我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择
熊卫
【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。
【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略
1引言
长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。
2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题
(一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面：
1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。
2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。
3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
目前的市场，不限制所有服务行业的现有市场准入和活动。同时在辅助分销的服务方面也作出了类似的承诺。这些方面的限制将在以后3—4年内逐步取消，在此期间，国外的服务供应商可以建立百分之百的全资拥有的分支机构或经营机构，国内物流服务业将直面国际竞争。
(二)资源浪费严重，第三方物流效率不高。从微观上看，由于受计划经济体制的影响，长期以来许多企业，尤其是国有企业走的是“大而全”、“小而全”的路子，它们拥有自己的仓库、车队、甚至远洋船队，造成物流过程的大量浪费，具体表现为仓库的闲置，物流业经营分散，组织化程度低，横向联合薄弱。而能够提供一体化、现代化、专业化、准时化、高效服务的第三方物流企业则很少。从宏观上看第三方物流未能跟上经济发展的步伐形成产业化经营的模式，而仅仅是同交通运输、邮电通讯、商业物资、对外贸易等行业的综合与协作。
(三)缺乏系统性管理，装备标准化程度低。目前我国大部分第三方物流企业是传统体制下物资流通企业基础上发展起来的，服务内容主要停留在仓储、运输上，缺乏系统性管理，物流的效率低，第三方物流的功能得不到有效发挥。另外，我国物流部门条块分割，使得物流环节中运输方式与装备标准不统一，流物设施标准不配套，导致第三方物流无效作业的增加，速度降低和成本上升。
(四)第三方物流平台构筑滞后，信息化程度低。第三方物流配送平台包括实体网络和信息网络，实体网络指物流设施、交通工具、交通枢纽等在地理位置上的合理布局而形成的有形网络；信息网络指第三方物流企业与客户利用信息技术，把各自的信息资源链整合而形成共享的信息资源网络。我国实体网络的现状是：第三方物流装备水平较低，而且信息网络也缺乏必要的公共物流交流平台。
(五)国内企业的物流管理观念仍然十分落后，极大制约着第三方物流的发展。例如：有些企业认为库存等信息是商业机密，必须由企业自身来管理，而对将该类企业活动外包出去的管理理念难以接受，往往造成企业自身物流控制管理水平低下，削弱了企业的市场竞争力。
3产生问题的原因分析
(一)缺乏现代化物流知识和专业物流管理人才。这一点是目前制约中国第三方物流业发展的最主要的瓶颈之一。物流知识，尤其是现代综合的第三方物流知识远未得到普及，只是知道它的主要的业务领域是提供运输和仓储服务，而不知道它是对这些传统业
务的新的整合，其业务领域也远过单纯的运输和仓储而成为连接原料、半成品供应、生产过程中物料流动、成品配送的全过程的服务，成为涵盖商流、实物流、资金流、信息流等于系统的综合体系。
(二)未能有效利用现代科技手段。这种现状极大地制约了第三方物流企业的培育，影响了企业综合竞争实力的提高。中国加入世贸组织，国内第三方物流企业将面临来自国外的强有力的竞争，国内第三方物流业很难提供低成本、高质量、高效率的服务。
(三)受到传统管理体制的制约。在传统的条块分割的体制安排下，第三方物流的许多活动被割裂至各个不同部门，如交通运输、邮电通讯、对外贸易、国内贸易等，仅运输业就牵涉到铁道部、交通部等若干部门，部门之间缺乏高效协作，致使运输过程中各运输方式的转动环节耗费大量时间和成本，成为物流过程中的“陷阱”。此外还有海关管理程序、物资采购等方面的一些规定也影响了物流企业综合服务水平的提高和业务领域的拓展，进而制约了第三方物流产业的快速发展。
4第三方物流企业的战略选择
归纳国外几种最新的物流理论，并结合当前国外第三方物流发展实践，第三方物流企业的战略选择可以有以下三种：
(一)精益物流战略
由于物流理论和实践的滞后，我国大部分第三方物流企业还是粗放式经营，还不能准确定位自己的物流服务。如果不尽快扭转这一局面，将对我国第三方物流业的发展产生制约作用。精益物流理论的产生，为我国的第三方物流企业提供了一种新的发展思路，为这些企业在新经济中生存和发展提供了机遇。精益物流起源于精益制造的概念。它产生于日本丰田汽车公司在上世纪70年代所独创的“丰田生产系统”，后经美国麻省理工学院教授研究和总结，正式发表在1990年出版的《改变世界的机器)一书中。精益思想是指运用多种现代管理方法和手段，以社会需求为依据，以充分发挥人的作用为根本，有效配置和合理使用企业资源，最大限度地为企业谋求经济效益的一种新型的经营管理理念。精益物流则是精益思想在物流管理中的应用，是物流发展中的必然反映。所谓精益物流是指：通过消除生产和供应过程中的非增值的浪费，以减少备货时间，提高客户满意度。精益物流的目标在于根据顾客需求，提供顾客满意的物流服务，同时追求把提供物流服务过程中的浪费和延迟降至最低程度，不断提高物流服务过程的增值效益。精益物流系统的特点在于它是高质量、低成本、不断完善、由顾客需求拉动型的物流系统。
