 7. repetition 8. this, it, that, those 9. interesting to see 10. what is more （三）英语多变化variety(diversity)，汉语多重复。 （四）英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。 三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误 1. Nowadays, college student should learn competition and cooperation. 2. The problem that is created by computers attract (draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give rise to) much attention. 3. In present-day society, there are a great many young people go abroad. 4. In my opinion, I think that smoking should be banned in public places. 5. The computer can not instead the pivotal role played by teachers in education. 6. Some people welcome raising pets, others hold different opinions.
四年级语文阅读与基础讲义 上半讲期末复习 一、学习目标 为迎接期末的挑战,老师将本册书的知识归类,以便进行复习,来一次检测,你准备好迎接挑战了吗？ 二、归类复习 （一）单元心得体会 1．学习了第1单元,我感受到了大自然的魅力,丰富见闻,体会作者的生动描写。 2．学习了第2单元,我学会了细心观察,用心思考,并把观察中的发现记录下来。 3．学习了第3单元,走进童话世界,了解童话的内容,品味童话的语言,我受到了真、善、美的熏陶。 4．学习了第4单元,我从这些作家笔下体会到了动物是我们人类的朋友,体会到在表达上的不同特点。 5．学习了第5单元,我了解了我国的“世界遗产”,体会到了我们要为保护文物做出应有的贡献。 6．学习了第6单元,我体会到了爱是人类最美好的情感,它使人间充满温暖； 体会到互相关爱带来的快乐与幸福。 7．学习了第7单元,我从这些名人成长的故事中体会到了成长的快乐,学会思考成长中的问题。 8．学习了第8单元,我体会到了科技的精彩,感受到科学技术发展的惊人速度,感受到科学技术的成就。 （二）修改病句 1．他经常回忆过去的往事。 2．在公共场合,我们应该维持清洁。 3．他穿着一件白衬衫,一顶白帽子,十分好看。 4．今天中午,下了一整天的大雨。 （三）积累题 1．写拟声词。 （1）描写雨声的词：、、、。 （2）描写动物叫声的词：、、、。 2．表示“看”的意思的词语很多,请写几个,再填入下面句中的括号里。
、、、。 （1）小华目不转睛地（）着鱼塘的动静。 （2）（）四周,静悄悄地,小华放心地进屋了。 （3）（）蓝天,小华展开想象的翅膀。 （4）小华刚一进门,奶奶就从头到脚把她（）了一番。 3．写出五个全国著名风景区：、、、、。 （四）照样子,写词语 1．金灿灿 2．郁郁苍苍 3．千姿百态 4．漫天卷地 （五）完成短文阅读 “我自己想出来的！” 英国伟大的物理学家牛顿是在外祖母家长大的。外祖母很疼爱他,八岁上学后,还常常给他一点零用钱。小牛顿一不买糖果,二不买玩具,他把钱积攒起来,去买锤子和锯子。他喜欢自己动脑筋,做一些手工制品。 一天,小牛顿兴冲冲地跑到外祖母面前说：“外婆,你看这个。”外祖母一看：小牛顿手里捧着一块木板,中间钉着一钉子,四周画着一条条放射形的线条。外祖母问：“这是什么呀？” “太阳钟。太阳光把钉子的影子投到哪条线上,就可以看出是什么时间。” “是谁教你做的呀？” “是我自己想出来的！”小牛顿自豪地回答。 牛顿长大以后,始终保持着敢于想象、善于思考的精神。他发现了“万有引力”,还成功地取得了许许多多别的研究成果。 1．写出下列词语的反义词。
新托福阅读题型介绍 一、细节题 特征：没有特征（因为其他题型都有各自的特征） 数量：每篇3-6题 难度：变化很大 策略：随机应变 二、选非题 特征：NOT/EXCEPT 数量：每篇1题 难度：较低 策略：一定要做对 三、推理题 特征：infer、imply 数量：每篇1-2题 难度：很高 策略：可以放 四、修辞题： 特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影 （2）个选项的开头为TO+关键动词（这些动词代表某个修饰手法，这样的动词很少， 所以遇到都要记住）PS：这类题目有可能会变形 五、词汇题 特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影 （2）以the word/phrase开头 数量：每篇3-6题 难度：非常简单 策略：一定要做对 六、指代题 特征：（1）原文与题干被打上阴影 （2）打上阴影的是某个代词 数量：1题 难度：较低（可以直接测试语法能力） 策略：要做对 七、复述题 特征：(1）原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影 （2）题干为：which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer
choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 数量：1题 难度：很难或者很简单 八、插句题 特征：黑色小方框（■） 数量：1题 难度：较低 策略：要做对 九、归总题 特征：两排六个选项 数量：1题 难度：1分很简单，2分有点难 策略：保1争2 新增题型（参考TPO5）：四选二题型：是细节题的变形 全文归纳题：可以去归总题找答案 第二部分各题型解题技巧串讲 阅读的步骤： 第1步：把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶 （粗略看一遍文章） 第2步：点review键，做完词汇题（不看原文），同时关注一下是否有选非题（因为与原文 对应的东西很多） 第3步：边看边做阅读，要按顺序做（因为托福阅读，题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。） PS：阅读的流畅性很重要，如果NO1考Para1 NO2考Para3 那么Para2仍然要看。 PPS：永远先看题后看文 第4步（如何处理一道题目？） 找定位词，定位词越多越好 什么是定位词？ 定位词就是出现并只出现在这道题的词 定位词包括：a.特殊名词 b.大写名词 c.数字词 d.年代词 注：题目中的定位词也可能是文章中某词的变形 第5步：排除选项（一般只能排除2个）
托福阅读真题3 PASSAGE 3 The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes- not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects. Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article. Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in
