国际商务英语复习资料
一、汉译英
1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than, domestic business.
2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商品，出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。
Visible trade refers to exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in an-other.
3、外国直接投资，简称FDI。投资者通过控制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
Foreign direct investments of FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.
4、国民生产总值指一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.
5、日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴，两国经济互补，又是一衣带水的近邻。中日贸易关系对两国都有重要的意义。
With mutually complementary economy, Japan and China are major trade partners, and the two countries are close neighbours separated only by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese relations are therefore of great importance to both countries.
6、加拿大和美国有很长的共同边境，而且大部分加拿大居民居住在边境地区。加美两佃以其富有的市场，拥有世界最大的双边贸易。
Sharing a very long common border along which most of the Canadian people live, Canade and the United States, with their respective rich market, enjoy the largest single bilateral trade in the world.
7、欧盟委员会是它的执行机构，有20个委员会，管理23个负责不同事务的部门。
Its executive body is the European Commission composed of 20 commissioners overseeing 23deaprtments in charge of different affairs.
8、尽管内部存在矛盾，外部有来自非欧佩克产油国的竞争，但欧佩克这个占世界产油量40%的组织对油价的影响是世界各国无法忽视的。
Despite internal contradictions and cornpetition from non-OPEC oil producing countries, the influence on oil prices by OPEC that accounts for 40% of the global oil production is something the world cannot afford to neglect.
9、过去十年中，亚太经济合作组织越来越受到人们的关注。由于中国在其中发挥了积极的作用，中国人尤其关注这个组织。
Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation(APEC) has caught more and more attention for the past decade, especially in China since the country is playing an active role it.
10、广阔的地域分布是跨国企业的一个特点，这使得它在资源和定价的决策上有很大的选择范围，也使它能更方便地利用世界经济的变化。
Wide geographical spread is characteristic of MNEs. It enables them to have a wide range of options in terms of decision-makings on sourcing and pricing. They are also more able to take advantage of changes in the international economic environment.
11、技术、资本和现成的市场是跨国企业组织带给欠发达国家的利益。跨国企业被认为是促进世界和各国经济发展的最有效的工具。
Technology, capital and ready markets are sort of benefits MNEs bring to less-developed countries. They are considered to be the most effective vehicle for the promoting of global and national economic welfare.
12、按照比较学说的观点，一国只要出口相对有优势的产品，而不是有绝对优势的产品，就可以从中受益。
According to the comparative advantage, a country can benefit from trade if only it has a comparative advantage, not absolute advantage, in producing certain product.
13、贸易的比较优势是基于比较优势理论，即各国生产相比较而言效率更高的那种特殊产品。更理想的是，各国集中专门生产它的特殊产品，然后再进行相互间的贸易。
The advantage of trade are based on the theory of comparative advantage, where each country produces a particular product more efficiently than another. Ideally, each country focuses re-sources on producing its specialty, and then trades with one an-other.
14、总的来说，国际专门化理论寻求回答的是哪些国家将生产什么产品，以及采用什么样的贸易结构。To summarize, the theory of international specialization seeks to answer the question which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.
15、最惠国待遇并不是什么特殊待遇，而只是正常的贸易地位。受惠国只是享有被征收关税表中最低关税的待遇。
The most-favored nation treatment is not really a special treatment but a normal trading status. The favored country is given the lowest tariffs only within the tariff schedule.
16、无形贸易也被称作服务贸易。在一些发达国家，无形贸易已经占据这些国家的国内生产总值的相当份额。
Invisible trade is also called service trade. In some developed countries, the invisible trade has taken quite a large share in their gross domestic production.
17、《买卖双方在制定合同时，如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参照，他们就肯定简单、可靠地确定各自的责任》。
If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.
18、当卖方不得不提示可转让的运输单据，尤其是出售货物所常用的提单时，就会产生特殊麻烦。Particular problems arise when the seller has to present a negotiable transport document and notably the bill of lading which is frequently used for the purpose of selling the goods while they are being carried.
19、2000年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展，商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加，以及运输方式的变化。
The 2000revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the change in transport practices.
20、书面谈判往往以买方询盘开始，发生询盘是为了了解预购货物的有关信息，包括各种贸易条件。Written negotiations often begin with enquires made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered including all the terms of trade.
21、虽然多数合同并不引起纠纷，但合同是依法实施的，任何一方当事人若未能履行合同义务，可能会受到起诉并被强制作出赔偿。
It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make competition, though most contracts do not give rise to disputes.
22、虽然易货贸易是原始、低效，并且昂贵的贸易方式，但是发展中国家巨大的债务以及世界上大量的商品过剩使其不可避免。
Barter trade is a primitive, inefficient expensive way of doing business, but the massive debts of developing countries and the world’s oversupply of goods make it inescapable.
23、对销贸易可帮助有严重债务的国家继续进口商品而实际上向债权人掩盖出口收入。
Counter trade may help those nations, with serious debt problems to continue to import goods while ,in effect, concealing export earnings from creditors.
24、在国际贸易中，由于交易当事人很难充分了解彼此的财务信息和信誉状况，很难建立相互信任。In international trade, it is very difficult for the parties to get adequate information about each other’s
financial standing and credit worthiness, and mutual trust is hard to build.
25、如果进口国的政局稳定，而且又有出口商信任的代理人，出口商就可以采用寄售方式，待货卖出后再收回货款。
If the importing country has a stable political situation and a trusted agent there to work for the exporter, the exporter can enter into consignment transactions and get payment until the goods are sold.
26、在付款交单的情况下，进口商在承兑了出口商所开出的汇票后，便可得到单据，而付款则要晚于这个时间。
In the case of documents against acceptance, the importer will get the documents once the bill of exchange drawn by the ex-porter is accepted, while the payment will not be made until a later date.
27、卖方凭提交的正确无误的单据得到货款，买方凭规定的单据得到货物，这种双边保证是信用证独特的，具有代表性的特征。
Against the impeccable documents presented the seller gets paid, against the stipulated documents the buyer gets the goods. This bilateral security is the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit.
28、受益人要对信用证的所有内容进行认真审核，以便保证安全及时地收到货款。
He beneficiary has to make a careful examination of all the con-tents of the credit so as to ensure safe and timely payment.
29、国际贸易中所使用的信用证多数为跟单信用证，即要求装运单据和汇票提示的信用证。
Most of the credits used in international trade are documentary credits, i.e. credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.
30、可撤销信用证是指在未同受益人协商的情况下对承诺进行改变，甚至取消。
An revocable credit is one that its commitments can be altered or even cancelled without consulting with the beneficiary.
31、在保兑信用证中受益人得到双重付款保证，因为保兑银行，在开证行承担付款义务的基础上又加上自己的承诺。
Under a confirmed credit, the beneficiary is given double assurance of payment since the confirming bank has added its own undertaking to that of the opening bank.
32、各种单证上所列的商品名称、数量、金额等项目要严格地与信用证上所列的项目一致。
All the items listed on different documents such as the name of commodities, quantity, amount must be in strict conformity with those in the L/C.
33、商业发票是所要求的最常见的单证之一。它是缮制其他单证的基础。
Commercial invoice is one of the required and most commonly found documents. It constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared.
34、提单是国际贸易中最重要的单证之一。有了它，合法持有者才可以到目的地提货。
Bill of lading is one of the most important documents in foreign trade ,with which the legal holder can take delivery of the goods at the port of destination.
35、常见的运输方式有水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空运输。
The widely seen modes of transport are water, rail, roads, pipe-line, and air transport.
36、运输在生产过程中起着重要的作用。一方面，它将原材料、劳动力运到所需的地方。另一方面，将中间产品运到其他厂商供生产使用或把制成品运到消费者手中。
Transportation plays an important role in production. On the one hand ,it carries raw materials and labor to the place where they are needed. On the other hand, it transports intermediate products to other producers for use in their production process, or ship the finished goods to the hands of customers.
37、保险单是投保人与承保人之间的保险契约。一旦投保人购买了保单，其特定风险就从投保人转移到承保人。
Insurance policy serves as the insurance contract between the insured and the insurer. Once the insured buys the policy, the specified risk will transfer to the insurance company from the insured. 38、由承保人从投保人处收集的保险费作为共同基金，受损方的索赔费从此基金中支付。
The premium collected by the insurer from the insured is pooled together as a fund, and the claims of those suffering losses are paid out of this fund.
39、货物保险是一种旨在将风险从进口商和出口商转移到专门承担风险的保险一方的活动。
Cargo insurance is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exporters and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriter.
40、最大诚信原则适用于各种保险，如某人要投保人寿险，他要如实告知其身体状况。
Utmost good faith applies to all kind of insurance. If a person wants to insure against life insurance, he has to tell the insurance company about his real state of health.
41、如果投保人有意隐瞒任何事情，或故意误导，其行为都被视为欺诈，因此保险合同无效。
If the insured intends to hide or mislead anything, which will be regarded as fraud, the contract is voidable. 42、在赔偿保险索赔时，凭借保险合同，保险公司将使受损人的利益恢复到发生损害前的同等状况。In compensating claims, insurance company will restore the in-sured to the position he our she was in before
a loss occurred.
43、第一次民界大战之前，金本位制建立了固定汇率制，每个国家通过将本国货币与黄金挂钩来确定其货币的平价。
Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value.
44、在特定条件下，提高利率可以吸引国外短期资金，提高一国的外汇汇率。
Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund ,increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency.
45、外汇汇率有三种形式，即：买进汇率、售出汇率和两者的平均值——中间汇率。
There are three type of foreign exchange price namely: the buying rate, the selliong rate and the average of the previous two—the medial rate.
46、国际复兴开发银行由160个国家政府所共同拥有，其贷款的主要来源是在世界资本市场上的借贷。The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is owned by the governments of 160 countries. It finances its lending operations primarily from its own borrowings in world capital market.
47、世界银行对贷款作了各项规定。它明确贷款必须以生产力为目的，必须促进发展中国的经济增长，同时还要具有偿还能力。
The World Bank has set various rules for its loaning operation. It specifies that it must lend only for productive purposes and must stimulate economic growth in the developing countries, and at the same time the loan-receiving countries must be able to repay the loan.
48、对外直接投资是国际投资的主要方式，一国居民为进行监控和经营通过对外投资获取各国的资产。Foreign direct investment is the major form of international in-vestment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.
49、控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资的主要动机之一。而降低生产成本是考虑的一个重要方面。Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration.
50、即时库存管理系统的引进能最大限度地降低库存从而提高经营效率。
The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation.
51、证券所起着两个重要作用，它既是长期资本的融资市场，又是各类投资债券的交易市场。
The Stock Exchange plays two fundamental roles: one for capital raising market, one for various investment instrument market.
52、未上市的公司的股票不能在证交所或其他股票市场公开挂牌交易。
The unlisted companies can not trade their securities through the listing system at the stock exchange or other
stock markets.
53、关贸总协定的总目标体现了各成员国的向往，即提高生活水平，提供充分就业，持续、稳定地增加收入和有效需求，充分利用世界资源扩大生产。
The GATT embodies the expectations of its member countries, that is ,to improve standards of living, full employment ,steady growing volume of real income and effective demand ,the full use of the world’s resources and the expansion of production.