它要求树立顾客第一的思想、准时、准确、快速地传递物流和信息流。
总之，精益物流作为一种全新的管理思想，势必会对我国的第三方物流企业产生深远的影响，它的出现将改变第三方物流企业的粗放式的管理观念，形成第三方物流企业的核心竞争力。
(二)建立中小型第三方物流企业的价值链联盟
中小型的第三方物流企业由于本身不能独立提供全程一站式物流服务的缺点，同时由于资产规模小、服务地域不宽使中小型第三方物流企业在我国物流业中处于劣势。因此对于中小型第三方物流企业来说，从企业自身资源出发，构造各自的核心竞争力才是关键。由于中小型第三方物流企业功能的单一与不完备，因此建立在各自的核心竞争力基础上构造的物流业务的合作是一种有效弥补企业能力缺陷，构成物流竞争优势的可行方法。价值链是采用系统方法来考察企业所有活动及其相互作用以及分析获得企业竞争优势的各种资源。企业的价值活动分为两大类：基本活动和辅助活动。基本活动是涉及产品的物质创造及销售、转移给买方和售后服务的各种活动。辅助活动是辅助基本活动并通过提供外购收入、技术、人力资源以及各种职能以相互支持。运用价值链理论来分析考察第三方物流企业的价值链构成，可以发现，在辅助活动方面，第三方物流企业与一般企业并没有什么不同，而在基本活动方面第三方物流企业有其特点。第三方物流企业一般不存在商品生产过程，只有流通环节的再加工过程，不占主要环节，广泛的第三方物流企业的基本作业活动因而变成存储、运输、包装、配送、客户服务及市场等环节。基本作业活动的各环节，由于企业自身资源和能力的有限，不可能在每一个环节中都占有优势，这种在某些价值链环节方面的不足，造成了企业整体物流机能的不完备，缺乏相应的竞争力，使某些具有相对优势的价值链环节也因整体的不足而发挥不出应有的功效。所以物流产业内的中小型第三方物流企业联盟，应该是建立在彼此之间价值链基础上的互补性合作，充分利用专业性物流公司的专业化物流机能和物流代理企业的组织协调的柔性化综合物流能力的互补性。对于中小型第三方物流企业来说，应该从企业价值链的优势环节入手，发掘并形成企业的核心竞争力，通过价值链的重构来扬长避短。
(三)大型第三方物流企业的虚拟化战略
在IT和互联网飞速发展的时代，企业不能单打独拼，而必须在竞争中求协作，在协作中求发展。因此，产生于现代条件下的现代大型第三方物流的虚拟化发展有很强的必要性。大型第三方物流企业的虚拟化是指物流经营人将他人的资源为己“所有”，通
过网络，把他人变成自己物流的一部分，借助他人的力量突破有形界限，延伸、实现自身的各种功能，进而扩展自己的能力，增强自己的实力。所以，物流的虚拟化是以信息技术为连接和协调手段的临时性、动态联盟形式的虚拟物流。现代综合物流的虚拟化，以电子通讯技术为手段，以客户为中心，以机会为基础，以参与成员的核心能力为条件，以协议目标和任务为共同追求，把不同地区、国家的现有资源迅速组合成一种没有围墙，超越空间约束，靠电子网络手段联系，统一指挥的虚拟经营实体，以最快的速度推出高质量、低成本的物流服务。
现代大型第三方物流的虚拟化包括功能、组织、地域三个方面的虚拟化。功能虚拟化是第三方物流企业借助IT技术将分布在不同地点、不同企业内承担不同职能的物流资源(信息、人力、物质等资源)组织起来去完成特定的任务，实现社会资源的优化。组织虚拟化是指物流组织的结构始终是动态调整的，不是固定不变的，而且具有分散化、柔性化、自主管理、扁平的网络结构，自己可根据目标和环境的变化进行再组合，及时反映市场动态。地域虚拟是指第三方物流企业通过互联网络将全球物流资源连接起来，消除障碍和国家壁垒，使生产管理实现“天涯若比邻”。
外文文献原文部分
China's third-party logistics problems, causes and strategic choice
Xiong Wei
Abstract: China's logistics industry has just started, third-party logistics and other aspects of the theory and practice are relatively weak. The paper points out the problems of the Third Party Logistics is the gap between domestic and international third party logistics, logistics efficiency is not high, the lack of systematic management, and logistics platform to build lag behind the concept of logistics management, and so on. Analyzed the causes of such problems arising and proposed lean logistics, small and medium enterprise value chain alliances third party logistics, large third-party logistics companies such as virtualization strategy choice of three third-party logistics enterprise development strategies.
