一、高中英语阅读理解
1．阅读理解
The founder of electric supercar maker Rimac has said it won't make sense for people to own or drive their own cars in the coming decades.
According to Rimac, most people will no longer own or operate their own cars in the future. Instead, vehicles will be shared, self—driving and electric. These changes are already starting. "There will be people who still want to own their cars and drive their cars and I am happy for that because that is our business," Rimac said. "Long term, I think 20 years down the road, it will be totally changed and people will not own or drive their cars anymore." Rimac's most recent car, the C—Two, comes off the production line next year.
Rimac is well aware the industry is changing quickly due to the rise of self-driving vehicles and electric batteries, and says in the next 20 years driving as we know it may exist mainly as a hobby. "I really believe that humanity goes for things that make sense." he told Newsweek. "If you look at 1.3 million people dying every year on the roads, if you look at the impact it has on economies based on traffic jams and time lost, it's so much of a negative impact to society that I think such a huge benefit can be gained if people stop driving."
"Let's look into the future. You are standing in front of the choice of either investing a huge amount of your money in buying a hunk of metal and plastic for 30, 40, 50 thousand dollars, or you have the convenient option of paying as you go, the car picks you up in a few minutes, it's a nice environment and you spend a few dollars per day on your transport."
"When you take the driver out of the car, transport can be much cheaper and you can use the time to do other things, instead of sitting behind a steering(转向)wheel and not doing anything else. So I think the choice for the vast majority of people will be the obvious one."
（1）What can we learn from paragraph 2?
A.The majority of people will purchase cars.
B.Huge changes will take place in car industry.
C.Driving cars will enjoy more popularity.
D.The car business is gradually disappearing.
（2）What is a major cause of the fast change in the car industry?
A.The rapid growth of self-driving cars.
B.The rise of shared vehicles.
C.The increasing demand of customers.
D.The advanced production line.
（3）How does Rima feel about the future of self-driving cars?
A.Uncertain.
B.Confused.
C.Optimistic.
D.Frightened.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Self-driving cars meet new challenges.
B.Self-driving cars avoid human errors.
C.Possessing or driving cars won't be a must.
D.Conventional cars will be completely replaced.
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）C
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，讲述了由于自动驾驶车辆和电池的兴起，在不远的将来人们不用再买车和驾车，此外自动驾驶车辆将给社会和环境带来巨大好。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Long term, I think 20 years down the road, it will be totally changed and people will not own or drive their cars anymore.”可知，20年后交通会有巨大的变化，人们将不会拥有或者驾驶车辆，由此可推测将来汽车产业将会发生巨大变大。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Rimac is well aware the industry is changin g quickly due to the rise of self-driving vehicles and electric batteries,“可知汽车产业的巨大变化是由自动驾驶车辆和电池的兴起导致。故选A。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的”So I think the choice for the vast majority of people will be the obvious one.”可知Rimac认为很多人都会选择自动驾驶车辆，故推测Rimac对自动驾驶车辆的未来非常乐观。选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“The founder of electric supercar maker Rimac has said it won't make sense for people to own or drive their own cars in the coming decades.“和下文所讲述的内容可知，本文主要围绕将来人们不用再拥有和驾驶车辆展开。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
2．阅读理解
A science teacher from rural Kenya who gives away most of his salary to help poorer students has been awarded the world's best teacher and $ 1 million, beating 10,000 nominations from 179 countries. Peter Tabichi, 36, a maths and physics teacher at Keriko secondary school in Pwani Village, has won the Varkey Foundation Global Teacher Prize 2019.
Tabichi gives away 80% of his income to help the poorest students at the poorly-equipped and overcrowded school who could not otherwise afford uniforms and books. More than 90% of his students are from poor families and almost a third are orphans or have only one parent. Drug abuse, teenage pregnancies, leaving off their studies, young marriages and suicide are common. Students have to walk 7 km along roads that can become impassable in the rainy season to reach the school and the area can be affected by drought and starvation.
Despite only having one computer, a poor Internet connection and a student-teacher ratio of 58:1, Tabichi started a "talent nurturing club" and expanded the school's science club, helping students design research projects of such quality that many now qualify for national competitions.
His students have taken part in international science competitions and won an award from the Royal Society of Chemistry after using local plant life to generate electricity. Tabichi and four colleagues also give struggling students one-to-one tuition in maths and science, visiting students' homes and meeting their families to identify the challenges they face.
Accepting the prize, Tabichi said Africa's young people would no longer be held back by low expectations." Africa will produce scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs whose names will be one day famous in every corner of the world." he said.
（1）What made Peter Tabichi win the prize in 2019?
A. Giving away $ 1 million to education.
B. Teaching in secondary schools for 36 years.
C. Fighting drought and starvation in Africa.
D. Helping the poorer students in rural Kenya.（2）Why did Tabichi start the "talent nurturing club"?
A. To contribute most of his income.
B. To expand national competitions.
C. To guide students to design research projects.
D. To encourage students to grasp opportunities.
（3）Which of the following best describes Peter Tabichi as a teacher?
A. Independent.
B. Caring.
C. Humorous.
D. Interesting.
（4）What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. African education cost is expected to get lower.
B. Africa is in desperate need of young scientists.
C. Tabichi is not pleased until he is known worldwide.
D. Tabichi has high expectations for young Africans.
【答案】（1）D
（2）C
（3）B
（4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道，肯尼亚农村教师彼得·塔比奇由于资助贫困学生获得了世界最佳教师奖。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“A science teacher from rural Kenya who gives away most of his salary to help poorer students has been awarded the world's best teacher and $ 1 million, beating 10,000 nominations from 179 countries.”一名来自肯尼亚农村的科学教师获得了世界最佳教师奖，并获得了100万美元的奖金，他将自己的大部分工资捐给了贫困学生。可推知，助肯尼亚农村贫困学生让彼得·塔比奇赢得了2019年世界最佳教师奖。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Despite only having one computer, a poor Internet connection and a student-teacher ratio of 58:1, Tab ichi started a ‘talent nurturing club’ and expanded the school's science club, helping students design research projects of such quality that many now qualify for national competitions.”尽管只有一台电脑，网络连接不畅，师生比例为58:1，但他还是创办了一个“人才培养俱乐部”，并扩大了学校的科学俱乐部，帮助学生设计出质量如此之高的研究项目，现在许多学生都有资格参加全国性的竞赛）可知，他创办
“人才培养俱乐部”，是为了帮助学生设计一些研究项目。故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“A science teacher from rural Kenya who gives away most of his salary to help poorer students has been awarded the world's best teacher and $ 1 million, beating 10,000 nominat ions from 179 countries.”一名来自肯尼亚农村的科学教师获得了世界最佳教师奖，并获得了100万美元的奖金，他将自己的大部分工资捐给了贫困学生；及第二段中的“Tabichi gives away 80% of his income to help the poorest students at the poorly-equipped and overcrowded school who could not otherwise afford uniforms and books.”塔比奇把他80%的收入捐给了设备简陋、人满为患的学校，帮助那些买不起校服和书籍的最贫困学生。可知，塔比奇将自己的大部分工资捐给了贫困学校和学生。由此可知，塔比奇是一个非常有爱心的好老师。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Africa will produce scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs whose names will be one day famous in every corner of the world.” 他说“非洲将培养出科学家、工程师和企业家，他们的名字总有一天会在世界各地家喻户晓。可推知，塔比奇对非洲年轻人充满了很高的期望。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇新闻报道。考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
3．阅读理解
Idioms are one of the hardest parts of learning a language. For those of you who don't know, an idiom is a phrase which has a meaning, but the meaning is not clear from the words themselves. If you translate an idiom word for word, it sometimes makes no sense at all. They are like puzzles and even native speakers can get confused when someone uses a phrase that they've never heard of.
With that in mind, here are five common English idioms that you can use in a variety of Situations.
⒈Get your act together (Meaning: you need to improve your behaviour/work)
This might be something your teacher says to you if you score badly in an exam or if you misbehave in class. You can also use it to talk about people in general. For example, if your friend is being mean or nasty for no reason, then you can tell them that they need to get their act together.
⒉Pull yourself together (Meaning: calm down)
This is a somewhat impolite way of telling someone that they are overreacting and that they need to relax. Only use this if you think the person you are speaking to is getting upset over something insignificant. If your friend tells you that their close relative has died, it is NOT the time to tell them to pull themselves together.