54、乌拉圭回合和世界贸易组织的建立改变了世界贸易体系的性质。
The Uruguay Round and the establishment the WTO have shanged the character of the wold trading system.
55、尽管关贸总协定是以无判别待遇为原则的，但欠发达国家仍指责关贸总协定是只考虑发达国家利益的“富人俱乐部”。
Although the GATT is based on the principle of non-differential treatment, the less-developed countries still criticize it as a “rich men club” for the interest of the developed world.
56、采用强制性的自动补偿措施被看作解决发展中国家的贸易条件恶化问题的一种方案。
The introduction of compulsory and automatic compensatory measures is considered as a solution to solve the problem of deteriorating terms of trade in the developing countries.
57、为了促进欠发达国家的工业化进程，西方国家应开放他们的制造市场，或提供优惠关税政策。Western countries should open up their manufacture markets or provide preferential tariffs to facilitate the industrialization process of the less-developed countries.
二、英译汉
Most companies use salesmen in the domestic market because experience has shown that a good salesman is worth the price. If it is decided to sell through an agent he should be the company’s representative and sales man in the overseas target market and be regarded as an integrate part of the company. The services provided will vary, depending on what has been agreed upon, from the most simple intermediary contract with buyers to a complete range of marketing service.
From the exporters’ point of view, one advantage of the commercial agent is that the agents’ commision is usually proportional to the sales he attained. To the principals, this means“no sale—no cost”, it is important to keep the agent continuously informed of the principal’s intention.
许多企业在国内市场都在利用推销员进行销售。经验表明，花钱雇一个好的推销员是值得的。如某一公司决定通过代理商出口，这一代理商应该是该公司在国外目标市场上的推销员员，并被视为该公司不可分割的一部分。代理服务项目各有不同，要以协议而定，从与买主的联骆到整个销售服务。
对出口商来说，利用代理商服务的好处在于：代理商的佣金是根据他的推销金额按比例支付的，也就是说，“没有销售，就没有费用”。委托人要经常使代理商明确了解自己的意图，这一点很重要。Price and pricing policy play an important role in all marketing strategy. It is worthwhile for any exporter to pay special attention to pricing before coming to grips with overseas buyers.
Overseas purchasers are generally reputed to be professional, knowledgeable and possessing solid information as a basis for their decisions. In most cases, hey are guided in their business activities by a budget which in turn is based on direct costing. This means that to them the purchase price is but one cost element among sever-al others and that the total cost does not accrue until the goods have been sold to the next customer. It is therefore irrelevant to the purchasers whether they can lower the price by bargaining or, as an alternative, make the sellers take over part of their other other costs for the product. Such peripheral costs may include special packaging, price marking.
价格和定价政策在所有销售策略中起着很重要的作用。出口商在与国外买主接触之前特别注意定价问题是值得的。
国外买主一般都被视为熟悉专业，知识面广，掌握着其决策基础的确切信息。在大多数情况下，他们在业务活动中都是以预算作为指导，而预算又是根据直接费用制订的。这就是说，对他们来说买价只不过是诸多成本因素中的一个因素，直到货物售予下一个客户之前，总的费用不能增加。因此，是通过讨价还价降低价格，还是作为替代办法，让卖主承担产品的其他部分费用，对买主来说都没有多大关系。这样的边缘费用可能有特殊包装、价格标签，其他标志等。
The relationship between a sales person and a client is important: both parties want to feel satisfied with their deal and neither wants to feel cheated. A friendly, respectful relationship is more effective than an aggressive, competitive one.
A sales person should believe that his product has certain ad-vantage over the competition. A customer wants to be sure that he is buying a product that is good value and of high quality. No one in business is going to spend his company’s money on something they don’t really need(unlike consumers, who can sometimes be persuaded to by“useless” products like fur coats and solid gold watches!)
销售人员和客户之间关系是很重要的，双方都希望能对他们的买卖感到满意，并且没有一方希望感到被欺骗。一种友好的、相互尊重的关系要比一种攻击性和竞争性的关系更有效。
一个销售人员应当相信他的产品在竞争能力中具有某种优势。一个顾客则需要相信他要买的东西是有好的价值和高品质的。在生意中，没有一个人会将他公司的钱花在他们并不真正需要的东西上。（不像顾客，他们有时会被说服而购买一些毛皮大衣和包金手表这样的“无用”产品！）
In the postwar period MNCs have acquired a global pres-ence. As one statistic indicates, for most of the postwar period stocks and flows of FDI have grown faster than world income, and sometimes trade, particularly during the 1960s and since the mid-1980s. Stock measures in particular are subject to margins of error because of the difficulties with estimating their growth. Even so, it is indisputable that multinationals have become major players in the world economy: apart from the 1970s and early 1980s, the turnover of the largest 500 companies has grown faster than world output. MNCs now account for the majority of the world’s exports, while sales of foreign affiliates exceed total global exports. Furthermore, as MNCs have grown ,there has been a significant Tran nationalization of production expressed in the emergence of global production and distribution networks.
在战后，多国公司获得了全球性的发展。正如一项数据统计所显示的，在战后相当的一段时间内，特别是在60年代至80年代中期，证券和外国直接投资数量按世界收入增长要快，有时甚至要快于贸易增长的数量。但需指出的是，因为在计算证券投资增长量存在困难，它的数字会存在误差。尽管如此，毋庸置疑，多国公司已经成为世界经济中的主要玩家。若抛开70年代和80年代早期的话，500家大公司的产值增长速度远超过世界的总产值增长速度。多国公司目前的出口占据了世界出口的大多数，其在海外的分支机构的销售额超过了世界出口总额。而且，随着多国公司的壮大，已经形成了一个全球性的生产和分销网络生产多国化的明显趋势。
Economists’ argument for free trade is that opening up markets to foreign suppliers increases competition. Without free trade, domestic companies may have enjoyed monopoles or oligopolies(求大于供的市场情况)that enabled them to keep prices well above marginal costs. Trade liberalization will undermine that market power. Competition should also spur domestic companies to greater efficiency because they will not be able to costs of slackness in higher prices.
In addition, free trade means that firms are no longer limited by the size of their home country, but can sell into bigger markets. In industries where average production costs fall as output increases, producing economies of scale, this means lower costs and prices. In such industries, trade also increases the variety of products on offer.
经济学家关于自由贸易的争论是向外国供应商开放市场可以提高竞争。没有自由贸易，国内公司就会凭借垄断或求大于供的市场情况将价格控制在大大高于边际成本的水平上。贸易自由化会动摇这种市场力量。竞争同时也会刺激国内公司提高效率，因为他们难以将效率造成的成本转嫁到高价格上。
此外，自由贸易意味着公司不再受国内市场的规模限制，而是可以走向更大的市场。当企业的产出增加，平均生产成本下降出现规模经济时，也就意味着低成本低价位的出现。在这样的企业，贸易同时也扩大了产品供应的种类。
Non-tariff barriers include standards to protect health, safety, and product quality. The standards are
sometimes used in an unduly stringent or discriminating way in order to restrict trade, but the sheer volume of regulations in this category is a problem in itself. Fruit content regulations for jam way vary so much from country to country that one agricultural specialist says,“A jam exporter needs a computer to avoid one or another country’s regulations.” Plant and animal quarantine(检疫)regulations serve an important function, but often are used solely to keep out foreign products. Al-though all countries use standards to some extent, Japan has raised the process to the level of art(技术).Differing standards is one major disagreement between the United States and Japan. American companies are often confronted by government standards that make it almost impossible to import any goods not tested in Japan.
非关税壁垒包括卫生、安全和产品质量保护的标准。有时为了限制贸易，这些标准被超标准呀用岐视的做法加以执行，但就其规定的数量而言就存在问题。对果酱的水果成分规定在各国之间存在着很大的差别，边一位农业专家都说：“果酱出口商得需要一台电脑才能免受一国或另一国的规则制约”。植物和动物检疫规定起着重要作用，常被单纯用于阻挡外国产品。尽管所有国家都在一定程度上使用标准，日本却已经将这一检验过程提高到技术的水平高度。美国和日本之间的一大争议是标准的差异。美国公司常常被政府的规定搞得几乎不得进口所有没有日本检验过的产品。
There are only two terms which deal with insurance ,namely CIF and CIP.Under these terms the seller is obliged to procure insurance for the benefit of buyer .In other cases it is for the parties themselves to decide whether and to what extent they want to cover themselves by insurance .Since the seller takes out insurance (办理保险)for the benefit of the buyer ,be would not know the buyer’s precise requirements.Under the Institute Cargo Clauses（协会货物保险条款）drafted by the Institute of London Underwiters（伦敦保险人协会）,insurance is available in “minimum cover”under Clause C，“medium cover”under Clause B and “most extended cover ”under Clause A.Since in the sale o ,commodit(在途货物)to a subsequent buyer(后断买方)who in turn may wish to resell the goods again ,it is impossible to know the insurance cover suitable to such subsequent buyers and ,therefore ,the minimun cover under CIF has traditionally seller to take our additional insurance.
涉外保险的术语只有两个，即CIF和CIP。在这两个术语下，卖方有义务为买方的利益办理保险。在其他情况下，则是由当事方自己决定的是否要办理保险以及投保到什么程度。由于卖方为买方的利益办理保险，卖方不一定知道买方的详细要求。根据由伦敦保险人协会（Institute of London Underwriters）拟定的《协会货物保险条款》（Institute Cargo Clauses）,(C)
规定办理“最低程序”的保险，（B）规定办理中等程度保险，（A）规定办理最高险别。在CIF术语下的农矿产品销售中，（A）规定办理最高险别。在CIF术语下列的农矿产品销售中，买方或许希望将在途货物卖给新的买方，而这个新的买方也许希望再将货物售出，所以，卖方不可能了解这些后继买方的保险要求。因此，在CIF术语下，传统上选择最低程序的保险，但买方可以要求卖方办理附加保险。Two of the essential terms take on further significance in international contracls ;the payment terms and the delivery tsrms .In in ternational transactions,if is essential to establish the payment terms ,Is may be assumed in a domestic transaction that the traders intend to exchange goods for domestic currency .When dealing cross-border ,there will probably be a choice of the currency .Payment terms should be clearly defined to ensure that the contract will be enforceable.
在国际合同中，有两个具有更深意义的条款，这就是支付条件和交货条件。在国际交易中，确定支付条件是至关重要的。在做国内贸易时，可以想象交易人都愿意用本国货币易货，而在做跨境贸易时，就可以有若干种货币选择了。也许你受货币的外汇管制限制。支付条伯就是应明确加以规定以确保合同的可执行性。
The use of countertrade in international commerce has become more widespread over the past decade .Intemational countertrade is a practice wyereby a supplier commits contractually（根据合同许诺）---as a condition of sale —to reciprocate and undertake certain specified commercial inintiatives that compensote and benefit the buyer .While the manner in which the transaction is structured and the assets are exchanged may vary is different compensatory transactions such as barter ,buyback,counterpurchase ,and offset –the distinctive feature of these arrangements is the mandatory performance element（强制执行的因素）that is either required by the importer or is made necessary by competitive considerations.