新托福强化听力讲义 新托福考试听力部分介绍 1. 新托福和旧托福的对比 考试形式预读题目笔记题型 PBT旧托福Paper Yes No 1/4 choice multiple IBT新托福Internet No Yes New types 2. 题量，时间，分数 文章类型题量题目数时间CONVERSATION 2-3 5 / conversation 2-3 min / conversation LECTURE 4-6 6 / lecture 4-6 min / lecture min TOTAL 6-9（加试）34 60-90 SCALE SCORE: 30 见OG185评分标准 3. 题目的考查形式 考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本 电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书 新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题 答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限 答题流程：永不悔改 4. 文章材料的考查形式 文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查 文章长度：比旧托福长 文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活 文章类型：对话，独白，讨论 CONVERSATION文章思路 LECTURE文章思路
5. 新托福考试题型概述 IBT listening comprehension Basic comprehension Gist question Detail question Pragmatic understanding Purpose question Attitude question Connecting information Organization question Inference question 题号问题题型1 Why does the student go to see the professor? Gist question 2 According to the professor, what information should the student include in her statement of purpose? Detail Question 3 What does the professor consider unusual about the student’s background? Detail Question 4 Why does the professor tell a story about his friend who went ot medical school? Detail Question 5 What does the professor imply about the people who admit students to graduate school? Inference question 6 What are the students mainly discussing? Gist question 7 Listen again and then answer the question: Why does the woman say this? Purpose question 8 According to the conversation, why are transposes sometimes called “jumping genes”? Detail Question 9 According to the conversation, what are two ways in which bacteria cells get resistance genes? Detail Question 10 What can be inferred about the resistance genes discussed in the conversation? Inference question 11 What is the talk mainly about? Gist question 12 What is the professor’s point of view concerning the method of “safe yield”? Detail Question 13 According to the professor, what are two problems associated with removing wter from an underground system? Detail Question 14 Listen again and then answer the question: Why does the professor say this? Purpose question
精心整理 教学内容：写人文章阅读 课前小测： 一个人的最后温暖 她是一个孤儿，一直跟着奶奶长大。 上了高中之后，需要上夜自习，很晚才能回来。从灯火辉煌的东风大道到家， 楚的是，因为有了这位老人，她就再也没有想过辍学的事情。 后来，她上了大学。再后来，她有了不错的工作。那年冬天，她回去看望已经风烛残年的奶奶，听说后街的那位跛足老人去世了。她去吊唁。虽然那位老人没有给过自己什么，但一个个晚上的同行，还是让她产生了感情。 她碰上了老人的女儿，悲戚地说，老人可是位好修车师傅啊。老人的女儿并不认识她，说，我爸爸哪里会修车啊，刚退休的那一年，他在晚报上看到一个故事，
就说什么也要去那个街口修车去。她突然想起几年前，她曾经在晚报上发表过一篇文章，表达过那条悠长的巷子给她带来的烦恼。她问老人的女儿，老人读到的故事主人公是不是一个女孩？ 是。 女孩是不是有一个相依为命的奶奶？ 是。 4.那位老人去世了，“她”为什么要去吊唁？ 答：因为“她”觉得自己在一个个晚上与老人的同行中与他产生了感情。 5.请说说文章最后一段话的含义。 答：“她”被老人当年的举动深深地感动，觉得老人的爱心真是太真诚了，自己现在的一切都是老人的爱心滋润的，因此非常感激。 6.从本文所记叙的事情中你得到了什么启发？
答：一个人应该尽自己的能力给别人以帮助，使我们的社会成为一个温暖、和谐的大家庭。 方法技巧 细读文章8～13小节，这段人物对话没有任何提示语，也没有用我们惯用的双引号，但意思却很明白地表达出来了。在习作中，我们就可以用这种方法。 教学目标： 居庸关隧道、开凿八达岭隧道、设计人字形线路三个事例来突出了詹天佑的杰出品质。再如作者写《少年闰土》时，通过看瓜刺猹、雪地捕鸟、海边拾贝、看跳鱼儿四件事表现了一个机智勇敢、见多识广的少年闰土。 三、抓住文章的线索。 线索即贯穿全文的脉络，如《唯一的听众》一课，文章围绕着“我”学琴的态度变化来写，由刚开始时“我”的琴技糟糕、信心全无到拉琴水平提高，增强自信，再到经常演出，拉琴成为无法割舍的爱好。追寻我学琴变化的原因，我们就不难发现原来是老妇人一直在默默地帮助、鼓励“我”，让我重拾信心，琴技得以提高。抓住文章的线索我们对老妇人的形象就会有了一个立体的认识，理解她关心、帮助、爱护进步青年的品质就迎刃而解。再如老舍的文章《母鸡》全文围绕着老舍先生对母鸡的态度来写，先写“我一向讨厌母鸡”，接着写“我”改变
托福阅读真题 3 PASSAGE 3 The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes- not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects. Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo —a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell
pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining —the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling —a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.