Keywords:Third party logistics;lean logistics strategy;value chain alliances; virtualization strategy
1. Introduction
For a long time, China's domestic enterprises procurement, transportation, warehousing, agents, packaging, processing, distribution and other aspects of control is not strong, in the "Procurement black hole", "Logistics trap" in the waste is difficult to calculate losses. Therefore, third-party logistics research, the overall effectiveness in promoting the improvement of China's economy has a very important theoretical and practical significance. This article attempts to my policy of three logistics problems and analysis of the causes of and propose several possible third-party logistics strategic choice.
2 Third party logistics industry in China's major problems
(A) The national policy of three logistics companies and foreign big gap between third-party logistics companies, specifically in the following areas:
1, economies of scale and capital gap significantly. Because third-party logistics companies large foreign strategic departure from the global business, its advantages of scale and capital
is no doubt, especially start-up period of three logistics policy I, its very small size, strong capital that foreign giants China enterprises to shame.
2, I state policy of the logistics enterprises provide three logistics service level and quality control rather than foreign counterparts. When some domestic enterprise is still in logistics interpreted as "trucks, add warehouse logistics enterprises abroad already completed a series of standardized transformation. Meanwhile, foreign logistics organizational ability so powerful, Germany, for example, a third-party logistics company, all aspects of logistics experts across all over Europe. If the goods by a customer needs of different countries, so these experts from all over Europe in online design a the best logistics solutions. This provides solutions is the ability that the core competence of third-party logistics companies, unlike domestic companies claim to having many ship, how many car.
3, China's accession to WTO, lower the threshold of the logistics industry. The logistics service industry: our commitment to all of the services sector, after a reasonable transition period, to cancel most of the foreign equity limit does not restrict access to foreign service providers the current market, do not restrict all the service sectors and the existing market access activities. The secondary distribution services while also making a similar commitment. These restrictions will be phased out after 3-4 years, during which foreign service providers can create a hundred per cent wholly-owned subsidiaries or business sector, the domestic logistics industry will face international competition.
(B) serious waste of resources, third party logistics efficiency is not high. From the microscopic point of view, due to the impact of the planned economy, a long time many enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises to go the "large", "small" route, they have their own warehouse, fleet, and even ocean-going vessels team, resulting in wasting a lot of the logistics process, the specific performance of the idle warehouse, logistics decentralized operation, the low level of organization, transverse joint weak. And to provide integrated, modern, professional, punctual, efficient services to third-party logistics enterprises are very small. From a macro point of view of economic development of third-party logistics failed to keep up with the pace of the formation of industrial management model, but only with the transportation, telecommunications, commercial materials, foreign trade and other sectors of
the integration and collaboration.
(C) the lack of systematic management, equipment standardization is low. Most of the current third-party logistics enterprises in China under the traditional system based on materials circulation enterprises developed, the service mainly stay in the storage, transportation, lack of systematic management, logistics, low efficiency, lack of effective third party logistics functions Play. In addition, the fragmentation of China's logistics sector, making the link in the transportation logistics and equipment standards are not uniform, does not support current standards for physical facilities, resulting in the increase in third-party logistics invalid operation, speed, and reduce costs.
(D) third-party logistics platform to build lag, lower degree of information technology. Third-party logistics and distribution platforms, including physical network and information network, physical network refers to the logistics facilities, transportation, transportation hubs in the geographical location of the rational distribution and the formation of physical network; information networks that use third-party logistics business and information technology, Information resources to their chain integration and the formation of a shared network of information resources. The status of physical network are: low levels of third-party logistics and equipment, and information networks also lack the necessary public logistics platform. (E) the concept of logistics management of domestic enterprises is still very backward, which greatly restricts the development of third party logistics. For example: Some companies believe that inventory information is confidential business information must be managed by the enterprises themselves, the class of business activities while outsourcing the management concept difficult to accept, often resulting in control of their own poor management of logistics, business competition in the market weakens Force.