在过去的10年中，反向贸易方式在国际贸易中的运用越来越普遍。国际对销贸易的做法是：作为销售条件，供货商具约许诺，以承担某些特定的商业活动作为互利条件，来补偿和优惠买方。虽然交易结构和资产互换方式可能是不同形式的补偿性交易（如易货贸易、产品返销、回购和抵消），但是这些贸易方式的突出特点是由于进口方的要求或出于竞争的考虑而必须强制履行的因素。
Trade between countries depends on national currencies being interchangeable.Any onecountry’s currency is legal tender(货币) only within is national boundaries .To trade beyond these boundaries involves nkt only an eschange of goods kr services but also a parallel exchange of monies .Money is basically a means of payment ,and apatr from the ordinary motive of saving ,people do not hold if for its own sake .They require it forwhat is will buy.
国家间贸易取决于各国货币的可换性。任何一国的货币只在本国界内是法定货币。超越国界的贸易不仅牵扯至货物和服务的交换，同时还有货币的平行交换。货币基本上是一种支付工具，除了通常的储蓄心理，人们不是因为钱本身而持有它，而是国为钱能买东西而需要它。
A major concern is when the issuing bank decides that the documents presented do not comply with the L/C and refuses to make payment to the sell/beneficiary.When the issuing bank fails to follow the requirements for communicating notice of dishonor（拒付通知）,the seller may still be entitled to payment from the bank despite having presented nonconforning documents .This tempes(引起)the effect of the requirement that the beneficiary presems documents that strictly comply with the L/C,the buyer/aplicant may be released from its obligation to reimburse the bank.
一个令人关注的重要问题是当开证行认定所提交的单据与信用证不符时拒绝向受益人付款。如果开证行没有按要求将拒付通知及时送达，尽管所提的是不实单据，卖方仍有权向银行索款。这就导致要求受益人所提交的单据必须严格地与信用证要求一致。对银行来说问题更大的是，如果卖方/受益人提交的单据与信用证不符，买方/申请人可以免于向银行偿付款项
Letters of credit are the most common form of international payment because the provide a high degree of prolection for both the buyer and the seller .The buyer specifies the documentation（文件提供）required from the seller before the bank is to make payment,and the seller is given assurance that payment sill be made ofter shipping the goods so long as the documentation is im order .The key document is the bill of lading or title document that authorizes its holder to take possession of the shipment .If the buyer and seller have a subsequent disagreement regarding the order（订货）,however,it is handled between them ,independent of the banks or of payment.
信用证因其能力为买卖双方提供高度的保护而成为最常用的国际支付方式。买方明确在银行付款前需要卖方出具的各项文件，而卖方在发货后只要单据完整就能保证得到付款。最核心的单据是提单，或标明授权票据持有人拥有所发运货物的单据。但是如果买卖双方间随后就订货问题发生争执，也要在他们之间解决，与银行或支付无关。
In international trade ,the seller and the buyer meet in person when they negotiate and conclude the contract .Such procedures are getting goods ready（备货）,chartering a ship and booking shipping space(租船定仓)，loading insuring and paying are effected through the exchange of commercial documents .The victimized party could hardly notice in advance if one party tries to cheat Only when the buyer can not get the goods with the bill of lading or the seller cannot receive the payment upon presentation of the document ,can the victimized barly become aware.
在国际贸易中，买卖双方在商谈及签定合同时直接见面，而诸如备货、租船定仓、装货、投保、支付等环节都是造互换商业单证来进行的。如果一方行骗，受骗方是不易事先察觉的。只有当买方拿着提单取不到货，或是卖方提交单据后得不到货款时，才知道受骗上当。
The accessibility of the terminal (the place where the journey starts of ends )is another key factor.It was once the practice to build factories and warehouses close to canals and railway lines so that the delivery of large
consignments could easily be arranged .As commercial life has expanded ,shops and faclories have multiplied (增加)and become more widely dispcrsed(公布),while railways and canals have lost traffic（失去运载量）to the roads ,which(公路运输)can usually provide a more direct service .Several factors such as the development of the motorway network(汽车道网络；快车路网络)and the use of conlainers (集装箱)have added to the advantages of road transport is this respect(在这方面)
容易接近终点站（族程开始或结束的地方）是另一个关键因素。惯例曾是将工厂、仓库建在靠近运河和铁路线，以便大批船货的发送容易安排。当商业生活扩大时，商店和工厂增加了，而且分布得更广，同时铁路和运河的一些运裁量流入了公路，公路通常能提供更直接的服务。像汽车高速公路网的发展和集装箱的使用诸因素又增加了公路的运输的优势。
Insurance works because the insurer can collect premium from a group of people in similar circumstances(相同处境),not all of whom will suffer olsses in any one year .These premiums are then pooled together（集中）,and used by the insurer to pay losses .Losses are thus shared out among all the policyholders rather than bome solely（独自分担）by the unlucky few.
Nowadays insurance not only shares losses among individuals and organizations ,it also spreads(分散)them over time ,This is possible because in years when losses are lighter than expecled ,insurers can build up reserves (out of premium contributions and their investment earnings )that can subsequently(随后地)be used in more difficult yearw.
保险行得通是因为承保人能从同一处境中的一群人中收取保险费，所得的人不会在一年里都遭受损失。于是这些保险费就放在一起，由承保人用于支付损失。这样，损失在保单持有人之间分摊，而不是由不走运者独自承担。
现在保险不仅在个人和公司之间分担损失，它也将损失分散。这也是可行的，因为分散到几年里损失比预计的要轻，承保人可以从分摊的保险费和投资的盈余中来建立储备金，这笔款可以在以后的困难之年来使用。
Whem an exporter under a CIF contract or an importer under an FOB contract wants to take out insurance ,the firsi step he should take is to contact an insurance company whose agent ,known as the “insurance man （保险员）”or “insurance broker(保险经纪人)，”will bring along a printed proposal form ,with spaces for names and amounts to be filled by the exporter or importe ,also called the insured ,This gives full details of ownership ,value ,length of time insurance will be for risks（保险期限）and coverage (保险险别)，etc ,and if agreeable to both parties ,an agreement called a policy is signed by the party who is being insured and the representative of the insurance company (the insurer),The policy records the premiums (that ia ,regular payments)which the insured party promises to pay and the compensation for a stated misfortune which the insurcr promises to pay.
当签有CIF合同的出口商或签有FOB合同的进口商想要投保时，他们应采取的第一个步骤；就是和保险公司取得联系，这样保险公司的代理人，即人们一般称作为“保险员”或保险经纪人，会送来一张印制好的保险申请书，上面留有空格，由被称为“投保人”的出口商或进口商填写姓名和金额。保险申请书上面规定得很详细，列有所有权、价值、保险期限和险别等等。如果双方都同意的话，便由投保人与保险公司（承保人）的代表签订称之为保险单的协议书。保险单上面记录着投保人承诺支付的保险费（即固定款项）和承保人承诺为所规定的损失进行赔偿。
The IMFis a monetary ,not a development ,institution ,but is has an important role to play in reducing poverty in its member countries ;sustainable economic growth ,which is essential for cutting poverty ,requires sound macroeconomic policies ,and these are at the heart of the IMF’s mandate.
For many years the IMF has helped low-income countries implement economic policies that foster growth and raise living standards through its advice ,its technical assistance ,and its financial support Between 1986and 1999,56countries with populations totaling 3.2billion drew on low –imterest loans under the Structural Adjustment Facility(SAF)and its successor,the Enhanced Structural Adjustrment Faciligy(ESAF),designed to help the IMF’s poorest members in their efforts to achieve stronger economic growth ;and a sustained improvement in gheir balance of payments.
基金组织是一个货币性机构；而非开发机构。但它在减轻成员国贫方面的发挥重要作用：对减贫至关重要的可持续经济增长要求实施健全的宏观经济政策，而这是基金组织职能的核心。
许多年来，基金组织通过提供建议、技术援助及资金支付，帮助低收入国家实施促进增长和提高生活水平的经济政策。1986年至1999年间，人口共计32亿的56个国家从低息的结构调整贷款（SAF）及后来颠倒是非代它的加强结构高速贷款（ESAF）取得了资金。这两种贷款旨在帮助基金组织最贫困的成员国家努力实现更强的经济增长及国际收支的持续改状况。
Poverty remains a global problem of huge proportions(比例).Nearly half of the world’s people live on less than＄2a day ;about a fifth live on less than＄1 a day .Poor people lack economic opportunity and access to education .They lack a voice in their own affairs.And they are vulnerable to HIV(艾滋病病毒)/AIDS，ogher preventable illnesses violence ,and natural disssters.
贫穷仍旧是一个占相当大比例的全球性问题。将近半数的世界人口每天只靠不到2美元来维持生活；大约五分之一的人口每天只有不到1美元。贫困人群缺少经济和接受教育的可能途径。他们也缺少能够反应他们问题的渠道。他们又是最易受艾滋病毒/艾滋病、其他可预防性疾病以及暴力和自然灾害的受害者。
Since the 1970s overseas production by MNGs has increasingly become part of internationa dhains of production so that international trade withi the same MNC has grown rapidly .This intra –firm trade presents numerous measurement and data collection problems;these turn partly on the criteria for deciding what king of commercial relationship between the buyer and seller within the same firm ,particularly as the last twenty years have witnessed the emergence of a variety of institutional arrangements beyond simply wholly owned subsidiaries .Official agencies often do not xystematically collect data on intra-firm trade .Overall,though ,the estimated figures are broadly consitent;some scholars found that for several OECD(经合发组织)countries between a quarter and a third of their trade is now intra-firm ,UNCTAD(联合国贸发会)and OECD both estimated that intra-firm trade accounted for around a third of world trade.
自70年代起，多国公司的海外生产就已经逐渐演变了国际生产链的组成部分，致使单一多国公司内部的国际贸易数额迅速增长。这种内部贸易造成了诸多的计算上的数据收集上的问题。造成这些问题的一部分原因在于确定公司内买卖双方商业无关的标准。尤其是在过去的20年，公司的组织方式的变化已经超出了简单的独资分支机构形式，出现了各式各样的组织方式。官方机构也常常不能系统地搜集公司内部的贸易数据。但从整体上看，所估计出的数字大体上是吻合的。一些学者发现，经合发组织的一部分国家的贸易额为1/4至1/3的公司内贸额，而联合国贸发会和经合发组织的统计是公司内贸额约占世界贸易的1/3。
Share indices are usually based on market capitalisation ,If the index is of ,say ,the top50companies ,then “top”means biggest by market capitalisation Sometimes ,the index is described as “weighted”,This simply means that a 1% change in the price of the largest company in the indes will have more impact than a 1%change it the price of the smallest .Since the share price is always changing ,it follows that the “top”shares are not always the same ,There is provision for removing some shares and adding others ,say ,every quarter.There desire to use an index for purposes of options and future transactions has led to the creation of several new indices ,which are calculated every minute of the day.
