Title: The Influence of Mother Tongue on Foreign Language Learning
ⅠIntroduction:
1 Significance
Under the development of the world, it is increasingly globalized. According to the Bible, there is a story said about Babel tower. Generally speaking, the Jesus is afraid that people become stronger and stronger, so he builds this tower and let people speaking different languages in order to stop their connections. So the language barrier of communication is a big problem to be solved. We may know that Language acquisition seems very important. Mother tongue has a close relationship with foreign language acquisition .Its function cannot be ignored. One book (戴炜栋.新编简明英语语言学教程.上海：上海外语教育出版社，2007) said that The studies on the mother tongue acquisition have influenced enormously those on foreign language acquisition at both theoretical and practical levels . Theoretically the new findings and advances in mother tongue acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding foreign language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyzed data in mother tongue acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of foreign language acquisition. When people learn a new language,
they are always used to transferring directly from mother tongue to the new language .That phenomenon is called language transfer. It can be divided into two parts, that is, positive transfer and negative transfer. Positive transfer can help or facilitate and negative transfer can be interference for learning foreign language.
2, Brief introduction of the paper
My paper will focus the point of the influence of mother tongue on foreign language acquisition. It will be divided into four chapters .First, I will talk about the connections between them, I’d like to research from their own acquisition process .then I will talk about the role of mother tongue in foreign language learning .From it we can get an brief understanding about language transfer .And the last two chapter, I will pay more attention on two parts language transfer, positive transfer and negative transfer.
3, Structure
Chapter one: connections between mother tong acquisition and foreign language learning (mother tongue has provided basis to understanding and learning foreign language)
Chapter two: the function of mother tongue acquisition to foreign language acquisition (Mother tongue has a great function on foreign language learning, which is showing on a new concept about language transfer)
Chapter three: positive language transfer (positive language transfer helps a lot in foreign language learning)
Chapter four: negative language transfer (negative language transfer in some degrees interferes people in learning foreign language)
4, Research questions:
1 what is the connection between mother tongue acquisition and
foreign language acquisition?
2 Does mother tongue have influences on foreign language
learning? How?
3 what is language transfer? And what about its historical
research?
4 what aspects does the positive language transfer show in?
5 what aspects does the negative language transfer show in?
ⅡLiterature Review
2.1language transfer
Language transfer has developed for centries.In 1950s and 1960s, there was a contrastive analysis raised by Lado in 1957 .Lado thinks that as for second language acquisition, there is a complex factor –the influence of first language acquisition .Lado also believes that the only barrier of foreign language learning is the interference from mother
tongue .according to the contrastive analysis, the mistakes in foreign language learning is mainly from the language system of mother tongue. However, the research of the mistakes has showed that there is some other factors lead to making mistakes. So people change their view form the opinion of behaviorism to the thought of cognitive .at the end of 1960s, cored raised a theory about Error analysis. it helps people to learn well .In 1972 ,Selinker firstly pointed that about interlanguage .As a cognitive theory ,the interlanguage theory considers that the process of the second language acquisition looks as a process of continuous building new language system .For Nemser , pointed out that the process of interlanguage is an Approximate System .As to that how to understand the function of mother tongue in second language acquisition ,there are two theories .One is restructuring continuum ,the other one is creative construction .In 1980s ,Chomsky thinks the rule of the core grammar is unmarked and the rule of the peripheral grammar is marked .With the development of this theory ,many linguistics begin to utilize it on the area of second language acquisition to explain the phenomenon of language transfer.
2.2 My contribution
I do the research on the influence of mother tongue to
foreign language acquisition , through the language
transfer ,analyze the positive language transfer and negative
language transfer to help people .When people learn a
foreign language ,they will find some tips or some rules , they
can learn more quicker .
Ⅲ Mythology
I use the theoretical way to do my research paper .It is base
on linguistics about language acquisition .I will divide four parts to describe .And the theory of language transfer is my
essential point which I will pay more attention to research.Specifically speaking ,I will anaylze it on the historical older . According to the development of it , the
experience of some scholars can be used for my reference .I use the library and computer to help me to do the research.