⒊I'm feeling under the weather (Meaning: I'm sick)
Yes, it's longer and more difficult to say than 'I'm sick', but if your English teacher asks you why you haven't done your homework, he or she is more likely to forgive you if you say that you were feeling under the weather. You may not have done your English homework, but your teacher might be impressed that you know how to make eloquent excuses in a foreign language.
⒋It's a piece of cake (Meaning: it's easy)
I don't know why this means what it does, but sometimes you just have to accept that English
people use weird phrases.
⒌Break a leg (Meaning: good luck!)
This is perhaps one of the most confusing yet well-known English idioms. If someone says this to you, do not take offence or think they are threatening you; they are just wishing you luck. It is most often used for people wishing success to actors and actresses before they perform on the stage, but it can be said in other situations, too.
All in all, learning a new language can be challenging. It's definitely not a piece of cake, especially when there are so many confusing idioms. However, with enough hard work and interest, you will succeed in no time. Break a leg!
（1）Which idiom is proper for you to say to your worried classmate who is to take part in the 800-metre race at the school sports meet?
A.Get your act together.
B.Pull yourself together.
C.Break a leg.
D.It's a piece of cake.
（2）How should you respond when you hear your deskmate say, "I am feeling under the weather."
A."What's wrong with you?"
B."Don't worry. Let's call 120."
C."Get up and finish your homework."
D."Why don't you take an umbrella with you?"
（3）According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about idioms?
A.They sometimes make no sense at all.
B.Native speakers have trouble understanding idioms sometimes.
C.Idioms are the hardest part of learning a language.
D.We can guess the meaning of an idiom from the words in it.
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，习语是学习语言最困难的部分之一，作者列举了五个常见习语的用法。
（1）考查推理判断。根据It's a piece of cake (Meaning: it's easy)意思是很容易，可知可以表达你对即将参加800米比赛的同学的担忧，故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据I'm feeling under the weather (Meaning: I'm sick)可知，当你听到你的同桌说“我感觉不舒服”时，你该怎样回答。故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“They are like puzzles and even native speakers can get confused when someone uses a phrase that they've never heard of.”它们就像谜题一样，当有人使用他们从未听说过的短语时，甚至以英语为母语的人也会感到困惑。可知选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
4．阅读理解
Mars(火星) appears to be flowing with small streams of salty water, at least in the summer, scientists reported Monday. "It suggests that it would be possible for there to be life today on Mars," NASA's science mission chief, John Grunsfeld, said at a news conference on September 28, 2015.
The streams are about 12 to 15 feet wide and 300 feet or more long, scientists said. "What we're dealing with is wet soil, thin layers of wet soil, not standing water," said Aifred McEwen of the University of Arizona at Tueson, the principal scientist for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's high-resolution imaging experiment.
Because liquid water is essential to life, the findings could have major implications for the possibility of Martian life. The researchers said further exploration is needed to determine whether microscopic life exists on the planet.
The presence of liquid water could also make life easier for astronauts visiting or living on Mars. Water could be used for drinking and for creating oxygen and rocket fuel. NASA's goal is to send humans there in the 2030s.
The evidence of flowing water consists largely of dark, narrow streaks(条痕) on the surface that tend to appear and grow during the warmest Martian months and fade the rest of the year.
Mars is extremely cold even in summer, and the streaks are in places where the temperature is as low as minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit. But salt can lower the freezing point of water and melt ice.
The source of the water is a mystery. Scientists noted it could be melting ice. It could be an underground aquifer, which is rock or sand that can hold water. It is possibly water vapor from the thin Martian atmosphere. Or it may be a combination Michael Meyer, lead scientist for NASA's Mars exploration program, said the only definitive way for now to determine whether there's life on Mars is to collect rocks and soil for analysis on Earth—something a U. S. lander set for lift-off in 2020 will do.
（1）According to John Grunsfeld, there seems to be on Mars.
A. salty water
B. standing water
C. rocket fuel
D. human beings
（2）Scientists are uncertain about the of the water on Mars.
A.state
B.source
C.temperature
D.taste
（3）What matters to the existence of liquid water on Mars?
A.The distance from the sun
B.The favorable climate
C.The gravity of the earth
D.The salt in it
（4）What would be the best title for the text?
A.Streams of Water Spotted on Mars
B.Astronauts will Land on Mars
C.NASA's Mars Exploration Program
D.A Breakthrough in the Exploration of Mars
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）D
（4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了火星上有水的迹象，进而推断火星上可能有生命，但是水的来源仍旧是一个迷。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Mars(火星) appears to be flowing with small streams of salty water,”火星上好像有含盐的小溪在流动。可知，火星上好像有盐水。故选A。（2）考查细节理解。根据第七段中的“The source of the water is a mystery. ”水的来源是个迷，可知，科学家还不确定水的来源。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第六段“Mars is extremely cold even in summer, and the streaks are in places where the temperature is as low as minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit. But salt can lower the freezing point of water and melt ice.”即使在夏天火星也极其寒冷，在温度达到零下10华氏度的地方水纹还存在。但是盐可以降低水的结冰点并融化冰。可知，水里的盐决定了火星上液体水的存在。故选D。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Mars(火星) appears to be flowing with small streams of salty water,”火星上好像有含盐的小溪在流动。可知，“在火星看到了溪水”适合做本文最佳标题。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。
5．阅读理解
Need a fall fix? Try one from these great places.
⒈Mackinac Island, Michigan
The only way to reach this famed car-free island is by boat and ferry, and once visitors arrive, they are attracted by the history, scenery and fall colors. "It's a throwback to years past, a little town, and there's a big state park as well," Blackwell says. "You're allowed to have boats all around the island."
⒉Tellico Lake, Tennessee
With nearly 400 miles of shoreline, this waterway flowing out of the Great Smoky Mountains is largely unexploited, well-protected in its natural state. Fall visitors find a range of colors reflecting in the clean waters, says Blackwell, who vacationed in the area with his family as a child. "The thick forest there just allows you to see more greenery and wildlife."
⒊Dillon Reservoir, Colorado
With an hour from Denver, this lake is home to what claims to be the nation's highest sailing club, at an altitude of more than 9,000 feet. Marinas in the towns of Dillon and Frisco make it
easy to get out on the water and to see the bright yellows and golds of fall leaves. "People are surprised that there's boating in Colorado, and you can see the mountains just before the snowball," Blackwell says.
⒋Lake Monroe, Indiana
The state's largest lake is surrounded by more than 13,000 acres of protected forest and three recreation areas, making it an ideal place to see fall colors, particularly from oaks and the tulip poplar, the state tree. " It's a gem (宝石) in southern Indiana," says Blackwell, who grew up in the area. "There are lots of different activities: canoeing, kayaking and fishing."
（1）What is special about Mackinac Island?
A. It's like a modern city.
B. Visitors can't take a boat around it.
C. Visitors can see various wildlife there.
D. Visitors can't go there by cars.
（2）Which is suitable for someone looking for an undeveloped place for vacation?
A. Mackinac Island, Michigan.
B. Tellico Lake, Tennessee.
C. Dillon Reservoir, Colorado.
D. Lake Monroe, Indiana.
（3）What do the four places have in common?
A. Blackwell once travelled there.
B. They are all famous tourist destinations.
C. They are surrounded by thick forests.
D. Visitors can enjoy fall colors there.
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四个适合秋季度假的地方。
（1）考查细节理解。根据⒈Mackinac Island, Michigan部分中的"The only way to reach this famed car-free island is by boat and ferry"可知，到这个著名的无车岛的唯一途径是乘船和渡船。即：无法通过乘汽车到达该岛。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据⒉Tellico Lake, Tennessee部分中的"With nearly 400 miles of shoreline, this waterway flowing out of the Great Smoky Mountains is largely unexploited, well-protected in its natural state"可知，Tellico Lake基本上未被开发，得到了很好的保护，一直处于自然状态。因此，该地适合那些想到未被开发的地方度假的人们。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据⒈Mackinac Island, Michigan部分中的"they are attracted by the history, scenery and fall colors"；⒉Tellico Lake, Tennessee部分中的"Fall visitors find a range of colors reflecting in the clean waters"，⒊Dillon Reservoir, Colorado部分中的"and to see the bright yellows and golds of fall leaves"和⒋Lake Monroe, Indiana部分中的"making it an ideal place to see fall colors"可知，在这四个地方都可以看到"秋天的色彩"。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
6．阅读理解
Imagine a school where self-awareness is celebrated, students are encouraged to solve maths problems by writing on the walls and applying learned lessons to real life is more important than homework. These are a few of the concepts that makes Space of Mind School unique.