股票指数是以市场资本化为基准备的。如果拿50家公司的指数来说，这“头”就是指市场资本化最大的公司。有时，指数是经过加权的。这就是说大公司的价格在指数上出现1%的变化会对小公司的价格产生大于1%的影响。既然价格指数总是在变，那么“头”股也就不会总一成不变。对减股和增股是有规定的，比如，每一季度进行一次。对此所做的各种规则的目的是防止公司在其指数从99至101之间变化时挪进挪出。在现代社会，利用指数进行期权和期货交易的动机又创造出了一些可随时统计其变化的新股指。
Accession to the WTO is a complex,difficult ,and lengthy process ,In May 2001it was a process being faced by 28countries,9 of them transition economies and about half of the remainder ,least –developed
countries(LDCs),There ,are three main benefits of WTO membership:
(a)strengthening of domestic policies and institutions for the conduct of international trade in both goods and services which is required before accession into the WTO can be accomplished;(b)improvements in the ease and security of market access to major export markets;and (c)access to a dispute setilement mechanism for trade issues.
加入世贸组织是否个复杂、困难而又冗长的过程。2001年5月有28个国家申请，其中9是经济转型国家，余下的约一半左右是欠发达国家。成为世贸组织成员有三大好处：（1）有利用加强国内政策和机构对国际商品和服务贸易的管理；（2）改善向主要出口市场的市场准入方面的限制程度和安全性；（3）加入到有关贸易纠纷问题的争端解决机制中去。
To help the least developed countries improve the efficiency and transparency of their investment promotion practices ,UNCTAD has launched a progranne on Good Governance in Investment Pro-motion(GGIP),Programme activities at the country level include advisory work on how to reduce nontransparent practices and other “hassle costs”(不必要的成本)for investors,and the definition of concrete plans of action,It also provides training fo officiasl on investment –related good governance issues.
为了帮助最不发达国家促进和提高投资政策实施的效率和透明度，联合国贸发会设立了“促进投资优质管理”项目。这一项目在各国的具体实施内容包括就如何隆低非透明行为和减少投资者的不必要成本及具体行动计划方案的审定等问题进行指导。同时，还为从事投资管理的官员就与投资相关的优质管理问题提供培训。
三、术语解释
[joint venture]a commercial undertaking by two or more people, differing from a partnership in that it relates to the disposition of a single lot of goods or the termination of a specific project.
[partnership]a contractual relationship between two or more people in a joint enterprise, who agree to share, not necessarily equally, in the profits and losses of the organization.
[distributor]a person who sends goods from those who pro-duce them to those who use them. [infrastructure]large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communication, etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.
[ppp]purchasing power parity.
[consumerism]considerable desire to make purchase for consumption.
[liberalize]of trade, the act of government in lifting control over imports and exports.
[integration]combine into a whole.
[envisage]picture (an event, action, etc.)in the mind as a future possibility; imagine.
[affiliate MNC]a MNC which is associated or controlled by its parent MNC without losing its own identity. [inflation]a general rise in prices within an economy, accompanied by a reduction of the value of money. [revenue]the money received by a firm from selling its output of goods or services or money earned by government from taxation.
[host country]in international trade, the country in which a multinational corporation is active ,but which is not the home country of that corporation.
[international trade]the exchange of goods and services between countries through exports and imports. [absolute advantage]an advantage possessed by a country engaged in international trade when, using a given resource input, it is able to produce more output than other countries possessing the same resource input. [specialization]to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.
[capital]the contribution to productive activity made by in-vestment in physical capital(eg. Factories, offices, machinery, tools)and in human capital(eg. general education, vocational training).
[economies of scale]the long-run reduction in average(or u-nit )costs that occurs as the scale of the firm’s is in-creased./the reduction in unit cost and increase in profit obtained when goods are produced in large quantities. [tariff]a form of tax that is levied on imports. Ad valorem duty and specific duty are two main types of tariff. Tariffs are used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition and to raise rey-enue for the government
[non-tariff barriers]all public regulations and government practices that introduce unequal treatment for domestic and foreign goods of the same or similar production.
[EDI]an electronic system that sends specially-prepared documents direct from the computer of one company to that of another, so avoiding delays and improving service to customers.
[negotiable transport document]transport document can be transferred from one person to another by endorsement.
[FOB]In foreign trade contracts, the seller’s price includes all charges and risks up to the point where the seller delivers the goods on board the ship named by the buyer at the named port of shipment. From that point, all charges and risks have to be borne by the buyer.
[customs clearance]the formalities necessary to satisfy the customs officers before they will allow goods to the cleared from customsfor dispatch or delay elsewhere.
[contract]a legally binding agreement made between two or more people.
[terms of payment]the terms agreed upon between two or more people.
[terms of payment]the terms agreed upon between a seller and a buyer regarding a transaction with respect to the mode and time-table of payments.
[trade fair]a big exhibition where manufacturers and sellers of similar or related products display their goods ,meet customers and each other.
[arbitration]the setting of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a court of law. [hyperinflation]an extreme form of inflation; the situation that exists in a Economy when the money supply or of the price level.
[buyback]an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.
[compensation trade]an agreement by which a company agrees to build a plant or to sell technology into a country. The company then gets compensated for technology or capital with exported products produced by that plant.
[protectionism]the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successful with foreign producers.
[exchange rate]The ratio between one currency unit and the number of units of another currency at which it is possible to ex-change the two at a given time.
[bill of exchange]A signed document that orders a person or an organization, such as a bank, to pay a fixed sum of money on demand or on a certain date to the person specified.
[documents against acceptance(D/A)]Documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of ex-change drawn by the exporter. Payment will be paid on a later date.
[letter of credit]A written instruction by a bank or some other financial institution. to lend the bearer of the letter certain sums of money for a fixed period of time.
[a correspondent bank]a bank which acts as an agent for another bank.
[clause]part of a legal document that deals with a particular item or condition in it.
[documentary credit]a letter of credit to which a number of other documents such as shipping documents have been joined by the exporter to obtain payment from the bank.
[irrevocable credit]a letter of credit that can only be cancelled with the agreement of the beneficiary. [confirmed credit]a letter of credit to which the paying bank has added its guarantee that payment will be made against presentation of certain documents.
[commission]the amount paid to an agent, which may-bc an individual, a broker, or a financial institution, for
consummating a transaction involving sale or purchase of assets or services.
[commercial invoice]a document identifying the seller and buyer of goods or services, identifying numbers such as invoice number, date, shipping date, mode of transport, delivery and payment terns, and a complete listing and description of the goods or services being sold including prices, discounts and quantities. [insurance policy]broadly, the entire written contract of insurance. More specifically, it is the basic written or printed document, as well as the coverage forms and endorsement added to it.
[productivity]t he relation between the output or amount produced in a give period and one unit of the factors of production employed in producing that output.
[intermediate products]goods that enter into the production of other goods. In the manufacturing process, goods and materials pass through various states of production, frequently requiring transfer from one plant to another or sale by one firm to another.
[just-in-time inventory]making or ordering only just enough parts or materials for the factory’s immediate needs, so avoiding the expense of keeping stocks(inventories).
[common pool]a fund contributed by all insured parties in the name of premium against certain risk, out of which the claims of those suffering losses are paid.
[reserves]in a business, amount set aside from profits to meet contingencies or for future investment.
[All risks]extensive insurance coverage of cargo, including coverage due to external causes such as fire, collision, pilferage etc. but usually excluding“special” risks such as those resulting from acts of war, labor strikes and the perishing of goods, and from internal damage due to faulty packaging due to faulty packaging, decay or loss of market.
[indemnity]a basic idea in all branches of insurance(except life and personal accident)that the insured should be in the same position after a loss as he was before it, i.e. neither richer nor poorer as a result of loss. [subrogation]the legal right of an insurer to receive any money obtained by the insured as a result of his making use of his rights against third parties; this reduces the cost of the loss to the insurer and prevents the insured from obtaining more than his full indemnity.
[W.P.A]a wider coverage than the F.P.A. partial loss of or damage to the insured goods is excluded only where the loss is under a specified percentage. Any loss exceeding such a percentage is answerable by the insurer in full.
[gold reserves]the stock of gold coin and bullion(gold bars)held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.
[money circulation]money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services. [devaluation]the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies.
[equity investment]a type of investment by buying the ordinary shares of a company.
[capital infrastructure]t he basic physical requirements, without. Which the industry cannot function effectively. It includes various elements, such as roads ,railways, water and electricity installations, qualified and skilled professionals in technology and administration.
[quota]a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity.
[intellectual property]certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy right.
[stock exchange]a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices controlled by supply and demand.
[capital market]markets where corporations and governments sell securities to investors in order to raise funds for long or short periods.
[option]a contractual agreement a buyer and a seller to buy or sell a particular security commodity or currency at a specific price within a pre-determined period of time. [most-favored nation clause]an understanding principle of the WTO whereby each country undertakes to apply the same rate of tariff to all its trade partners.
[fair trade]in international trade, the principle that maintains that there should only be free trade with those countries which themselves extend free trade.
[full employment]an economic situation in which all persons physically and mentally capable of doing some kind of work, can find employment.
[transfer of technology]a complicated aspect of international business. Technology can be divided into two types: non-tacit and tacit. It can be transferred through various modes, either export of products and goods or through service. The most important feature of technology transfer is it is a transfer of the right to use, not the right to ownership.
[terms of trade]a measure of the trading success of a country by comparing the prices of its imports with the prices of its exports.
[preferential customs tariff]A lower(or zero)tariff on a product from one country than is applied to imports from most countries. This violation of the MFN principle is permitted in special cases.
五、简答题
1、What does international business refer to?Please tell the difference between international business and domestic business.
Intemational business refers to transaction between parties from different countries .Some major differences between intemational business and domestic business are :①The countries involved often have different legal systems ,and one or more partise will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.
②Different countries usually use different curencies Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreing currency.③Cultural differences including language ,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavior etc.often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in investment,making intemational business more complex than domestic buxiness.
2、Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference,Can we use them interchangeably?
GNP refers to market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy .The differencd between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production wbile the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place .We can use them interchangeably.
3、What is a free rtade area?And what is Customs Union ?In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area?
Free trade area is the first and loosest form of regional economic integration.Members of a free trade area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders .Custom Umion is the second form of regional economic integration that goes a step farther by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themxelves.Since imports from other countries are subject to the same tariff no matter which membde they export tk ,if is impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detou as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.
4、Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs?
①They are usually enormous in size terms of the anount of annual salesand of resources it controls.
②They have a wide geographical spread ,and seek to set up an integrated production and distribution network in the world.
③MNEs enjoy longevity and rapid growty .They have a long development history and rapid growgy record.
2、How are MNEs usually operated?And how are important decision made?
①The operation of MNEs is under the control of parent MNE at their home countries.
②The affiliate MNEs also have their own decisionmaking mechanism ,however the major decisions ,such as those on corporate goals ,new investments and their location are made by parent MNEs.
5、Why did international trade happen?