Ⅳ Outline
1 The relationship between mother tong acquisition and foreign
language learning
1.1 The procedure of mother tongue acquisition
1.2 The procedure of foreign language acquisition
1.3 Above on this, we may know the connection between
mother tongue acquisition and foreign language acquisition
2 The function of mother tongue acquisition to foreign language
acquisition
2.1 language transfer
2.1.1 Definition
2.1.2 Historical research
3 Positive language transfers
3.1 definitions
3.2 transfer in many parts
3.2.1 Phonetics
3.2.2 Grammar
3.2.3 The way of thinking
4 Negative language transfers
4.1 definitions
4.2 transfer in many parts
4.2.1 Phonetics
4.2.2 Grammar
4.2.3 The way of thinking
Ⅴ Schedule
2009-11 Select topic
2009-12 Proposals
2009-1—2009-2 Search information
2009-3 First draft
2009-4 Second draft
2009-5 Third draft
Ⅵ Bibliography
[1] 戴炜栋，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海，上海外语教育出版社，2007
[2] Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax [M]. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,
1965.
[3] Chomsky, N. Reflections on Language [M]. London: Temple Smith, 1976.
[4] Chomsky, N. Lectures on Government and Binding [M]. Dordrecht: Foris, 1981 b.
[5] Chomsky, N. Language and Problems of Knowledge: the Nicaraguan Lectures [M].
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988.
[6] Chomsky, N. The Theory of Principles and Parameters [M]. Cambridge, Mass.:
MIT Press, 1993.
[7] Cook, V Chomsky's universal grammar and second language learning. [J] Applied
Linguistics, 6: 2-18, 1985.
PROPOSAL
班级：131604
姓名：韦佳琦
学号：061582
Research Proposal N.Mavaddat Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering The University of Western Australia Crawley,W.A.6009 navid@https://www.doczj.com/doc/0314478686.html,.au April2002 A.Proposed Study 1.Title Automatic Determination of Vanishing Points and Geometric Cues for Single View Recti?cation and Metrology. 2.Contribution From a single two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object or scene it is possible to extract substantial information about the original object or even partially reconstruct the image of the object from a di?erent viewing angle.[4]This has many applications in the?elds of architecture, archaeology,forensic science and many others.This analysis can provide,in the case of metrology, measurement of the original scene,and in the case of recti?cation,the necessary information to construct a virtual model of the scene.A critical part of the analysis process is to accurately identify attributes of interest. One such attribute of interest are the‘vanishing points’of a scene.These are de?ned as points at which the extensions of parallel lines appear to converge in the perspective view of the image. In practice the detection of the vanishing points is made by visual inspection of the image and is both cumbersome and not very accurate.An automatic method of the vanishing point detection would eliminate the subjective inspection of the image and expedite the process. In my Honours project I was able to advance a method for automatic detection of the vanish-ing points through the combination of image analysis techniques and projective geometry.The method was successfully applied to the detection of the vanishing points for several images and reconstruction of images from di?erent perspectives.However,the above method can only be readily implemented when there are su?cient straight lines in the image that can be detected by computational methods and their convergence point determined.In general the two-dimensional images may contain none or a very few straight lines.Hence the proposed method has to be much improved and augmented to be a useful tool for practical applications.The attributes of interest are not con?ned to vanishing points.Other attributes such a horizon lines are also useful for single view image analysis.These attributes have yet to be explored and their detection processes automated.Further work includes the development of prototypes for proposed applications of single view metrology and recti?cation. In addition to vanishing points,other geometrical cues can greatly assist the accuracy and feasi-bility of single view metrology.These geometrical cues include determination of right angles and
How to write a research proposal You are to write a research proposal of about 2000 words, maximum 8 type-written pages (including figures and tables), double-spaced. Fonts should be set at 12-point. Objectives The idea behind this research proposal is I would like to see whether you are able to identify outstanding issues that more research could help to clarify. Writing the proposal will then help you achieve four important objectives: (1) to expand your knowledge of cognitive neuroscience by focusing on two areas that are of particular interest to you, (2) to further develop your skills as a critical reader of psychological research, and (3) to develop your scientific writing skills. General Requirements In this research proposal, you are asked to demonstrate your ability to integrate information across topics covered in the course. In the proposal, you should critically review two areas of cognitive neuroscience and then propose an experiment that would help to address an integrative question or issue. Choose any two sections from the course outline, such as Attention and Memory, and discuss how they are (or might be) related. For example, you might want to discuss the role of attention in memory. Alternatively, you might wish to discuss some general principles of cortical organization, such as modularity and central processing, and