Located in a home built in 1896 in Florida, US, the program serves students in grades 2 through 12 and will accept kindergarten students next year. It also offers an after-school program for students who attend traditional schools, as well as evening programs for adults and educators and weekend events for families.
There is a different atmosphere from that of a traditional school building. Tables and brightly colored walls are white boards. In the science room, students are studying climate changes at a weather station, while in the music room, a student is solving an equation (等式) with his academic coach while he connects music theory and maths.
The daily schedule at the school also stands out. "We don't assign boring or exhausting homework." said Space of Mind founder and CEO Ali Kaufman. "Instead of homework, we ask that they go home and take a video of themselves applying a lesson they learned or cooking a meal for their family that they learned how to make at school."
For lunch, instead of traditional cafeteria dishes such as pizza, the school offers organic meals made out of products from local gardens and farms. "Our students also run a business at the Delray Beach Green Market on Saturdays so they can understand sustainable living practices and how to run a business," Kafman said.
" We are also the first school program in Florida to start and end each day with 15 minutes of meditation (冥想)," Kaufman said. "The positive results we have been seeing in the students from meditation are amazing. We are really about infusing social, emotional and creative skills with academic and life skills."
（1）Space of Mind School_________.
A. assigns no homework.
B. urges students to use what they learn.
C. teaches students to earn money in class.
D. focuses on knowledge learning.
（2）What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Yoga enjoys great popularity in US.
B. The practice of meditation is amazing.
C. The meditation session lasts 15 minutes daily.
D. The students benefit from meditation.（3）The underlined word "infusing" in the last paragraph probably means______.
A. emphasizing
B. checking
C. developing
D. helping
（4）What is the text mainly about?
A. What makes Space of Mind School outstanding.
B. Why Space of Mind School is popular in US.
C. How the after-class programs of space of Mind School are organized.
D. How Space of Mind School cultivates students' life skills.
【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）C
（4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了Space of Mind School一些独特的理念和做法。这些使得Space of Mind School与众不同。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段"Imagine a school where self-awareness is celebrated, students are encouraged to solve maths problems by writing on the walls and applying learned
lessons to real life is more important than homework. These are a few of the concepts that makes Space of Mind School unique."可知，Space of Mind School推崇自我意识，学生们被鼓励通过在墙上写字来解决数学问题，并将学到的知识应用到实际生活中。故选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"The positive results we have been seeing in the students from meditation are amazing."可知，我们从学生的冥想中看到的积极结果是惊人的。由此可知，冥想是有好处的。故选D。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的 "The positive results we have been seeing in the students from meditation are amazing."可知，冥想对学生有积极的影响。再结合划线词后的skills可知，冥想可以"培养"学生的社交、情感和创新技能以及他们的学术和生活技能。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。第一段介绍了一些使得Space of Mind School独一无二的理念。第二段是对Space of Mind School的简介。第三段介绍的是Space of Mind School与众不同的氛围。第四段介绍的是它独特的日程安排。第五段介绍的是其独特的午餐。最后一段介绍了其首创的冥想活动。这些都使得Space of Mind School与众不同，独一无二。综上，文章主要介绍了使得Space of Mind School突出的因素。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
7．阅读理解
Do you have a talented young artist, photographer, or designer in your life? It's never too early to start helping them get their work out there! We've rounded up the top art competitions for kids and teens that can help these young creators share their first masterpiece with the world. Most of them are totally free to enter!
Global Canvas Children's Art Competition
Ages: 16 and under Mediums: drawing, painting
Organized by the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation, this art competition wants to inspire the next generation to be more mindful of how we take care of the earth. The judges are looking for artists to discover the wonderful places that wildlife calls home.
Toyota Dream Car Art Contest
Ages: 15 and under Mediums: drawing, painting
Time to design a dream car! Toyota wants to get junior artists thinking about what the future of transportation might look like. Prizes include a chance to tour one of the Toyota car plants and experience various aspects of Japanese culture.
Advena World Children's Art Competition
Ages: 15 and under Mediums: drawing, painting, photos and other original artworks
The competition aims to promote creativity and self-expression. Instead of a theme, it asks the participating artists to simply express their feelings—anything from sadness or joy to anger or excitement—through their chosen medium.
Progressive Young Artists Awards
Open to: high school and college students Mediums: drawing, painting, photograph, mixed media, sculpture
PYAA is all about expressing and celebrating progressive values. So, if there is a creative teen in your life who wants to do good in the world, sign him or her up for this art competition. The prize is a scholarship that winners can put forwards their post-secondary schooling.
（1）Which of the following favors the environment?
A. Advena World Children's Art Competition.
B. Global Canvas Children's Art Competition.
C. Toyota Dream Car Art Contest.
D. Progressive Young Artists Awards.
（2）What prize can the winner get at Toyota Dream Car Art Contest?
A. A dream car.
B. A scholarship.
C. A tour of a factory.
D. An amount of cash.（3）What is special about Advena World Children's Art Competition?
A. It has no fixed theme.
B. It has an entrance fee.
C. The prize is a scholarship.
D. Its participants are the youngest.
【答案】（1）B
（2）C
（3）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了有助于孩子展示艺术才华的四大比赛。（1）考查细节理解。根据Global Canvas Children's Art Competition部分中的“this art competition wants to inspire the next generation to be more mindful of how we take care of the earth.”可知，它的目的就是使下一代更加关注如何呵护地球环境。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据Toyota Dream Car Art Contest部分中的“Prizes include a chance to tour one of the Toyota car plan ts and experience various aspects of Japanese culture.”可知，奖励包括游览丰田汽车工厂。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。纵观全文并进行细致比较可知Global Canvas Children's Art Competition关注的是地球环境；Toyota Dream Car Art Contest则着眼与未来的交通；Progressive Young Artists Awards围绕的是未来的价值观；唯有Advena World Children's Art Competition没有设置主题，这可以从Instead of a theme, it asks the participating artists to simply express their feelings—anything from sadness or joy to anger or excitement得知本比赛没有主题，只是让参加者表达他们的想法。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
8．阅读理解
When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.
These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. "Boys who worked in the home or community gained
Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery. "And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them."
Vaillant's study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men's mental-health scores with their boyhood -activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.
The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out.
Working—at any age—is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence—the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn't everything. As Tolstoy once said, "One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one's work."
（1）What do we know about John?
A. He enjoyed his career and marriage.
B. He had few childhood playmates.
C. He received little love from his family.
D. He was envied by others in his childhood.
（2）Vaillant's words in Paragraph 2 serve as ________.
A. a description of personal values and social values
B. an analysis of how work was related to competence
C. an example for parents' expectations of their children
D. an explanation why some boys grew into happy men
（3）Vaillant's team obtained their findings by ________.
A. recording the boys' effort in school
B. evaluating the men's mental health
C. comparing different sets of scores
D. measuring the men's problem solving ability （4）What does the underlined word "sharp" probably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Quick to react.
B. Having a thin edge.
C. Clear and definite.
D. Sudden and rapid.
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）C
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明，那些小时候工作过的人比那些没有工作过的人生活得更快乐、更有成效。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier.”他的工作满意度更高，婚姻更美满，身体也更健康。可知，约翰享受他的事业和婚姻，故选A。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"’Boys w ho worked in the home or community gained
Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery.’And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about th em.‘"发现这一现象的心理学家Vaillant说:"在家庭或社区工作的男孩获得了能力，并开始觉得自己是社会中有价值的成员。""因为他们对自己感觉良好，别人也对他们感觉良好。"可推知，Vaillant在第二段的话解释了为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人，故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men's menta l-health scores with their boyhood -activity scores.”可知Vaillant的研究小组通过比较不同的分数得到了他们的发现，故选C。
（4）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people，five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been u nemployed.”那些在童年时期参加过最多活动的人，与各种各样的人保持亲密关系的可能性是其他人的两倍，获得高薪的可能性是其他人的五倍，失业的不可能性是其他人的16倍。可知，The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. 的意思是男性在孩童时期的行为和成年后的表现之间的联系是惊人的明确。"sharp"的意思明确，故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
9．（2019?浙江）阅读理解
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor（因素）.
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt（融雪）.
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have
been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
（1）What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.
（2）Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A. Ecological studies of forests.
B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development.
D. Fire control measures.
（3）What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?
A. Inadequate snowmelt.
B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate.