There are several reasons that can be attributde to this ,of which two are the most important;the uneven distribution of natural resources and the demand for goods.The lack of matural resources ,say,coal in Japan,forcde Japan to trade with other countries for fuel,while the demand for high-tech products made in Japan force those who do not have the capacities to produce to trade with Japan .Thus the intemational trade take place.
Which theory makes more sense,absolute advantage or comparative advangage?
Comparative advantage soung more plausible .As it is very difficult to fing a country a product with absolute advantage ,and alsko ,a country still gains from trade for its prodecls with comparative advantages.
6、What are the important factors that one has to take intoaccount when talking about the possibility of international specialization
Whether the intemationalization will happen or mot is decided by①trade pattems,②economies of scale ,③innovation.
The production capacity and conditions decide what a country can produce and trade the ,economies of scale didecides if a county has a cost advantage for the tradeg produet ,and the innoation de cwdes if the foreign market.
7、Why is it necessary have Incoterm ?And what is the purpose of making amendments and additions to Iincoterms ?
The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interprelation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreing trade .Thus ,the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided aor at least reduced to a considerable degree.
And tye purpose of making amendmenls and additions is in order to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.
8、What contents should be included in a firm offer?
A firm offer is a promise to sell goods at a stated price .The major terms include time of shipment ,mode of paymet ,description of goods and validity period.
2、Give the major items of the contract proper
This includes four major parts:①the full name and address of the buyer andselle②the description of the commodities;③the terms and conditions for the transaction;④indication of the number of original copies of the contract and other additional lerms.
9、Please define counter trade .what are the possible reasons for its attraction?
An umbrella term for several sorls of trade in which the seller is required to accept goods or other instruments or trade ,in partial or whole payment for its products.Counter trade transactions include barter ,buyback ,or ,compensation,
counterpurchase ,offset requirements ,and clearing agreements.Counter trade is allegedly popular in less developde countries and in plannde economies ,it attracled much interest in the past .Now as the landscape of economic system drastically changed recently ,it attracts much more attention.
10、What is the difference between a clean draft and a documentary draft?
For a clean draft ,it is a draft without attached additional documents;for a documentary draft,it is a draft supported by title documents ,such as an invoice,
billof lading or insurance policy.In fact everything having a real commercial value is know as a documentary dratf. 11、How does L/Coffer security to the buyer and the seller?
①It enables exporters to obtain ,through a correspondent bank,guarantees thatinvoices for goods senf by them will actually bj paid the buyer-the importer .
②It also provides the buyer with a guarantee that godds will be received in good orde,for L/Cs are subject to appropriate insurance coverage and documents.
③The bank is protected in case of loss or damage by its insurance policy.
12、How many times and to how many parties can a credit be transferred?In what situation is a revolving letter of credit most useful?
It can be transferred once ,to more than party at the same time provided partial shipments are permitted. Whte the buyer and seller have regular trading relationship and deal in a specific quantity of goods each or any particular period of time.
13、What are the main features of a commercial invoice?
1、What’s the relation between the commercial invoice and other documents?
other documents?
Commercial invoice is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price .It constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared.
2、What main function does the bill of lading have?
Bill of lading serves as a cargo receipt signed by the carrier and issued to the shipper;it constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and consignor ;it is a document of title to the goods,and the legal holder is the owner of the goods.
14、(1)Why the autbor says that transportationis fundanental to the development and operation of an industry society?
Geographically distant resources becomes accessible with transportation.The economic growth of any society in any part of the world is directly related to the availability of transportation.
(2)What roles does transportation play in production process?
It permits manufacturers to get materials and labor easily ,to move intermediate goods to other producers for use in production process,and to deliver finished products to customers.
15、What is the purpose of cargo insurance?
Cargo insurance is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of esporters and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.
16、(1)What factor is crucial to the question of insurable interest?
Why?
Time.Because the insurance company can work out who will suffer loss by discovering at what point the ownership of the goods passes from one person to another.
(2)What does it mean that the person who is going go suffer the loss is the one who has the insurable interest at any momet?
This means that goods may be shipped at the port of origin by a shipper or freight forwarder under a policy taken out to cover them,and the buyer takes over the policy which has been issued when he takes over the ownership of the goods ,If they fail to complete the voyage undamaged ,he cam claim on the insurance even though is was not in his name.
17、What are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate?Explain briefly.
Factors influencing the exchange rate include:
①International balance of payment .The value of one’s own currency will goupwityfavorable of bayment and drop with BOP deficit.
②Inflation.When inflation intensifies ,the value of the currency will droprelative to foreign currencies and vice versa.
③Interest rate .High interest rate will increase the exchange rate and vice varsa.
18、What are the basic rules for IBRD to guide its lending operation?
The lending operation is basically directde at the developing countries based on:
①economic consideration;
②productive purpose
The expected result must
①stimulate regard to the prospects of repayment;
②pay due regard to the prospects of repayment;
③get the guarantee from the govemment receiving the bans.
19、What are possible factors on the supply side that influ ence a firm’s decision to undertake FDI?
(1)There are three factors on the supply side :
①Controlling costs :A foreing country may have lower land prices ,tax ratesorcost of labor ,all of which will reduce the production costs .And production in the foreign market through FDL can save transporlation cost.
②Gaining access to natural resources;In return for FDL,international enterprises can gain availability of raw materials.
③Utilizing the foreing firms’advanced technology.
20、How are the investors if they choose to do business with the International Stock Exchange? There are well-established rules and organizations to set rules and oversee the operation of the market .The rules included admission procedures,complaint procedures,discipline and enforecement arrangements and a compensation fund.
There are various organs to enforce the market rules and discipline the members.
21、(1)What are the relationships between the WTO and other international organizations?
Since its establishment,the WTO has had extemxive contact with other intergovernmental organizations interested in its activities.Relations have been established with relevant organizations in the United Nations system,the Bretton Woods organizations,and various regional bodies to ensure that the resources and expertise of the international community remain focused and coordinated.Many organizations have been granted observer status in one or more of the various WTO councils ,dommittees or working groups.
(2)What are the main objectives of the WTO?
The WTO has three major objectives;
①TO promote free trade by encouraging members to adopt nondiscriminatory, predictable trade polices;
②To further reduce trade barriers through multilateral negotiations;
③To establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures
22、（1）To carry out industrialization,what steps do the less-devel-oped countries need to take?
①the developed countries should give aid to the less-developed countries;
②the developed countries should open up their market tk the less-developed countries to encourage their exports;
③The GATT rules should be amended to allow the less-devel-oped to enjoy certain preferential tariffs.
(2)Why couold the developed countries increase their exports to low-income countries once they become rich?
When the consumption power of the low-income countries could afford for the imports from the developed countries ,it could ,mean that there was a potential market for the imports ,according to the comparative advantage theory.
六、重点词汇、短语翻译
(一) 1、英泽汉
domestic business 国内商务
economic globalisation 经济全球化
host country 东道国
intellectual property 知识产权
non-tariff barriers 非关税壁垒
2、汉泽英
国际商务：international business
无形贸易：invisible trade
国内生产总值：gross domestic products
证券投资：portfolio investment
“交钥匙”工程：turnkey project
（二）
1、英译汉
national product 国民产值
per capita GDP人均国内生产总值
durable equipment耐用设备
staple goods大路货
creditor country债权国
2、汉泽英
国民生产总值：Gross National Product(GNP)
收入分配：income distribution
经济合作与发展组织：the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) 基础设施：infrastructure
外汇储备：foreign currency reserves
(三)
1、英译汉
customs union 关税同盟
Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议
European Commission欧盟委员会
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)石油输出国组织
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAETA)北美自由贸易协定
2、汉泽英
区域经济一体化regional economic integration
自由贸易区free trade area
欧盟European Union
亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation(APEC)
部长理事会Council of Ministers
(四)
1、英译汉
board of directors董事会
day ti dya running 日常管理
the parent MNE多国公司母公司
national economic welfare 国家经济利益
the legal jurisdiction 法律管理范围
2、汉译英
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经济全球化Economic Globalization
跨国企业multinational enterprises
股东share-holder
国际经济环境international economic environment 生产设施manufacturing facilities
(五)
1、英译汉
self-sufficient自给自足
farm produce 农产品
the andownents自然禀赋
perfect competition安全竞争
output per man-yuar of labour人均年产量
2、汉译英
自然资源分配the distribution of natural resources 初级产品the primary commodities
比较优势论the theory comparative advantage
互利贸易the mutual beneficial trade
资源储备the reserves of natural resources
(六)
1、英译汉
production capability生产能力
consumption preference消费偏好
cost advantage成本优势
large-scale production大规模生产
tariff barrier关税壁垒
2、汉泽英
技术创新technology innovation
贸易方式pattern of trade
关税区customs area
自动出口限制voluntary export restraint