how they apply to two different areas you have studied. I guess you will find that there are a great number of potential topics you could pick. The best way would be to take something that interests you. You should then try to define what you picked narrowly. You need not deal with the entire topic area (e.g., all of language, all of perception), but choose smaller, more manageable topic (e.g., perception of living things and spatial attention; the function of the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). If you define your topic too generally there will simply be too much relevant research, making it very difficult to decide which the most relevant papers are. Required sections of the proposal The proposal must contain the following sections: Title page – Abstract – Introduction – Methods – Predicted Results – References. ? Title page ? Abstract: One (1) paragraph that briefly describes the area of interest and the research question that will be addressed in the proposal. Put the abstract on a separate page, immediately following the title page. ? Introduction: This section should describe the research area and findings from previous studies. Write in a goal-directed manner. By this I mean you will eventually be proposing some experiment in your proposal. Therefore, the literature review should be designed so that it discusses an issue or question that needs to be addressed in that area and provides a rationale for your proposed study. Moreover, you should structure your Introduction so that the motivation for your proposal becomes clear. To achieve that you should begin with a relatively big issue and then focus down to the specific issue you are interested in, highlighting the aspects of previous research (e.g. some methodological flaw in previous approaches) that your proposal is meant to address. By the end of the Introduction the reader should have a very good idea of what the central issue of your proposal will be. Your Introduction should reference at least three research articles (see the section about references). (Maximum length of the Introduction: 3 double-spaced pages).
To: College of Business Administration Dean’s Office From: Zihao Fu Subject: A Proposal for setting up a food truck beside the new business building Introduction As the construction began in September, the new business building is finally coming to us. Taking up 140,00 square feet of space the building will have one 250-person lecture hall, three tiered 80-person classrooms, thirteen 50-person classrooms, three 50-station computer labs and many other features. This is definitely exciting for students, as they will be enjoying the business education in a fresh environment with brand new facilities. Faculties should also be pleased with bigger and brighter offices. The new business building can also work as an attraction that appeals to potential future K-State students. Since this is still a very early stage of the construction, it is still feasible for us to add more practical features to the building to better dealing with potential problems. Meanwhile the proposal can also increase the overall attractiveness of College of Business. Problem Description In the blueprint of the new business building we could see that a coffee shop is included. However, having only one coffee shop may not be sufficient. At a round 11 o’clock to 1 o’clock is the “peak hours” f or lunch. Long-winded lines are very common in Union’ food court, Einstein Bros Bagels as well as Derby Dining Center. It is hard to imagine a coffee shop with limited capacity can serve the whole business school, which has the biggest amount of undergraduate students in the university, efficiently. Taking a close look at the campus map I could not help but notice that the new business building is located at the Southeast side of the campus and seems to be alienated from other major buildings. With only one dining facility near the building can result in students who are taking classes at noon in the building has very limited choice for lunch. In addition, they will have to walk a long way to other dining facilities around the campus. Some other students might decide not to have lunch due to the intense schedule and the tiring long way. However, the lacking of essential nutrition and energy intake can cause really negative impact on students’ brain function. The lacking of concentration and reduce students’ attention in class, which ultimately affects their academic performance. Hence, I am proposing a solution to the problem.
Proposal for Junior Achievement Project Yanqin Fu Xiaoping Hu South Westfalia University of Applied Science
Table of Contents Executive Summary (1) Statement of Need (2) Project Description (4) Project Evaluation (7) Budget (8) Organization Profile (12) Timeline (13) Conclusion (14) Appendices (15)
Executive Summary With the fast growth of college graduate population, it is more and more difficult for students to find a job. Under this circumstance, setting up new businesses is becoming an effective way out. The government of China is laying great effort to encourage students to start up businesses. “Booming private capital is key to overall economic development”, says Prime Ministry Wen Jiabao. However, the lack of knowledge and experience is setting obstacles for the students. Therefore, we need urgently to strengthen students’ability in doing business. This proposal aims at introducing how the organization “Brilliant” plans to carry out the project of fostering entrepreneurship of college students in Hangzhou, and asking for a fund of 833,000 yuan to support the project.