D. Dampness of the air.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon.
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）C
（4）A
【解析】【分析】本文属于议论文，围绕加利福尼亚的大树从20世纪30年代以来大量减少为主题，探讨出现这一现象的原因。
（1）段落大意题。第二段第一句 The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests 为主题句，意思是：在4.6万平方英里的加利福尼亚的森林中，直径超过2英尺的树木的数量已经减少了50%。所以本段主要介绍加州的树木损失的严重情况，故答案为A。
（2）细节理解题。题干中的 well-intentioned 意为“好意的”。根据第三段描述：伐木者对大树的砍伐、住房向森林里推进、对野火的控制使得小树与大树竞争资源都是导致大树减少的原因。控制野火的初衷是保护森林，但是却导致大树得不到足够的资源而死亡。故答案为D。
（3）细节理解题。将water shortage 定位在第五段，而Mclntyre 在最后一段，根据 the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air 可知，导致水源紧张的是上升的温度，造成树木将更多的水分散失到空气中。故答案为C。
（4）主旨大意题。文章的第一句是本文的主题句，文章围绕加利福尼亚大量的大树死亡展开，对大树数量减少的原因进行研究。故答案为A。
【点评】本文属于生态环保类文章，文章的首段第一句即为本文的主题句。阅读是紧扣主旨，快速浏览文章内容。答题时注意根据问题中的关键词在文章中定位，然后分析关键词
所在句子的信息。
10．阅读理解
The term "smiling depression" —appearing happy to others while actually suffering depressive symptoms—has become increasingly popular. In fact, many people who experience a low mood and a loss of pleasure in activities manage to hide their condition in this way. And these people might be particularly easy to suicide.
While smiling depression is not a technical term that psychologists use，it is certain to be depressed and manage to successfully mask the symptoms. The closest technical term for this condition is "atypical depression: It can be very hard to spot people suffering depression because they may seem like they don't have a reason to be sad —they have a job, an apartment and maybe even children or a partner. They smile when you greet them and can carry pleasant conversations. In short, they often put on a mask to the outside world while leading seemingly normal and active lives. Inside, however, they often feel hopeless and down, sometimes even having thoughts about ending it all.
People with smiling depression put on a happy face to the outside world, but they can experience a lift in their mood as a result of positive occurrences in their lives. Other symptoms of this condition include overeating, feeling a sense of heaviness in the arms and legs and being easily hurt by criticism or rejection. They are also more likely to feel depressed in the evening and feel the need to sleep longer than usual. With other forms of depression, however, your mood might be worse in the morning and you might feel the need for less sleep than you are normally used to.
So how can they break this circle? A starting point needs to be known that this condition actually exists and that it's serious. Only when we stop ignoring our problems because we think they're not serious enough can we start making an actual difference. Then we can find purpose by taking the attention away from ourselves and placing it onto something else. Feeling that our lives matter is finally what gives us purpose and meaning —and this can make a significant difference for our mental health and well-being.
（1）What do we know about people suffering smiling depression?
A. They are wearing masks all day.
B. They are difficult to get along with.
C. They lead an abnormal life actually.
D. Most of them commit suicide.
（2）What does the underlined word "atypical" in paragraph 2 mean?
A. representative
B. common
C. hidden
D. formal
（3）Compared with smiling depression, people suffering other depressions .
A.may feel sleepless
B.feel more depressed in the evening
C.are tired of heaviness in the arms
D.may eat more food
（4）What can we do to overcome smiling depression?
A.Never talk about smiling depression and ignore its existence.
B.Admit the condition and pay attention to ourselves.
C.Value the importance of our life and enjoy it.
D.Find out the problem and place it onto somebody else.
【答案】（1）C
（2）C
（3）A
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“微笑抑郁”这个名字的来历，相关的症状，以及克服这种抑郁症的方法。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“In short, they often put on a mask to the outside world while leading seemingly normal and active lives. Inside, however, they often feel hopeless and down, sometimes even having thoughts about ending it all.”可知有这种症状的人总是表现出正常的一面，而事实上他们的内心很失落和绝望，有时甚至想要结束生命。故选C。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“It can be very hard to spot people suffering depression because they may seem like they don't have a reason to be sad — they have a job, an apartment and maybe even children or a partner.”可知这种症状很难被发现，因为患者表面上过着正常的生活，故推测划线部分的意思事“难以发现的/隐藏的”。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“With other forms of depression, however, your mood might be worse in the morning and you might feel the need for less sleep than you are normally used to.”可知有其它抑郁症状的人会在早上感觉情绪低落，和平时相比睡觉更少。故选A。（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Feeling that our lives matter is finally what gives us purpose and meaning —and this can make a significant difference for our mental health and well-being.”可知感觉我们的生活的重要性，这最终给了我们目标和意义ーー这对我们的心理健康和幸福感会产生重大影响。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和词义猜测和两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。
11．阅读理解
At the age of seven, while his friends were spending pocket money on things like candy and toys, Jose Adolfo was busy saving money for more essential purchases. To try to get his peers to do the same, the youngster from Arequipa, Peru came up with the innovative idea of an eco-bank, which allows kids of all ages to gain economic independence—while also helping the environment.
Established in 2012, the Bartselana Student Bank is the world's first bank for kids. To open an account, kids have to bring in at least 5 kilograms of solid waste (paper or plastic) and establish a
savings goal. Once accepted, all bank "partners" are required to deposit(存储) at least one additional kilogram of recyclables on a monthly basis and meet other requirements, such as attending financial education and environmental management workshops.
The waste collected is sold to local recycling companies, who, thanks to Jose, pay a higher-than-market rate for everything brought in by Bartselana Student Bank members. The funds received are placed in the individual's account until his/her savings goal is reached. The account holder can then withdraw his/her money, or choose to leave it and continue to grow for a bigger target. "At the beginning, my teachers thought I was crazy," Jose recalls. "They did not understand that we are not the future of the country but its present. Luckily. I had the support of the school principal."
By 2013, the bank had over 200 members who brought in one ton of recyclable waste. Today, the eco-bank, which now has the support of several local institutions, has ten educational centers. They are designed to teach the over 3,000 members both finance and environmental management. On December 6, 2018, in response to the growing demand, Bartselana Student Bank began accepting applications from kids all across Peru.
As the teenager says, "Together we can change the world. We just need an opportunity."
（1）What is the purpose of the eco-bank?
A. To involve kids in the management of the local recycling companies.
B. To help kids get pocket money to spend on things like candy and toys.
C. To show kids how important it is to learn environmental management.
D. To get kids to help the environment and be economically independent.
（2）What duty does an eco-bank member have to perform?
A. Attending financial education workshops.
B. Bringing in 5 kilos of waste.
C. Saving one kilo of solid waste weekly.
D. Establishing a savings goal.
（3）What does the underlined part in Paragraph 4 mean?
A. Kids are more responsible when growing up.
B. The future of the country relies mainly on kids.
C. Kids can contribute to the society though young.
D. The present is a vital period for kid development.
（4）Which of the following words can best describe Jose?
A. Generous.
B. Crazy.
C. Flexible.
D. Influential.
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）C
（4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，巴塞拉纳学生银行成立于2012年，是世界上第一家儿童银行。为了开户，孩子们必须携带至少5公斤的固体废物(纸或塑料)，并设定一个储蓄目标。回收的垃圾被卖给当地的回收公司，多亏了Jose，这些公司为巴塞拉纳学生银行成员带来的所有东西支付高于市场的价格。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“the youngster from Ar equipa, Peru came up with the innovative idea of an eco-bank, which allows kids of all ages to gain economic independence—
while also helping the environment.”可知eco-bank的目的是让孩子们帮助环境和变得经济独立。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Once accepted, all bank “partners” are requ ired to deposit(存储) at least one additional kilogram of recyclables on a monthly basis and meet other requirements, such as attending financial education and environmental management workshops.”可知所有银行的“合作伙伴”必须每月至少额外存放一公斤可回收物品，并满足其他要求，例如参加金融教育和环境管理研讨会。故选A。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“By 2013, the bank had over 200 members who brought in one ton of recyclable waste. Today, the eco-bank, which now has the support of several local institutions, has ten educational centers.”可知到2013年，世界银行已有200多名成员，他们带来了一吨可回收垃圾。如今，生态银行已经得到了几个当地机构的支持，拥有十个教育中心。即可知生态银行是给社会带来了贡献的，即划线部分的意思是作为生态银行成员的孩子们虽然年轻，但是可以为社会做贡献。故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“As the teenager says, ‘Together we can change the world. We just need an opportunity.’”可知Jose提到我们可以一起改变世界，我们只是需要一个机会。与上文因为Jose为生态银行成员带来的东西支付高于市场的价格，而使得银行成员有了增加，并得到了当地机构和教育中心的支持，可知Jose是“有影响力的”。故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
12．阅读理解
Artificial intelligence can predict when patients with a heart disorder will die, according to scientists.