名胜古迹places of historical interest
(七)
1、英译汉
International Chamber of Commerce国际商会customs clearance结关
EDI电子数据交换
Incoterms 国际贸易术语解释通则
Destination port 目的港
2、汉译英
贸易条款trade terms
修改信用证amendment to the letter of credit
集装箱运输container transport
运费付至CPT
（八）
1、英译汉
binding obligation有约束力的义务international trunk call国际长途
the business line业务范围
force majeure不可抗力
2、汉译英
报价quotation
有效期the validity period
付款方式mode of payment
促裁arbitration
（九）
1、英译汉
cross-border contract进出口合同
clearing system清算系统；清算制度leverage杠杆作用
trade credit account贸易信贷往来帐户centrally planned economy中央计划经济2、汉译英
对销贸易counter trade
实际头寸net positions
双边协议bilateral agreement
易货贸易barter
垂直合并，纵向组合vertical combination
(十)
1、英译汉
financial财务状况
to open account 开立帐户
consignment transaction寄售交易
a usance draft 远期汇票
documentary collection跟单托收
2、汉译英
汇率浮动变化exchange rate fluctuation 资信状况credit standing
分期付款periodic payment
即期汇票sight drafy
付款交单document against payment(D/P) (十一)
1、英译汉
Impeccabl documents 正确无误单据Correspondent 往来行
Confirrning bank 保兑行
Transportation clause运输条款
2、汉译英
商业信用证commercial letter of credit
开证行the opening /issuing bank
受益人the beneficiary
统一惯例the uniforrn customs and practice （十二）
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1、英译汉
clean credit光票信用证
sight credit即期信用证
deferred payment credit推迟付款信用证
non-transferable credit不可转让信用证
2、汉译英
循环信用证revolving credit
保兑信用证confimed credit
无期信用证usance credit
票面价值face value
资金周转capital turnover
(十三)
1、英译汉
freight prepaid 运费预付
prepare documents缮制单据
consignor 托运人
consular invoice领事发票
notify party被通知人
2、汉译英
空运提单airway bill
产地证书certificate of origin
运输标记shipping marks
装运港port of shipment
（十四）
1、英译汉
contract carriers契约承运人
intermediate product半成品
ultimate consumers最终消费者
natural product province产品自然领域
2、汉译英
原始的生产方式printitive mode of production 竞争机制compelition system
运输体系transportation system
公共承运人common carriers
（十五）
1、英译汉
time lag 时差
claim on goods 对货物的索赔
premium 保险费
insurer承保人
2、汉译英
保证金margin
股票投资investment in stocks
货物保险cargo insurance
外汇储备foreing exchange services
共同基金the common poo （十六）
1、英译汉
insurable interest可保利益
settlement of a claim理赔
freighot forwarder 货运代理行
utmost good faith 最在诚信原则
valued policies有价保单
2、汉译英
代位追偿subrogation
近因原则the doctrine of proximate cause
预约保单open policy
平安险 E.P.A
水渍险W.P.A
（十七）
1、英译汉
exchange rate汇率
balance of payment 收支平衡
direct quote直接标价
buying rate买人价
financial policies金融政策
2、汉泽英
金本位制gold standard
平价par value
布雷顿森林会议the Bretton Woods Conference 间接标价indirect quote
储备货币reserve currency
（十八）
1、英译汉
financial resources资金
retained capital预留资金
grace period 宽限期、优惠期
a specialized特殊使命
direct investment直接投资
2、汉译英
世贷成本Wold capital market
产权（股票）投资the cost of borrowing(lending) 经济结构调整economic restructuring
（十九）
1、英译汉
tax holiday免税期
greenfield straiegy绿地战略
customer mobility客户流动
investment scrach投资回报
shart from scratch白手起家
2、汉译英
合资公司joint venture
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并购acpuisition
生物遗传学biogenetics
自动出口限制V oluntary Export Restriction(VER) （二十）
1、英译汉
secondary capital market二级资本市场government stock政府债券
market maker股票经营商
standing committee常务委员会
underlying securities基础证券
2、汉译英
证券交易所the Stock Exchange(Market)
普通股ordinary share
补偿基金compensation fund
金边债券gilt
期权option
（二十一）
1、英译汉
global trade rules世界贸易规则
the reciprocal tariff concession list互惠关税减让表a uniform tariff system统一关税体系
the optimal use of the resources资源的最佳利用
a provisional treaty临时条款
2、汉译英
协商机制a consultative mechanism
双边谈判bilateral negotiation
签约国the signatory countries
充分就业full employment
多边贸易体系multilateral the system
（二十二）
1、英译汉
the non-discrimination principle非岐视原则escape clause豁免条款
a new economic order新经济秩序
trade concessions贸易减让
Special Drawing Rights特别提款权
2、汉译英
国际组织international organizations
技术转让technology transfer
商品协议commodity agreement
国际货币体系international monetary system
优惠关税preferential(customs)tariff
国际商务英语
名词解释
The theory of absolute advantage 绝对利益学说Free trade area 自由贸易区Creditor country 债权
Quotation 报价单
A counter-offer 还盘
Consignment 寄售
Bill of lading 提单
invoice 发票
Beneficiary 受益人
Foreign exchange reserves 外汇储备
foreign exchange control 外汇管制
Agency agreement 代理合同/协议
Business correspondence 商业信函
Customs duties 关税
Absolute quota 绝对配额承兑
Gain progit 获利
Futures trade 世界贸易化
Knowledge industry 知识产业
People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行
Hague Rules 海牙规则
Business reputation 商业信誉
intellectual property 知识产权
Packed of deal 一揽子交易
CFR cost and freight
CIF cost,insurance and freight
expertise 专家意见expert knowledge or skill,esp.in a particular field; know-how
GDP 国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product
Assess 评定估定to judge an amount or value
Tap 轻打开发分接to take what is needed from,to exploit
Trade liberalization 贸易自由化of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports
Tariff 关税tax levied by the customs
Revenue 收入the total annual income of a state
Input 投入something that is put in businss operation
Specialization 专业化to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields
MFN 最惠国means most-favoured-nation which is a tariff treament.It is bilaterally given and provides for the lowest tariff in the tariffcode.
Bisible trade it involves the import and export of goods.
Immigrant remittance 移民汇款it refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.
Tariff 关税duties imposed on goods imported and exported
Maritme 近似的xonnected with the sea or navigation
Classification 分类the arrangement of things by groups
Contract 合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.
Oral business negotiations 口头商业谈判oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions conducted at trade fairs or by sending trade groups abroad or by inviting foreign customers.
Force majeure 不可抗力social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting
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party
Firm offer 实盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offerer.
Inflation 通货膨胀rise in prices bruoght about by the excess demand, expansion of monye supply, credit etc.
Fluctuation 波动irregular movement of (prices,exchange rates etc.)
Drawee 付款人the person to whom a draft is drawn.
Confirming bank 保兑银行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C.
Bill of exchange 汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment.
The invoice 商业发票it is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.
Transportation 运输is defined as the movement of freght and passengers from one location to another. Distribution 分配，发行combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit. Insurance 保险is a social device in which a group of individuals transfei risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.
F.P.A.(free from particular average) 平安险is a very limited cover confining the insurer’s liability,stectly speaking, to only total loss of the insured cargo,and partial loss of or damage to the cargo is answerable only where the carrying vessel is grounded,sunk or burnt.
Regional economic integration is the loosest form of regard economic intergration in which members remove barrier to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regardsto trade with outsiders.
翻译：
1) International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
2) 要估评某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。In assessing the potential of a market,people often look at its income level since ti provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.
3)世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国际。Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income and low income.
4)过去几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.
5)无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.
6)合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be used and forced to make compensation.
7)尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。Despite all its advantages, couner trade can be very risky business.
8)信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.
9）国外直接投资主要有三种形式：建立新企业，购买现有设施和建立合资公司。FDI is mainly practiced in three forms: Building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures.
10)国际股票交易所提供了一种途径，使人们的存款能够为那些需要资金的人所利用。
The International Stock Exchange provides a channel throuhg which the savings can reach those who need finance.
11)关贸总协定体系（现为世界贸易组织）是通过一系列的贸易谈判或回合发展起来的，它最初有三个基本目标。The GATT system (now WTO) was developed through a series of trade negotiations or rounds. It originally had three basic goals.
简答
1）What are meant by high income,middle income,and low income countries according to the World Bank? Cite some examples for each group. a)Those enjoying annual per capita income of ＄9386 and above are classified as high-income countries.
b)Countries with annual per capita income below ＄9386 but above ＄765 are regarded as middle-income countries. c)Lower income countries are those that have per capita incomes of only ＄765 or even less.
2) What are the basic feature and major role of economic globalization?
Winth the basic feature of free flow of commodity,capital,technology,service,and information in the global context for optimized allocation,economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the varous economies more and more interdependent and ineractive.
3) Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs. A)enormous size b)wide geographical spread
c)longevity and rapid guowth.
4) Can you summareze the categories briefly under current counter trade? A)Barter:the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time ,e.g. ,an exchange of frozen lamb from New Zealand for Iran crude oil. B)Counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country. C)Buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.
5）What is the letter of credit? The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.
6)What are the main contents of a letter of credit? Mention at least 5 items.
Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language, and stipulations. Generally speaking, however, they include the following contents:1,the number of the credit and the place and time of its establishment. 2,the type of the credit. 3,the contract on which it is based. 4,the major parties relevant to the credit, such as the applicant, opening bank,beneficiary,advising bank,etc. 5,the amount or value of the credit . 6,the place and date on which the credit expires.
7)What are the major modes of the modern freight transportation system?
The five major modes are water,rail,truck,pipiline,and air.
8)what are the main prinaples of insurance? Utmost good faith / indemnity holds / subrogation
9)All risks (全险，综合险)
This cover is the most comprehensive of the three.the insurer is responsible for total or partial loss or damage to the insured goods arising from natural elements or from sea perils, including all losses caused by accidents to the carrying vessels or craft or by any external causes. But it does not, as tis name suggests, really cover all risks. It does not include coverage against war, strikes, riots etc.
10)What are the factors influencing the exchange rate include the following:
international balance of payment. B)inflation c) interest rate.
11)What are the three major objectives of WTO? 1,to promote free trade and countervailing measures to restrict the export expansion of other countries. 2,the increasing competition faced by commercial banks and insurance enterprises from their foreign counterparts. 3,the challenge faced by agriculture.