May 21,2013 Dear Mr.Michael James, Re:Application for Most Improved Organisation Award I am writing to apply for the Most Improved Award which I have seen advertised in "China Daily" of Monday 14th April 2013. We are LDs Car Ltd Company.Our headquarter is located in No.569,Yuelu Road,Yuelu District,Changsha,Hunan,China.And we have 40 branches,13 in China and the other 27 branches in US,UK,Australia and Canada respectively.We are specialize in producing user-friendly cars in the world.Although our company has 50 years long history,being considered as traditional car brand,we never stop the step by developing new technologies and updating our products in coincide with up-to-date technology.Innovation and Low-Carbon Concept are new corporate philosophy. Last year,our research and development department designed a new model car which is called "Solar Powered Auto".This new model car has a attractive appearance and comfortable interior layout.The most breaking point is that we use solar energy rather than traditional petrol to power car itself.Thus we have built a important landmark in the car field. Through our promotion we have tried in the Chinese market ,we can easily find that the district economy has considerably improved due to the fact that our new products had increased the domestic consumption.Also,the feedback of field surveys from our customers shows that most of them satisfied with the environment-friendly cars. If we can win this award,we will make full use of the prize money to benefit our staff.Basically,the cash gifts will be given to those highly hardworking employees.We will also offer sticky rewards ,such as an all-expense-paid trip for an employee and his or her spouse,physical health check-ups,memberships or discounts on membership fees at health clubs and fitness centers and so on. With this great improvement our business has made,I believe that our company is totally qualified for this award. In the meantime,if you require any further information about our company,please do not hesitate to call me.My phone number is 342566658.I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely,
Project Title Team Leader: Members: Project Time In troducti on: Stateme nt of Problem Project Objectives Project Plan s(Acti ons &Man ageme nt) Feasibility(Capability&Cost) Schedule Example 1: (Note: It ' s only an example. There are three rows in the table,
but defi nitely, you may add more lines to it. And duri ng the same period, differe nt people may work on differe nt tasks in stead of all the people doing the same thing. Please refer to the 2 nd table.) Example 2: Con clusi on Refere nces Prepari ng Stage for a Proposal Project scope -A developme nt(bike,car,airpla ne,ship,robot) -A mecha ni cal desig n(tool,system,toy) -An improveme nt of a mecha ni cal product -A prototype of an inven ti on -An engin eeri ng research Choose model
每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是的写作。它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义 何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说， 好的是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的很烂，可能根本就不会有开始 研究的机会。 a ? 能否写出漂亮的，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。 英文的自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到 最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。[点击这里，查看更多关于以及、写作的网上资源] 文章作者 T. P. , ., . ( , . , , ). 题为： a . 全文转载如下： a , . , ’s a ’s . . A , , , a . A a . , a . , : , . , a , . , . A . , , . . : . , , “ . . .” . a , . , , . ’s , . : a 300 . , , ( ), . , , . : . . a , , . , a , . , . A , . , a “” , . , a . , . , “ ” . , .
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Introduction This proposal sets out to examine options for the successful globalization of our ‘Borders’ brand. The initial market under consideration is Continental Europe. For the purposes of this proposal, we will be considering three aspects of the brand, namely our logo, the ‘Borders’ concept and finally, the product itself, ‘Borders’ wellington boots. Findings The following points summarise our key findings. ?It was found that our existing logo, a pair of wellington boots encircled by the word ‘Borders’, is visual enough to be used in markets where English is not widely spoken. ?Attitudes to outerwear differ throughout Europe and our boots are likely to appeal to different market sectors in different countries. This has serious implications for the benefits we wish to publicise. Although Danish farmers would be willing to purchase such a high quality, product, farmers in some countries would be unlikely to choose a British brand over a domestic product. However, the very Britishness of the product would appeal to the style-conscious elements of the French and Italian markets, summoning up images of the English upper classes and country houses. ?Our current product is multi-purpose and as such would not need adapting to suit different sectors of the European market.