The software learned to analyze blood tests and scans of beating hearts to spot signs that the organ was about to fail. The team, from the UK's Medical Research Council, said the technology could save lives by finding patients that need more aggressive treatment. The results were published in the Journal of Radiology.
According to the researchers, high blood pressure in the lungs damages part of the heart, and about a third of patients die within five years after being diagnosed. There are treatments: drugs, injections straight into the blood vessels, a lung transplant. But doctors need to have an idea of how long patients might have left, in order to pick the right treatment.
The software was given scans of 256 patients' hearts, and blood test results. When this data was combined with eight years of patient health records, the artificial intelligence predicted when patients would die.
The software could look about five years into the future. It correctly predicted those who would still be alive after one year about 80% of the time. The figure for doctors is 60%.
The team now want to test the software works in other patients in different hospitals before assessing whether it should be made widely available to doctors. The researchers also want to use the technology in other forms of heart failure, such as cardiomyopathy, to see who might
need a pacemaker or other forms of treatment.
Dr Mike Knapton, from the British Heart Foundation, said, "This exciting use of computer software in medical practice will help doctors in the future to make sure that patients are receiving the correct treatment before the condition deteriorates and leaves them needing a lung transplant. The next step is to test this technology in more hospitals with heart disease."
（1）What can artificial intelligence do according to the passage?
A. Predicting how long a person with heart disease can survive.
B. Helping doctors diagnose people with heart disease.
C. Obeying orders and reminding heart disease patients to take pills.
D. Producing medicine without side effects for heart disease patients.
（2）What can we know about the software from the passage?
A. It can make accurate long-term predictions.
B. It has not yet been widely put into use.
C. It can prevent high blood pressure in the lungs damaging part of the heart.
D. It can help doctors make sure that patients are receiving the correct treatment.
（3）The underlined word "deteriorates" in the last paragraph probably means "________."
A. continues
B. worsens
C. exists
D. improves
（4）The author's purpose of writing the text is most likely to _________.
A. advertise
B. persuade
C. inform
D. entertain
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）B
（4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科学家称，人工智能可以预测心脏病患者何时死亡，这项技术可以通过找到需要更积极治疗的病人来挽救生命。以及该软件对病人的预测方式和未来应用领域。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Artificial intelligence can predict when p atients with a heart disorder will die, according to scientists.”科学家称，人工智能可以预测心脏病患者何时会死亡。）可知人工智能可以预测心脏病患者能存活多久。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“The team now want to test the software works in other patients in different hospitals before assessing whether it should be made widely available to doctors.”该团队现在想要测试该软件在不同医院的其他病人身上是否有效，然后再评估是否应该让医生广泛使用。可知该软件尚未广泛使用。故选B。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“leaves them needing a lung transplant”病人需要进行肺移植，可知电脑软件在医疗实践中的应用，将有助于医生在未来确保病人在病情恶化并需要肺移植之前得到正确的治疗。故划线单词意思为“恶化”。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Artificial intelligence can predict when patients with a heart disorder will die, according to scientists.”科学家称，人工智能可以预测心脏病患者何时会死亡。以及文章主要内容为说明人工智能可以预测心脏病患者能存活多久，这项技术可以通过找到需要更积极治疗的病人来挽救生命。可知作者写这篇文章的目的最有可能是提
供信息。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读你，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
13．阅读理解
During this shopping season, salesmen will come up with different strategies to get your business. Many product companies use specific colors to cause positive emotions and compete for a sale. However, sight is not the only sensory (感官的) retail that companies use. Sounds and smells can also influence consumers' purchasing decisions.
Nobel Prize-winning research shows that our sense of smell has great power to cause an emotional response. A study published earlier this year compared purchasing in a French flower shop when the smell of lavender (薰衣草) was given off and when it wasn't. It found that the smell increased the number of consumers' purchasing items and the amount of their purchases. An earlier study using Nike shoes found that consumers desired the shoes more, and were willing to pay more, when the room had a mixed smell of flowers. Realizing the subconscious impact of smell, many stores apply artificial scents (气味) through their heating and air-conditioning vents (通风口) or place scent machines above their doors. For instance, a coconut scent might make that bikini more appealing as you long for a vacation.
Ever felt frenzied due to a store's fast-paced music? Or calmed by a piece of light music? A retailer's choice of music can have a big impact on consumers' moods. One study found that when subjected to loud music, consumers will spend less time in a store. But interestingly, the researchers did not find a difference in sales or customers' satisfaction. Another interesting finding from a recent study was that customers actually shop longer when exposed to unfamiliar music. Just as department stores use different scents in certain departments, many use different music in some areas to appeal to varying consumers.
Well, you could always leave the store and take a break, but the food court probably isn't your best choices as brands like Cinnabon and Panera Bread also use scents as part of their customers' experience. Online retailers (零售商) use a variety of other strategies to get your business, but you can always neglect those and enjoy the familiar scents of home.
（1）The passage is mainly about ________.
A. consumers' favorite sounds and smells while shopping
B. shopping malls' strategies for satisfying consumers
C. some special services from super shopping malls
D. two factors affecting consumers' shopping decisions
（2）What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A. Decorating stores with flowers becomes a fashion.
B. Shops with special smells can attract more consumers.