★绝密·考试前严禁任何人翻阅 全国外经贸从业人员考试 国际商务英语等级考试（初级） 试题册 考试时间：2014年5月31日 09:30-11:30 ※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※ 考生姓名： 准考证号： 考点（考区）： 注意事项 一、考生将姓名、身份证号、考试项目、考点（考区）、准考证号填涂在试题册及答题卡（答 题纸）相应位置。 二、考生在规定考试时间内做完试题册上的试题，并将答案填涂在答题卡（答题纸）相应位 置，写在试题册上的答案一律无效。全部答题时间为120分钟。 三、考生在答题卡上作答时，切忌超出答题区域。如因超出区域作答导致答题卡失效，由考 生个人负责。客观题按题号顺序进行填涂，主观题在每题左上角写清题号按顺序作答。 凡因题号不清导致考试成绩有误，由考生个人负责。 四、考生不得将试题册、答题卡（答题纸）带出考场。考试结束，监考员收卷后考生方可离 开考场。 五、考生注意对自己的答案保密。若被抄袭，一经发现，后果自负。
★请将答案写在答题卡上，答案写在试卷上无效。 一、客观题（本大题有60小题，每小题1分，共60分） [1-20] Listening: 20%（听力，20分） Section A Directions: Listen to the following dialogue and choose the correct word or words to fill each gap from A,B,C or D. This section accounts for 5 points. Each question will be read twice. Mike: It would be nice to see you again, Mary. Are you free on Sunday evening? Mary: I’ m sorry, I’m not. I’ve got to visit my aunt 1 . Mike: Oh, that’s a pity. Monday’s difficult for me. What about Tuesday evening? Mart: Tuesday’s bad for me as well. I’ve got to go to a meeting. Mike: Wednesday then? Mary: No, Wednesday’s out for me, I’m afraid. I’ve got to 2 and do some work. I really must. Mike: Oh, that’s a shame. Well, I can’t 3 Thursday. What about Friday? Mary: I’m 4 sorry. I’ve got to go out for dinner on Friday. Mike: Have you got to? Can’t you get out of it? Mary: I’m afraid not. I’ve simply got to go. Mike: Well, it looks as if we’ll have to wait till next week then. Mary: Yes, I’m sorry, Mike. Look, I must go now. I have to meet Lisa in ten minutes. Ring me next week 5 . Mike: Fine. Try and keep an evening free for me. 1．A. in the hospital B. in hospital C. in hotel D. in hostel 2．A. stay in B. staying C. stay D. sleep 3．A. make that B. make this C. make D. make it 4．A. outright B. awfully C. really D. totally 5．A. some time B. sometimes C. sometime D. some times Section B Directions: Listen to the following passage and choose the correct word or words to fill each gap from A,B,C or D. This section accounts for 5 points. Each question will be read twice. For international investors, the decision to invest in a foreign country, whether to establish or 6 a plant or a sales network, or to purchase stocks or bonds, is a difficult one. Before they make the decision to invest abroad, international investors will have to make sure that the
《国际商务英语》串讲 A abroad adv. 在国外，出国，广泛流传absence n. 缺席，离开 absent adj. 不在，不参与absenteeism n. （经常性）旷工，旷职absorb v. 吸收，减轻（冲击、困难等）作用或影响abstract n. 摘要 access n. 接近（或进入）的机会，享用权v. 获得使用计算机数据库的权利 accommodation n. 设施，住宿account n. 会计帐目 accountancy n. 会计工作accountant n. 会计 accounts n. 往来帐目account for 解释，说明 account executive n. （广告公司）客户经理*accruals n. 增值，应计 achieve v. 获得或达到，实现，完成acknowledge v. 承认，告知已收到（某物），承认某人acquire v. 获得，得到*acquisition n. 收购，被收购的公司或股份acting adj. 代理的activity n. 业务类型 actual adj. 实在的，实际的，确实的adapt v. 修改，适应 adjust v. 整理，使适应administration n. 实施，经营，行政 administer v. 管理，实施adopt v. 采纳，批准，挑选某人作候选人advertise v. 公布，做广告ad n. 做广告，登广告 advertisement n. 出公告，做广告advertising n. 广告业 after-sales service n. 售后服务agenda n. 议事日程 agent n. 代理人，经纪人allocate v. 分配，配给 amalgamation n. 合并，重组ambition n. 强烈的欲望，野心 *amortise v. 摊还analyse v 分析，研究 analysis n. 分析，分析结果的报告analyst n. 分析家，化验员 annual adj. 每年的，按年度计算的annual general meeting （AGM）股东年会anticipate v. 期望anticipated adj. 期待的 appeal n. 吸引力apply v. 申请，请求；应用，运用 applicant n. 申请人application n. 申请，施用，实施 appointee n. 被任命人appraisal n. 估量，估价 appreciate v. 赏识，体谅，增值*appropriate v. 拨出（款项） approve v. 赞成，同意，批准aptitude n. 天资，才能 *arbitrage n. 套利arbitration n. 仲裁 *arrears n. 欠帐assemble v. 收集，集合 assembly-line n. 装配线，流水作业线assess v. 评定，估价 asset n. 资产current asset n. 流动资产 fixed asset n. 固定资产frozen asset n. 冻结资产 intangible assets n. 无形资产liquid assets n. 速动资产 tangible assets n. 有形资产assist v. 援助，协助，出席 audit n. 查账，审计automate v. 使某事物自动操作 意识；警觉awareness n. average n. 平均，平均水准 B n. 贿赂backhander n. backing 财务支持，赞助
会员中心> 模拟考场> 正在作答：00:00:00 已做0 题/ 共102 题剩余0 题未作答设置2012年CIA考试第三部分模拟四考试得分：816 考试用时：00:27:19提示：试题1-100：单项选择题 答题时间：165分钟 温馨提示：考试时，选择最佳的一个答案完成句子或回答问题，用2B铅笔将答题卡的适当空格涂黑。 1题 以下哪项可以被看作是局域网（LAN）服务器？ A．对局域网的节点进行实物互连的光缆设置。 B．为局域网用户储存程序和数据文件的设备。 C．将局域网与其他网络连接的设备。 D．专门供局域网某单个用户使用的工作站。本题答案：A B C D 查看答案【正确答案】：B 【您的答案】：B 【思路解析】： A不正确。光缆设置只是网络互连设备。 B正确。这种设备可以称为文件服务器。 C不正确。属于网络互连设备。 D不正确。是供个人使用的计算机，它一般不具有对外提供服务的功能。 查看解析题目收藏 2题 一位分析师希望应用工厂过去30个月的销售成果来预测该厂下一个月的销售增长比率。在过去9个月中，公司发生了重大变化，对销售量产生了影响。分析师可以应用的最有效的分析技术是： A．非移动加权平均数。 B．平滑指数法。 C．排队论。 D．线性回归分析。本题答案： A B C D 查看答案【正确答案】：B 【您的答案】：B 【思路解析】： A不正确。不加权的移动平均法不重视最近期的数据。 B正确。指数平滑法通过将最大的权数给予最近期的数据，而将其看作是最重要的数据。本题给出该工厂在前9个月发生了影响销售量的变化，所以在预测下个月销售增长率时，必须对近9个月的变化数据给予充分的考虑，因此指数平滑法是很有效的。 C不正确。排队论一般用于使等待成本最小化的分析。 D不正确。线性回归分析决定的是变量之间的等式关系，它也不重视最近期的数据。 查看解析题目收藏 3题 要根据新房开工率、就业、收入和住户数目等情况预测家具销售情况，运用以下哪项技术比较合适？ A．指数平滑。 B．移动平均数（活动平均）。 C．多元回归。 D．趋势线。本题答案： A B C D 查看答案【正确答案】：C 【您的答案】：C 【思路解析】： A不正确，趋势线和指数平滑法只能以时间为自变量进行分析。 B不正确，见题解C。 C正确，多元回归可以对两个或两个以上的自变量进行分析。涉及住房开始时间、就业、收入和住户数目等自变量和家具销售一个应变量，典型的需要使用多元回归法建立多元回归模型加以预测。 D不正确，见题解A。 查看解析题目收藏 4题 某出售家具的零售专营公司希望改善其供应链管理。该公司与供应家具的制造商之间应用电子数据互换的最大潜在好处是： A．更加及时地从制造商那里装运该零售公司订购的货物；B．使制造商更加忠诚地为该零售公司供应货物； C．进一步控制许可制造商使用的设计图案； D．实时访问制造商的电脑。本题答案： A B C D 查看答案【正确答案】：A 【您的答案】：A 【思路解析】： 电子数据互换（EDI）。利用它，组织可以向供应商提供即时的无纸化订单，缩短将产品送达顾客所需的时间，其优点是高效而精确。 查看解析题目收藏 5题 某制造商为其日常生产和销售编制了以下有条件利润表：需求
International Business English Lesson 1 International Business/国际商务 Business Knowledge: The major differences between international business and domestic business A.Differences in legal systems 法律体系 B.Differences in currencies 货币 C? Differences in cultural background D? Different in natural and economic conditions The major types of international business A.Trade https://www.doczj.com/doc/0814571663.html,modity trade 商品贸易 b? Service trade B.In vestment a.Foreign direct investment b.Portfolio investment 证券投资 C.Other types a. Licensing and franchising许可经营和特许经营 b? Management contract and contract manufacturing 管理合同和承包生产 c.Turnkey project and BOT Trade Terms: 1.Customs iirea 关税区： 2.Conversion货币兑换 3.Visible trade 有形贸易：The form of commodity trade, i.c. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for con sumption or resale in another, (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade) 4.Invisible trade 无形贸易：The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.
全国外经贸从业人员考试 国际商务英语等级考试（中级）试卷 2011年5月 Ⅰ．Listening: 20%（听力，20分） Section A Directions:Listen carefully and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you’ve heard. L/C is a written by a bank given to the exporter at the request of the importer to effect up to a stated sum of money within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents. L/C is the most generally used method of payment in the of international trade. It is reliable and safe because it gives protection to both the exporter and the importer. The exporter is assured of payment once he has shipped the goods as stipulated in the and the importer is assured of getting the right goods once he has made payment accordingly. Section B Directions: Listen to the tape and translate the sentences into Chinese. 1. . 2. . 3. . 国际商务英语等级考试（中级）试卷第1 页（共13页）
国际商务英语复习题 1.Vocabulary and Structure 1.Please be informed that any additional freight will be__________buyers’account. A. to B.on C.in D.of 2.You can fly to London to have the business talk this evening____you change planes in Paris. A.in case B.provided C.unless D.except 3.We have been________with that client for so many years. A.contacting B.approaching C.doing business D.getting touch 4.We invite your_________to our enquiry without any delay. A.attending B.attention C.attraction D.interest 5.Chinese cotton piece goods are quite_________in the Far Eastern market,of which we have had some experience. A.welcome B.popular C.appreciated
6.We would like to________that your price is on the high side on our buyer’s market. https://www.doczj.com/doc/0814571663.html,rm B.advise C.notify D.announce 7.Not until the seller ships the goods____to pay in the letter of credit. A.is the buyer required B.the buyer is required C.will the buyer be required D.the buyer will be required 8.Everything______consideration,the price is reasonable. A.take into B.taking into C.being taken D.taken into 9.It needs____that the L/C should reach us30days before the month of shipment A.being mentioned B.mentioned C.to be mentioned D.mention 10.The plane arrived late,thus_______us unable to leave for Guangzhou in time. A.making B.made C.make D.to make 11.Emphasis has to be laid on the point_______shipment must be made within the validity of the L/C. A.what B.which C.that