Project Title Team Leader: Members: Project Time Introduction: Statement of Problem Project Objectives Project Plans(Actions &Management) Feasibility(Capability&Cost) Schedule lines to it. And during the same period, different people may work on different tasks instead of all the people doing the same thing. Please refer to the 2nd table.)
Example 2: Conclusion References
Preparing Stage for a Proposal Project scope -A model development(bike,car,airplane,ship,robot) -A mechanical design(tool,system,toy) -An improvement of a mechanical product -A prototype of an invention -An engineering research Choose is small and management is somewhat novel does not duplicate existing products search the web for possible competitors
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 0 Introduction (1) Findings and Analysis............................................................ (2) ●Opportunities (3) ●Premises (5) ●Services (6) ●Strengths (6) ●Facilities (6) ●Staff (7) ●Schedule.................................................................... . (8) ●Cost Breakdown (8) ●Risk Management (9) ●Ben efits (9) Conclusion (1) Appendix es 1.Analysis of the Business (11) 2.Customer P rofiles….……………………………………………………… .13 3.Focus Groups (15) 4.SWO T Analysis (17) 5.Objective SMART Analysis (19) 6.Action Plan (21) 7.Activity Chart (23) 8.Project Costs (25) 9.Risk Analysis and Management Plan (27) 10.Logical Framework of the Project (28) （以上Findings and Analysis部分仅为参考内容，请各位依照自己项目计划的实
THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL TEMPLATE This document has been set up to assist students in preparing the text for their research proposal. It is NOT intended as a document to guide you through your research proposal development, but to assist you in setting out the proposal, in terms of text layout, section headings and sub-sections. The Research Proposal is a complete description of the intended research, developed under the supervision of the assigned supervisor. Through the full proposal, the student needs to demonstrate convincingly that the study will make a contribution to a public health issue or problem. The full research proposal must be between 5 and 10 pages and should present the following: ?Title ?Brief Introduction ?Background and statement of the problem (this in the light of a thorough literature review) ?Research question or hypothesis, aim and objectives ?Study design (type of study) ?Study population and sampling ?Data collection methods and instruments ?Data analysis methods – if applicable statistical planning must be fully addressed, or the candidate should provide evidence that statistics are not required. ?Mechanisms to assure the quality of the study – e.g. control of bias, safe storage of data ?Study period - Timetable for completion of the project ?Participants in the study – all people involved in the study, and the role they play, should be identified.* ?Ethical considerations ?Resources required for the study, including budget if applicable ?References ?Appendices (copy of questionnaire, consent forms, etc.) How to use this template: The template provides ALL the sections, headings and subheadings that you will require in your proposal, as well as the line and paragraph spacing, page breaks, page numbering, referencing system and referencing styles. You should simply edit the text where appropriate and insert your own text as per your proposal, i.e simply type into the document. Do not attempt to change the styles for the headings or subheadings, and do not attempt to use more than three level headings (i.e A main heading, a sub-heading and a sub-sub-heading). WHEN YOU ARE DONE, DELETE THIS FRONT INSTRUCTION PAGE FROM YOUR PROPOSAL If you feel you are sufficiently computer literate, you could add this template to your Templates directory in your Office system files. This will allow you to select this template at any time in the future when you prepare proposals. To do this, go to the “Menu Bar”, select File > Save As…, when the dialog box appears, at the bottom, under “save as type”, select “Document Template”. The MS Office Templates directory automatically appears. You could name your file “Proposal Template” (which should appear as a default in the dialog box, at the bottom, under “Save As”). Your template is now saved in the C:\Documents and Settings\User\Application Data\Microsoft\Templates directory. When you next wish to use this template, click on File > New, the “task pane” that appears on the right side of your screen will prompt you to use a template, click on “on my computer…”, and from the dialog box that appears, select your template “Proposal Template”. This brings up the template with all its saved fonts, paragraph settings etc. Once again, simply insert your text, and this time, save your file normally, and NOT as a template! When you have finished typing, then return to the Contents Page, place your cursor on the greyed out section, right click with the mouse, and select “Update entire table”