C. Smells can actually help businessmen gain more profits.
D. The products with a kind of special smell are more popular.
（3）How does music have an effect on consumers?
一、高中图文转换专题训练 1．下面是“北斗卫星导航系统”标识，请仔细观察标识，理解标识要素的内涵，填写下面介绍词中的空缺部分，每空不多于6个字。 北斗卫星导航系统标识由正圆形、写意的司南、①________、北斗星等主要元素组成，充满了浓厚的②________气息。北斗星自古是人们用来辨识方位的依据，司南是我国古代发明的③________的仪器，两者结合彰显了中国古代的④________成就。该标识象征着卫星导航系统星地一体，为人们提供⑤________服务，同时还蕴含着我国卫星导航系统的名字——“北斗”。网格化地球和中英文文字彰显了北斗卫星导航系统⑥________的宗旨。【答案】太极阴阳鱼；中国传统文化；辨别方向；科学技术；定位导航；服务全球 【解析】【分析】本题是“北斗卫星导航系统”标识图，请仔细观察标识，理解标识要素的内涵，根据语境填写介绍词中的空缺部分即可。 故答案为：太极阴阳鱼；中国传统文化；辨别方向；科学技术；定位导航；服务全球 【点评】本题考查学生图文转换和补写句子的能力。图文转换，要求考生将图表中的信息转换成语言文字信息，但一般不需要也不允许我们进行想象甚至虚构。这类题答题思路是：先看标题，再看图示，不放过图示中的文字，然后概括答题。补写句子需要学生阅读全文，在了解文章大意的基础上，根据上下文的内容和句式填写合适的句子，使之形成一个整体。 2．下面是对三个阶段出生的中学生体质与健康的调研数据，根据要求答题。 类别身高（平均）体重（平均）身体机能综合素质（基数为100） 80后158.5厘米41.3公斤99.04 90后160.6厘米43.1公斤96.37 00后162.8厘米46.5公斤93.86 （2）根据你对生活的认识，简要说说出现表中现象的原因（不超过20字）。 【答案】（1）90后、00后中学生，平均身高、体重都较80后增加了，但身体机能综合
2014全国高考汇编阅读新题型 一（2014安徽卷） 第一节任务型读写（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分） 阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。 注意：每个空格只填一个单词。 Many people believe that classical music is not relevant to young people today . However, this issue (问题) frequently causes heated debate. Some people say that classical music is associated only with old people .For example, if you look at the audience at a classical concert , the majority is over the age of fifty. Others say it is more popular than we first imagine . Many young people listen to classical music without realising .It is often used in films and advertisements. For example.a famous piece of classical music was used as the theme music for the 1990 World Cup . Not many people could have given its name , but millions enjoyed it . Also,some people point out that young people produce new music based on classical ideas: for example, it is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912, but it is now used by young people in pop music. However, young people point to the fact that classical music has been outstripped(超越) by technology. To play a classical instrument, such as a violin, you need to study hard and practise for hours. Nowadays, you don't need to get aching arms from practising. A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom. A final point to in mind is that the term "classical music" is used to refer to a great
专题六 数列 第十八讲 数列的综合应用 答案部分 2019年 1.解析：对于B ，令2 104x λ-+=，得12 λ=， 取112a = ，所以211 ,,1022n a a ==
所以54 65109 323232a a a a a a ?>???> ???? ?>??M ，所以6 10432a a ??> ???，所以107291064a > >故A 正确．故选A ． 2.解析：（1）设数列{}n a 的公差为d ，由题意得 11124,333a d a d a d +=+=+， 解得10,2a d ==． 从而* 22,n a n n =-∈N ． 由12,,n n n n n n S b S b S b +++++成等比数列得 () ()()2 12n n n n n n S b S b S b +++=++． 解得()2 121n n n n b S S S d ++= -． 所以2* ,n b n n n =+∈N ． （2 ）*n c n = ==∈N ． 我们用数学归纳法证明． ①当n =1时，c 1=0<2，不等式成立； ②假设() *n k k =∈N 时不等式成立，即12h c c c +++ 小希老师给同学们总结了2018高考英语真题所有阅读理解的A篇，适合高中各个年级的学生练习及备考使用。 【全国Ⅰ卷】 A Washington, . Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, . Duration: 3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, . Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability – and the cherry blossoms – disappear! Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour Duration: 3 hours (4 miles) Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, . Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, . Duration: 3 hours Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for . newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, . in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route (路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour 2010年全国高考语文试题分类汇总诗歌鉴赏及答案 全国1（河北、河南、山西、广西） 12.阅读下面这首诗，然后回答问题。（8分） 咏素蝶诗刘孝绰 随蜂绕绿蕙，避雀隐青薇。映日忽争起，因风乍共归。 出没花中见，参差叶际飞。芳华幸勿谢，嘉树欲相依。 ｛注｝刘孝绰（481-539）：南朝梁文学家，彭城*（今江苏徐州）人。文名颇盛，因恃才傲物，而为人所忌恨，仕途数起数伏。 （1）这首咏物诗描写了素蝶的哪些活动？是怎样描写的？（3分） 答______________________________________________________________________ (2)这首诗有什么含意？采用了什么表现手法？（5分） 答______________________________________________________________________________ （1）【答案提示】追随着蜜蜂围绕着绿色的蕙兰飞，为了躲避黄雀藏在绿叶之中，在太阳的映照之下忽然争着飞起，趁着风一起归去。在花中出没，顺着高低不同的绿叶飞翔。写了素蝶的远近高低不同方位的动作，采用细节描写，以蜂、雀、日、风、花、叶作衬托。 （2）【答案提示】托物言志，写自己徒负才华，只能追随他人，仕途起起伏伏，不能为人赏识，施展才能。 全国卷2（云南、贵州、甘肃、青海、新疆、内蒙古、西藏） 阅读下面这首宋诗，然后回答问题。(8分) 梦中作① 欧阳修 夜凉吹笛千山月，路暗迷人百种花。 棋罢不知人换世②，酒阑③无奈客思家。 【注】①本诗约作于皇祐元年(1049)，当时作者因支持范仲淹新政而被贬谪到颍州。②传说晋时有一人进山砍柴，见两童子在下棋，于是置斧旁观，等一盘棋结柬，斧已拦掉．回家后发现早已换了人间。③酒阑：酒尽． (1)这首诗表现了作者什么样的心情? 答； (2)你认为这首诗在写作上有什么特色? 答： （1）（3分）表现了．①因仕途失意而对前途忧虑和无可奈何的心情；②希望脱离 官场返回家乡的心情 （2）（5分）一句一个场景②拟景写情，情景交融③对仗十分工巧。 北京 13.读下面这首诗，完成1，2题。（7分） 登高望四海，天地何漫漫。霜被群物秋，风飘大荒寒。荣华东流水，万事皆波澜。白日掩徂晖①，浮云无定端。梧桐巢燕雀，枳棘②栖鸳鸾③。且复归去来，剑歌行路难。 注：①徂辉：落日余晖。②枳棘：枝小刺多的灌木。 ③鸳鸾：传说中与凤凰同类，非梧桐不止，非练食不食，非醴泉不饮。 ①下列对本诗的理解，不正确的一项是(3分) A．前四句，写诗人等高望远，看到天高地阔、霜染万物的清秋景象，奠定了全诗昂扬奋发的基调。 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 City trees grow faster and die younger than trees in rural forestry, a new study finds. Over their lifetimes, then, urban trees will likely absorb less CO2 from the air thah forest trees. As we all know, the earth would be freezing or burning hot without CO2. However, CO2is a greenhouse gas, meaning it traps energy from the sun as/heat. That makes temperatures near the ground rise. Human activities, especially the widespread burning-of fossil(化石)fuels, have been sending extra greenhouse gases into the air. This has led to a rise in average temperatures across the globe. Studies had shown forests readily absorb CO2, but there hadn't been much data on whether city trees grow, die and absorb CO2at the same rate as forest trees do. So some researchers decided to find out. To figure out how quickly trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters (the width of their trunks) between 2005 and 2014. A tree's diameter increases as it grows, just as a person's waist size increases as they gain weight. About half the weight of a tree is carbon, research has shown. Most of the rest is water. Over the nine years' tracking, the researchers found city trees absorbed four times as much carbon from the air as forest trees. However, they were twice as likely to die. So over the lifetime of each type of tree, forest trees actually absorbed more CO2. City trees grew faster because they had less competition for light from their neighbors. In a forest, trees tend to grow close together, shading their neighbors. Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen (氮)in rainwater. Nitrogen helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas-burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with nitrogen. Later, rainwater may wash much of it to the ground. Some street trees may also have better access to water than trees in the country because the underground water pipes can leak. （1）What can he known about CO2 from paragraph 2? A. It is one of the side effects of greenhouses. B. It greatly accelerates the process of global warming. C. It results from the widespread burning of fossil fuels. D. It prevents the earth from becoming unsuitable to live on. （2）Why did researchers track the diameters of trees? A. To know about their growth rates. B. To find out how much they weigh. C. To check whether they were healthy. D. To assess the carbon amounts in them. （3）What advantage do city trees have over forest trees? A. They are more likely to access growth promoters. B. They can enjoy more water coming from the air. C. They can enjoy more shade from neighbors. D. They are better at competing for light. （4）What will probably be talked about if the passage is continued? A. How urban trees can live longer. B. Why city living makes trees die young. C. How trees respond to dry soil conditions. D. Why faster-growing trees absorb more CO2. 2015年高考英语全国卷 第二部分阅读理解 第一节 A 【语篇导读】这是一篇广告文体类阅读材料。介绍了四则伦敦运河博物馆每月（八月除外）的第一个星期四的报告主题。 21. C 事实细节题。由第一则报告的首句可知，Chris Lewis所做的报告“运河先驱”中，James Brindley被公认为早期最重要的运河设计师。由此可知C项正确。 22. D 事实细节题。由题干中的“February”可将答案锁定在“February 6th”的话题“An Update on the Costwold Canals”中。显然答案为D。 23. A 事实细节题。根据题干中的关键词islands, the Thames可知答案在“March 6th”中。Miranda Vickers 在其报告“Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands”中对泰晤士河中的岛屿做了一个全景的回顾。因此答案为A。 B 【语篇导读】这是一篇记叙文。“我”生活在美国东北部的纽约，那儿的冬季实在让人难以忍受。一次去佛罗里达的Sarasota度周末的机会让“我”深切感受到了宜人的气候是多么令人惬意。尤其是那又大、又软又圆的西红柿。 24. B．推理判断题。由第一段最后一句“dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables”所提供的信息尤其是dulled一词的意义可以推测纽约寒冷的冬季是令人厌烦的。故答案为B。 25. D。事实细节题。根据首段末句可知，让作者最感惬意的事情是逛一逛早七点的农贸市场。因此D项为最佳答案。 26. B。推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知，作者之所以不再购买冬季的西红柿是因为不论商店里的西红柿看起来多么诱人，买到家里就会变得又干又硬，索然无味。故选B项。 27. C。推理判断题。由最后一段所述可知，Brown’s Grove Farm是新开业的一家餐馆。Jack Dusty是供货方之一。再结合“I was planning to have dinner that very night.”一句可知作者打算去那儿用餐。因此答案为C。 C 【语篇导读】这篇短文主要介绍了现代著名艺术家Dali的作品风格及the world of Dali中的展品情况。28. B。推理判断题。短文首段介绍了艺术家Dali的作品。由“…with an exhibition bring together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more.”一句可知，Dali的作品众多，是一个多产画家。故答案为B。29. A。推理判断题。根据第一段“…the visitors will find the best pieces, most importantly the Persistence of Memory”可知，该作品在Dali的最佳作品中是最重要的，由此可以推断它是Dali的杰作之一。 30. D。事实细节题。根据第二段末句中的“…follo ws a path of time and subject.”可知，Dali的作品是按时间和主题进行布展的。答案选D。 31. A。词义猜测题。由最后一段可知，展出的作品主要来源于两个途径：一是与马德里的一家艺术馆密切合作；一是靠像Salvador Dali Museum这样的机构的捐赠。联系全文大意及前一分句不难推测其它机构捐赠的是艺术作品。因此答案为A。 D 【语篇导读】这是一篇议论文。作者从La Chope咖啡馆的经营特色谈起，介绍了巴黎的一些主题咖啡馆经营理念的变化及其大受欢迎的原因。 32. D。推理判断题。根据短文第一段第二句“”可知，顾客在这里可以学着与他们内心的真实情感取得联系。亦即将自己的真实情感表达出来。故答案为D。 33. A。推理判断题。由第二段“Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle…”一句可知，在过去的几年里，巴黎咖啡馆的生意因法国人生活方式的变化而受损。由此可以推断，人们不再那么频繁地光顾咖啡馆了。因此答案为A。 一、高中图文转换专题训练 1．下面是丰子恺先生创作的漫画《跌一跤,且坐坐》,请按要求,表述画面内容并说明图画寓意,要求语意简明,句子通顺。 内容:（不超过50字） 寓意:（不超过30字） 【答案】内容：画面描绘的是一个行路人跌坐在地上，包裹和雨伞放在旁边，漫画右上角题写“跌一交，且坐坐”等字样。 寓意：生活中人难免会跌倒，此时应从容淡定，笑对挫折。 【解析】【分析】本题说明主要内容时，要写出图中的关键点：坐在地上的人、身边的包裹和雨伞、图画的文字“跌一交，且坐坐”。第二问要求写道理，注意不要就事论事，应把具象的画面转换为抽象的道理、观点，把“跌一交，且坐坐”的意思转化为“遇挫折，要从容”等。 故答案为：内容：画面描绘的是一个行路人跌坐在地上，包裹和雨伞放在旁边，漫画右上角题写“跌一交，且坐坐”等字样。 寓意：生活中人难免会跌倒，此时应从容淡定，笑对挫折。 【点评】本题考查学生描述漫画内容、探究漫画寓意的能力。此类题要求用概括性的语言，揭示漫画主题，指出漫画的弦外之音，概括漫画给人的思考和警示。首先要认真细致的观察画面的内容，找出其讽刺、颂扬的对象或行为（有标题的，一般多是标题）。要注意：画面的形象主体不一定是讽刺或颂扬的对象，要学会由“实”及“虚”，由表及里。然后挖掘隐含信息，进一步提炼概括画面所揭示的主题。 2．下面是电子商务新模式——O2O运作模式图(O2O即Online To Offline，即将线下商务的机会与互联结合在了一起，让互联成为线下交易的前台)，请把这个运作模式图写成一段话，要求内容完整，表述准确，语言连贯，不超过75个字。 【答案】电子商务新模式--O2O运作模式就是消费者在商品官方商城了解消费服务并进行线上下单，商城将订单发送给线下实体店，消费者选择最近的实体店提货并体验商家服务，消费结束后通过商城反馈分享消费服务体会。 【解析】【分析】本题中心主题是：电子商务新模式——O2O运作模式图。考生在作答的时候要注意箭头的指向方向，此题要注意作为电子商务新模式，出发点和结束点都是消费者，即首先是消费者在商品官方商城了解消费服务并进行线上下单，最后是消费者选择最近的实体店提货并体验商家服务，消费结束后通过商城反馈分享消费服务体会。中间过程是商城将订单发送给线下实体店。顺序不能混淆，也要注意字数的限定是最关键的，语言要简洁。 故答案为：电子商务新模式--O2O运作模式就是消费者在商品官方商城了解消费服务并进行线上下单，商城将订单发送给线下实体店，消费者选择最近的实体店提货并体验商家服务，消费结束后通过商城反馈分享消费服务体会。 【点评】本题考查语言的实际运用，图文转化的类型大体有漫画型、图表型、标志型、照片型、构思框架型等几种，本题是模式图，解答这类题目要求认真观察模式图的内容，根据模式图中箭头的方向进行表述，解答这类题目要注意介绍的顺序，表述要清晰完整，对于反馈部分不要遗失造成失分现象。 3．阅读下面的漫画，按要求答题。 （1）简要说明这幅漫画的内容。（不超过20字） （2）针对这幅漫画写一则短评。（要求语言简明、连贯）（不超过100字） 【答案】（1）一群小学生提前放学，急盼家长来接。 （2）孩子从小习惯于依赖父母，甚至衣来伸手，饭来张口，这不利于孩子的成长；自己能做到的事自己做，从小刻苦锻炼，将来方可成有用之才。作为父母，对孩子不可娇惯和溺爱，应培养孩子吃苦的精神、独立的人格。只有这样，孩子将来才会有所担当，有所作 精编高中英语阅读理解题型解读大全 （一）阅读是获得更综合、更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段，考生在做阅读理解时，不仅要看懂文章的字面意思，还需要针对不同题材和体裁的篇目运用不同的方法作出正确的选择。一般来说，词汇、阅读速度和理解能力是阅读理解中三个最重要且有相互联系的因素。 阅读的方法可以使用以下几种： 1.读首段，找关键词（人名、地名、建筑、组织名、数字或but and besides howeverso therefor）。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。 2.围绕关键词上下看一句。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。 3.重复品味首尾段把好主题方向 （二）不同体裁文章的特点及解题技巧 1.记叙文 记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键，根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件，抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强，阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件，这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息，对于准确理解文章十分重要。 2.说明文 说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法、解释法、比较法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。 ●数字说明文 在阅读数字说明文时要特别注意文中数字的含义，从这些数字中可以找到文章的主要内容。 ●解释说明文 解释说明文着重说明事物的本质、特征和功用等。许多科普文章都属于这一类。在阅读这类文章时要学会解决what, how, why 等一类的问题。它们是文章的关键。如能带着这些问题阅读，将会更迅速抓住文章的主题。 ●比较说明文 比较说明文是通过对比方法说明问题。在阅读这类文章时要善于把握全篇陈述的基本倾向。作者在谈论一个有争议的问题时总要顾及到争议的各个方面。但是，在一般情况下，作者的陈述总要倾向于某一种观点。 2017届全国高考英语阅读理解汇编（1）英语试卷SYS201708100601 一、阅读理解 详细信息 1. 难度：中等 阅读理解。 