★考试的时候要注意审题，比如不是、除了、所有、每一项、总是、从不、至少或最多等警示词，尤其是要注意有些题是让你从选项中选出错误的观点，千万不要把正确的观点选出来，要看清题意进行选择；用CIA学习卡的学员一定要注意，在答题过程中一定要坚持准确选项的第一印象，这非常重要。 ★邻近试题一般是考核相同知识点，这是一个小技巧。 ★大家在审题时要采用综观全局的立场、站在CAE甚至是老板的高度、不要将试题映射到你目前所在的组织环境、工作实务、政策制度、实际程序当中。CIA 考试注重于红皮书的标准和国际公认（或美国）做法。 答题大原则：问什么就答什么，给什么就选什么 就象选对象一样（1）四项可能都对，正确中选最优；（2）四项都不理想，就选最靠谱的。 在串讲的过程中，我出题时（尤其不象题但是题时）大家可以多参与回答，让中审网校掌握各位学员对某一部分的知识点总体的掌握程度如何，以便审审调整例题权重内容。 大家做这三道试题可能会感觉这是第一科的试题，中审网校提醒大家，这就是第二科的考题来说，由于第二科是实施内部审计业务，实际就是在第一科的原则和基础上进行内容细化，所以这两科的内容是重复的，试题也经常是一样互窜的。第二部分的名称叫《实施内部审计业务》，很显然是对第一科的审计业务计划和审计程序的延伸和具体化。主要是明确内部审计做什么，怎么做的问题，包括内部审计业务类型（项目）、内部审计业务流程（程序）、内部审计业务工具（技术）等问题。 同时将对舞弊的知识要点这个本属于审计环境的内容也放在第二科来考核，因为有舞弊意味着内部控制的缺陷存在，所以是内部审计应该关注的核心内容。从这个内容的安排来说就说明了舞弊知识的重要，每年第二科舞弊相关的试题多达16-18道，所以大家要加以重视。 内部审计部门涉及的内容比较多，主要是指首席审计执行官在执行内部审计活动中需要进行的各项工作，包括内部审计基础建设，象制度《内部审计章程》、专业实务标准和职业首先规范，以及内部审计的权力来源，也就是向上报告的关系，理想的报告关系应该是在职能上向董事会审计委员会报告，而在行政上向CEO 报告这样的一种向上报告路径以及相关的报告规定，还有对外的协调，包括外部服务与组织内的其它确认部门以及客户。对内的内部审计部门管理包括人力资源、政策与资源、审计风险管理和质量保证项目等。 我们可以简单用内部审计流程梳理的方面来对第二科的知识要点串起一条线索来学习、理解和掌握。 一是内部审计部门 二是内部审计业务 三是内部审计程序 四是内部审计技术
绝密 考试结束前 全国2015年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题 课程代码:05844 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案写在答题纸上三 注意事项: 1.答题前, 考生务必将自己的考试课程名称二姓名二准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上三 2.用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上, 不能答在试题卷上三Ⅰ.T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s a n d e x p r e s s i o n s f r o mE n g l i s h i n t oC h i n e s e :(10%)1.p r i m a r y c o mm o d i t i e s 2.e x c h a n g e r a t e f l u c t u a t i o n 3.i n s u r a n c e p o l i c y 4.e c o n o m i c c o n f l i c t 5.v o l u n t a r y e x p o r t r e s t r i c t i o n 6.m a r k e t f l o o r 7.c o u n t e r -v e i l i n g m e a s u r e s 8.c o n s u m p t i o n p r e f e r e n c e 9.b u l k g o o d s 10.E u r o p e a nP a r l i a m e n t Ⅱ.T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s a n d e x p r e s s i o n s f r o mC h i n e s e i n t oE n g l i s h :(10%)11.预付现金 12.报价 13.唛头 14.储备货币 15.并购16.长期资本 17.关税区 18.双边贸易
新编国际商务英语阅读教程译文 第一单元国际贸易理论 重商主义 世界上第一个国际贸易理论——重商主义，产生于16世纪中期。重商主义宣 称金银是一国财富的支柱，是繁荣商业所不可或缺的。当时，金银是国家间的贸易 货币，出口国赚取金银，同样从他国进口货物，导致金银的外流。重商主义认为出 口大于进口从而保持贸易顺差是一国的根本利益。这样，一国积累金银，最终使国 家财富增加，国家地位得以提升。正如1930年，英国重商主义学者托马斯?孟所说: 增加一国财富的最普遍的做法是对外贸易，而且我们必须遵守这样的规则:每 年出口产品的价值要大于进口产品的价值。 遵循这一说法，重商主义提倡政府干涉，以确保贸易顺差。重商主义认为大量 的贸易额并没有什么益处。他们建议颁布政策以扩大出口，限制进口。具体做法可 以是对进口施加关税和对配额进行限制，对出口则给予补贴。 1752年古典经济学 家大卫?休谟指出了重商主义学说的缺陷。据休谟所说，如果英国对法国贸易顺差(即出口大于进口)，相应的金银的流入会导致英国国内货币供应充足，从而产生通 货膨胀。而法国会因为金银的外流产生相反的效应——通货紧缩，价格降低。英法 之间相对价格的变化将促使法国的进口商购买的英国货物数量减少(因为英国货物 变得昂贵)，英国的进口商将购买更多法国的货物(因为法国货物价格降低)。结 果，英国贸易收支状况不断恶化，法国贸易收支逐步得到改善，这种情况一直持续 到英国的顺差被抵消。因此，休谟认为，长期来看，没有国家能够如重商主义者所 想象的那样保持贸易顺差。 除了休谟指出的缺陷之外，重商主义的另一缺限在于其视国际贸易为零和博弈(零和博弈是指一国得益必导致另一国受损)。亚当?斯密和大卫?李嘉图指出了重商
《国际商务英语》期中考试题 i. Put the following from English into Chinese or vice versa. 1. terms of payment 付款方法 6.预付运费Prepaid freight 2. enclosed please find 随函寄上7.报CIF伦敦价格Quote CIF London price 3. by separate post 另行邮寄8.即期信用证Sight L／C 4. profit margin 边际利润9. 以我方为受益人in our favor 5. quantity discounts 数量折扣10. 装船通知Shipping advice ii. Translate the following sentences from English into Chinese. 1.Your company has been introduced to us by the Bank of China as prospective buyers of electronic products. As we deal in the items, we shall be pleased to establish direct business relations with you. 中国银行向我们介绍贵公司是有希望的电子产品买主。由于我们经营该商品，我们很乐意与你建立直接的贸易关系。 2.In reply to your letter dated March 28, we enclose our latest illustrated catalogue for your reference. 兹复你方3月28日函，我们附上最新的带有插图的目录，供你方参考。 3.We are interested in your “Red Flower” Brand Varnish(清漆), but regret to say that your price is about 8% higher than that of other suppliers for similar quality products. 我们对你方的“红色的花”牌清漆(清漆)感兴趣,但很遗憾你方的价格高于其他供应商质量相同的产品价格8%左右。 iii. Translate the following sentences from Chinese into English. 1.如果你方价格有竞争力，我们愿首次订购1200打，即各种型号各400打。 If your prices are competitive,we are willing to place our first order for 1200 dozen,ie,400 dozen of each type. 2.我们的产品在世界市场上十分畅销，以其优良的品质和合理的价格而值得介绍。 Our products are popular in the world market, with its excellent quality and reasonable price worth introduction. 3.请报最好的CIF上海价格，注明最早装运期。 Please quote us your best CIF Shanghai price, indicating the earliest time of shipment. 4.最近对我们的山地自行车需求量很大，我们不能保证新订货在6月30日之前交付。 recently, mountain bike great demand for us, there is no guarantee that new orders on June 30 before delivery. 5.我们已决定委托你方在中国独家代理我方的玩具产品。 We've decided to entrust you with the sole agent of our toy products in China iv. Translate the following letter into English. XX 先生： 我们感谢你方1月2日的询盘，并高兴地获悉你方愿与我们建立贸易关系。按照要求，现向你方报盘如下，以你方答复于20XX年11月7日前到达此地为有效。 规格：蝴蝶牌浴巾(Turkish towel) NJ011 数量：20000打 价格：纽约到岸价含佣金5%，每打22美圆。 包装：每盒一打，每一纸板箱20盒。
1.一项针对郊区住户收视偏好的调查，首先进行抽样。在选定的区域内对整体街区进行抽样。在选定的街区内，再对住户进行抽样。这种抽样类型属于： A:属性抽样 B:分层抽样 C:整群抽样 D:小等距抽样 2.内部审计与适当层面的管理层举办结束会议的目标是： A:告知董事会成员业务结果。 B:向首席执行官提交最终的审计报告。 C:获取用以评价内部控制的信息。 D:为适当的管理活动承担义务。 3.首席审计执行官应该为以下哪项制定政策？ A:索引并保留工作底稿类型。 B:对个别的业务所用时间进行界定。 C:界定标准化的核对符号并确保遵守它们。 D:确保审计过程中的所有观察都做出了书面记录。
4.当审计目标是要评价所设计的控制系统能保证发货业务都被付款，应从哪项总体中抽取样本？ A:预先编号的客户发票。 B:客户的应收账款。 C:预先编号的送货凭证。 D:现金收据。 5.内部审计师编制的工作底稿中含有一系列员工的名单和身份证号码，并有如下表述：按随机数表与员工身份证号码抽出40位员工的个人档案，经证实这些档案包含公司某政策所要求的全部文件，未发现例外情况。内部审计师未在工作底稿上加任何勾号标记。以下哪种变化最能改进这位审计师的工作底稿？ A:采用勾号标记来显示对每份文件的检查情况。 B:隐去员工姓名以做到保密。 C:证明样本量规模是否合适。 D:列出对每位员工的实际检查文件。 6.通用审计软件（GAS）允许审计师： A:监控应用程序的执行。 B:对包含实际数据和虚拟数据的主文件进行数据测试。 C:从文件中选择抽样数据项和检查计算结果。 D:在日常应用程序中插入特定的审计方法。
Unit 1~2 Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者 Trade surplus 贸易顺差 Quota and tariff 配额和关税 Government intervention 政府干预 Zero-sum game 零和博弈 Positive-sum game 常和博弈 The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论 The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论 Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论 Product life cycle 产品生命周期（+theory ……理论） Economies of scale 规模经济 Diminishing returns 收益递减规律 Green revolution 绿色革命 Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制 Deposit 佣金 First mover advantage 先占优势 Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒 Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论 National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势 The department of commerce 商务部 Letter of credit 信用证 Draft /bill of exchange 汇票 bill of lading B/L 提单 Sight draft 即期汇票 Time draft 远期汇票 Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑（+bill …汇票） Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票 Countertrade 对等贸易 Barter 易货贸易 Switch trading 转手贸易 Offset 抵消 Counter purchase 互购贸易 Compensation trade 补偿贸易 Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口） Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差） It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损） Absolute Advantage 绝对优势 Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it 亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势 According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品 The Benefit（好处） of Absolute Advantage and Free Trade The Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势 The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易 1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动； the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率；the Quantity of Production 产品质量。 2. To Consumer: Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费 Comparative Advantage比较优势 Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，
国际商务英语词汇1 《国际商务英语》串讲笔记1A abroad adv. 在国外，出国，广泛流传 absence n. 缺席，离开 absent adj. 不在，不参与 absenteeism n. (经常性)旷工，旷职 absorb v. 吸收，减轻(冲击、困难等)作用或影响abstract n. 摘要 access n. 接近(或进入)的机会，享用权 v. 获得使用计算机数据库的权利 accommodation n. 设施，住宿 account n. 会计帐目 accountancy n. 会计工作 accountant n. 会计 accounts n. 往来帐目 account for 解释，说明 account executive n. (广告公司)客户经理 *accruals n. 增值，应计 achieve v. 获得或达到，实现，完成 acknowledge v. 承认，告知已收到(某物)，承认某人acquire v. 获得，得到 *acquisition n. 收购，被收购的公司或股份 acting adj. 代理的
activity n. 业务类型 actual adj. 实在的，实际的，确实的adapt v. 修改，适应 adjust v. 整理，使适应 administration n. 实施，经营，行政administer v. 管理，实施 adopt v. 采纳，批准，挑选某人作候选人advertise v. 公布，做广告 ad n. 做广告，登广告 advertisement n. 出公告，做广告advertising n. 广告业 after-sales service n. 售后服务agenda n. 议事日程 agent n. 代理人，经纪人 allocate v. 分配，配给 amalgamation n. 合并，重组 ambition n. 强烈的欲望，野心 *amortise v. 摊还 analyse v 分析，研究 analysis n. 分析，分析结果的报告analyst n. 分析家，化验员 annual adj. 每年的，按年度计算的annual general meeting (AGM) 股东年会anticipate v. 期望
广东外语外贸大学公开学院辅导资料 国际商务英语试卷（一） 课程代码：05844 I. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%） 1.International business 2.GDP 3.Free trade area 4.Multinational corporation 5.Specialization 6.specific duty 7.roll on roll off 8.EDI 9.article number 10.auction Ⅱ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English （10%） 11.返倾销 12.最惠国条款 13.贴现 14.充分就业 15.保兑信用证 16.零库存 17.代位，取代 18.保护主义 19.免除条款（豁免条款） 20.证券交易所 Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right （10%） 21.contracting party a. amount above what is estimated as necessary 22.gilts b. a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern 23.cyclical c. recurring in cycles 24.affiliate d. stocks issued by government 25.legal action e. an action taken against some one in accordance with the law. 26.margin f. a country or firm that signs a legal agreement 27.pooling g. a trace of land including its buildings 28.verified data h. a set of international rules for the interpretation of