Many of us still tend to think that emotions can affect reasonable thought，and sometimes land us in trouble. But in recent years psychologists have taken quite a different view. Keith Oatley，Professor of Psychology at Glasgow University，is involved in the research which shows the fundamental importance of emotions. He believes we are very ambivalent about them：we think of our emotions as being unreasonable，but we also consider them as essential to being human.For example，Mr Spock，a character in the television series Star Trek，is superintelligent and he has no emotions at all.However，he is never made captain of the spaceship.Maybe，this is because Mr Spock is not the kind of person you can share your feelings with—a person who shows his emotions. As Professor Oatley points out，our emotions have very important functions，for example，fear.If we cross the road and a car approaches，we usually stop moving or step back.We stop what we are doing，check what we have done and pay very careful attention to the environment.The emotion of fear makes us take this small series of actions which，on average，help preserve our safety. On the other hand，if things are going well and small problems come up，we find we can solve them with the resources we have to hand.As a consequence，we tend to feel happy and usually continue doing the job. Anger is an emotion that tends to occur when someone is preventing us from doing something.Then this small “kit” of reactions enables us to prepare ourselves to be quite aggressive to that person，or to try harder，and so on. Professor Oatley believes emotions generally occur at these important moments in actions.With fear and anger our emotions make us decide to start doing something else，while with happiness they “suggest” we continue what we are already doing. 1.What’s Keith Oatley’s opinion about emotions? A．They affect reasonable thought. B．They get us into trouble. C．They are helpful to us. D．They are reasonable. 2.What does the underlined part “we are very ambivalent about them”in Paragraph 2 mean? A．We have contradictory feelings towards emotions. B．We have similar ideas of emotions. 2017高考语文真题散文专题 2017高考语文试卷真题汇编之散文专题 一、【新课标Ⅱ】阅读下面文字，完成4~6题。（12分） 窗子以外林徽因 话从哪里说起？等到你要说话，什么话都是那样渺茫地找不到个源头。 此刻，就在我眼帘底下坐着，是四个乡下人的背影：一个头上包着黯黑的白布，两个褪色的蓝布，又一个光头。他们支起膝盖，半蹲半坐的，在溪沿的短墙上休息。每人手里一件简单的东西：一个是白木棒，一个篮子，那两个在树荫底下我看不清楚。无疑地他们已经走了许多路，再过一刻，抽完一筒旱烟以后，是还要走许多路的。兰花烟的香味频频随着微风，袭到我官觉上来，模糊中还有几段山西梆子的声调，虽然他们坐的地方是在我廊子的铁纱窗以外。 永远是窗子以外，不是铁纱窗就是玻璃窗，总而言之，窗子以外！ 所有的活动的颜色、声音、生的滋味，全在那里的，你并不是不能看到，只不过是永远地在你窗子以外罢了。多少百里的平原土地，多少区域 的起伏的山峦，昨天由窗子外映进你的眼帘，那是多少生命日夜在活动着的所在；每一根青的什么麦黍，都有人流过汗；每一粒黄的什么米粟，都有人吃去；其间还有的是周折，是热闹，是紧张！可是你则并不一定能看见，因为那所有的周折，热闹，紧张，全都在你窗子以外展演着。 在家里罢，你坐在书房里，窗子以外的景物本就有限。那里两树马缨，几棵丁香；榆叶梅横出疯权的一大枝；海棠因为缺乏阳光，每年只开个两三朵——叶子上满是虫蚁吃的创痕，还卷着一点焦黄的边；廊子幽秀地开着扇子式，六边形的格子窗，透过外院的日光，外院的杂音。什么送煤的来了，偶然你看到一个两个被煤炭染成黔黑的脸；什么米送到了，一个人掮着一大口袋在背上，慢慢踱过屏门；还有自来水，电灯、电话公司来收账的，胸口斜挂着皮口袋，手里推着一辆自行车；更有时厨子来个朋友了，满脸的笑容，“好呀，好呀，”地走进门房；什么赵妈的丈夫来拿钱了，那是每月一号一点都不差的，学科&网早来了你就听到两个人唧唧哝哝争吵的声浪。那里不是没有颜色、声音、生的一切活动，只是他们和你总隔个窗子，——扇子式的，六边形的， 五年高考真题分类汇编 导数及其应用 1．（19全国1文理）曲线23()e x y x x =+在点(0)0，处的切线方程为_y =3x _． 2．（19全国1理）已知函数()sin ln(1)f x x x =-+，()f x '为()f x 的导数．证 明： （1） ()f x '在区间(1,)2 π -存在唯一极大值点； （2）()f x 有且仅有2个零点． 解：（1）设()()g x f 'x =，则1 ()cos 1g x x x =- +，2 1sin ())(1x 'x g x =-++. 当1,2x π??∈- ?? ? 时，()g'x 单调递减，而(0)0,()02 g'g'π><，可得()g'x 在1,2π? ?- ? ? ? 有唯一零点， 设为α.则当(1,)x α∈-时，()0g'x >；当,2x α?π? ∈ ?? ? 时，()0g'x <. 所以()g x 在(1,)α-单调递增，在,2απ?? ???单调递减，故()g x 在1,2π? ?- ???存在唯一极 大值点，即()f 'x 在1,2π? ?- ?? ?存在唯一极大值点. （2）()f x 的定义域为(1,)-+∞. （i ）当(1,0]x ∈-时，由（1）知，()f 'x 在(1,0)-单调递增，而(0)0f '=，所以当(1,0)x ∈-时，()0f 'x <，故()f x 在(1,0)-单调递减，又(0)=0f ，从而0x =是 ()f x 在(1,0]-的唯一零点. （ii ）当0,2x ?π?∈ ???时，由（1）知，()f 'x 在(0,)α单调递增，在,2απ?? ???单调递减， 而(0)=0f '，02f 'π??< ???，所以存在,2βαπ?? ∈ ??? ，使得()0f 'β=，且当(0,)x β∈时， 1．题型特点与命题方式 所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等 抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其他类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为： When / Where did the story happen? Which of the following statements is (NOT) correct? Which of the following statements is (NOT) mentioned in the passage? Which is the right order of the events given in the passage? All the statements are true EXCEPT… 该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。 2．解题思路与应试技巧 细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。 通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征： (1)对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。 (2)词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。 (3)语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。 (4)正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。 干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易 把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征： (1)将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。 (2)把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。 (3)无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。 (4)偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。 (5)文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提出的问题。 下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。 1．直接信息题 对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给 2018年全国高考试题分类汇编-导数部分（含解析） 1.(2018·全国卷I 高考理科·T5)同(2018·全国卷I 高考文科·T6)设函数f (x )=x3+(a -1)x2+ax.若f (x )为奇函数,则曲线y=f (x )在点(0,0)处的切线方程为( ) A.y=-2x B.y=-x C.y=2x D.y=x 2.(2018·全国卷II 高考理科·T13)曲线y=2ln(x+1)在点(0,0)处的切线方程为 3.(2018·全国卷II 高考文科·T13)曲线y=2lnx 在点(1,0)处的切线方程为 4.(2018·全国Ⅲ高考理科·T14)曲线y=(ax +1)ex 在点(0,1)处的切线的斜率为-2,则a= . 5.(2018·天津高考文科·T10)已知函数f(x)=exlnx,f ′(x)为f(x)的导函数,则f ′(1)的值为 . 6.(2018·全国卷I 高考理科·T16)已知函数f (x )=2sinx+sin2x,则f (x )的最小值是 . 7.(2017·全国乙卷文科·T14)曲线y=x 2 + 1 x 在点(1,2)处的切线方程为 . 8.(2017·全国甲卷理科·T11)若x=-2是函数f (x )=(2x +ax-1)1x e -的极值点,则f (x )的极小值为 ( ) A.-1 B.-23e - C.53e - D.1 9.(2017 10.(2017递增,则称f (x )A.f (x )=2-x 11.(2017数a 12.(2017则称f (x )具有M ①f (x )=2-x ;②f (x 13.(2017·全国乙卷理科·T16)如图,圆形纸片的圆心为O ,半径为5cm ,该纸片上的等边三角形ABC 的中心为O.D ,E ,F 为圆O 上的点,△DBC ,△ECA ,△FAB 分别是以BC ,CA ,AB 为底边的等腰三角形.沿虚线剪开后,分别以BC ,CA ,AB 为折痕折起△DBC ,△ECA ,△FAB ,使得D ,E ,F 重合,得到三棱锥.当△ABC 的边长变化时,所得三棱锥体积(单位:cm 3 )的最大值为 . 14.(2017·天津高考文科·T10)已知a ∈R ,设函数f (x )=ax-lnx 的图象在点(1,f (1))处的切线为l ,则l 在y 轴上的截距为 . 15.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ高考文科·T12)若函数f (x )=x-1 3 sin2x+asinx 在(-∞,+∞)上单调递增,则a 的取值范围是( ) A.[-1,1] B.11,3 ? ? -?? ?? C.11,33??- ???? D.11,3? ? --???? 16.(2016·四川高考理科·T9)设直线l 1,l 2分别是函数f (x )=lnx,0x 1,lnx,x 1, ?-<?图象上点P 1,P 2处的 切线,l 1与l 2垂直相交于点P ,且l 1,l 2分别与y 轴相交于点A ,B ,则△PAB 的面积的取值范围是( ) A.(0,1) B.(0,2) C.(0,+∞) D.(1,+∞) 17.(2016·四川高考文科·T6)已知a 为函数f (x )=x 3 -12x 的极小值点,则a=( ) A.-4 B.-2 C.4 D.2 18.(2016·四川高考文科·T10)设直线l 1,l 2分别是函数f (x )=lnx,0x 1,lnx,x 1, ?-<?图象上点P 1,P 2处的切线,l 1 与l 2垂直相交于点P ,且l 1,l 2分别与y 轴相交于点A ,B ,则△PAB 的面积的取值范围是 ( ) A.(0,1) B.(0,2) C.(0,+∞) D.(1,+∞) 19.(2016·山东高考文科·T10)同(2016·山东高考理科·T10) 若函数y=f (x )的图象上存在两点,使得函数的图象在这两点处的切线互相垂直,则称y=f (x )具有T 性质.下列函数中具有T 性质的是 ( ) A.y=sinx B.y=lnx C.y=e x D.y=x 3 20.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ理科·T16)若直线y=kx+b 是曲线y=lnx+2的切线,也是曲线y=ln (x+1)的切线,则b= .高考英语阅读理解篇全汇总版
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