3 Causes of problems analysis
(A) lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel. This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it is new to these traditional
business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.
(B) fails to effectively use modern technology. This situation has greatly restricted the cultivation of third-party logistics companies, affecting their overall competitive strength increased. China's accession to the WTO, domestic enterprises will face third-party logistics strong competition from abroad, the domestic third-party logistics industry is difficult to provide low-cost, high quality and efficient service.
(C) subject to the constraints of traditional management systems. Fragmentation in the traditional institutional arrangements, third party logistics activities have been separated from many different sectors such as transportation, post and telecommunications, foreign trade, domestic trade and only involves the transport industry to the Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Communications, etc. Some departments, the lack of efficient collaboration between departments, resulting in the transport process of rotation of the mode of transport and time-consuming part of the cost of logistics in the process of becoming "trap. " There are also procedures for customs management, material procurement and other aspects of some of the provisions of the logistics enterprises also raise the level of integrated services and business development areas, thus restricting the rapid development of third-party logistics industry.
4 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choice Summarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development of third-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:
(A)Lean Logistics Strategy
Since the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services. If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role. Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and
development opportunities. Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing. It is produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book. Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy. Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect. The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction. The aim of Lean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services. Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system. It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate and fast delivery of goods and information.
In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness.
(B)the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain alliance
Third-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage. Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key. As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the
logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics. V alue chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantage. V alue of the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities. Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities. Basic activities of supporting activities is to assist the revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other. Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logistics enterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics. Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, does not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc. link. V arious aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play. Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities. Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses.
(C)Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategy
Rapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development. Thus, under
modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity. Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength. Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics. Integrated logistics virtualization technology as a means of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service.
Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization. Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources. Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environment re-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics. Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors. "
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
文献出处: Mahpula A、The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness [J]、Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 15(2): 30-34、 原文 The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness Mahpula A Abstract At present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization、At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly、Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics、Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form、Regional economic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics、On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy、Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness、 Keywords: Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index 1 Introduction The rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope、Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and basic industry, its development degree
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d14159735.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 JSP JSP (JavaServer Pages) is initiated by Sun Microsystems, Inc., with many companies to participate in the establishment of a dynamic web page technical standards. JSP technology somewhat similar to ASP technology, it is in the traditional HTML web page document (*. htm, *. html) to insert the Java programming paragraph (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), thus JSP documents (*. jsp). Using JSP development of the Web application is cross-platform that can run on Linux, is also available for other operating systems. JSP technology to use the Java programming language prepared by the category of XML tags and scriptlets, to produce dynamic pages package processing logic. Page also visit by tags and scriptlets exist in the services side of the resources of logic. JSP page logic and web page design and display separation, support reusable component-based design, Web-based application development is rapid and easy. Web server in the face of visits JSP page request, the first implementation of the procedures of, and then together with the results of the implementation of JSP documents in HTML code with the return to the customer. Insert the Java programming operation of the database can be re-oriented websites, in order to achieve the establishment of dynamic pages needed to function. JSP and Java Servlet, is in the implementation of the server, usually returned to the client is an HTML text, as long as the client browser will be able to visit. JSP pages from HTML code and Java code embedded in one of the components. The server was in the pages of client requests after the Java code and then will generate the HTML pages to return to the client browser. Java Servlet JSP is the technical foundation and large-scale Web application development needs of Java Servlet and JSP support to
文献出处：Fransoo J C. Green Logistics: Enablers for Sustainable Development [J]. Supply chain management: an international journal, 2014, 8(2): 122-131. 原文 GREEN LOGISTICS: ENABLERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Jan C. Fransoo Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands 1 INTRODUCTION Logistics is the backbone of industry and commerce. As a discipline, it describes the management and coordination of activities along supply chains. These activities include freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and related information processing. A large part of logistics activities are often outsourced to specialized providers that provide cost- effective services. Research has shown that, at least in high income economies, the value of services is not assessed in monetary and service quality terms alone. In making decisions, logistics professionals are increasingly taking into consideration external effects such as emissions, pollution, noise, and accidents. The last LPI report release in 2012, for instance, pointed out that in shipments to OECD countries, environmentally friendly solutions are considered far more often than elsewhere. Mounting regulatory pressure, together with changes in customer preferences, are the main drivers of this phenomenon. One of the more widely used terms to describe this set of preferences is green Logistics, especially when the activities of logistics service providers are concerned. Research, including a recent book by Alan McKinnon, has established that green Logistics is an emerging concern of private operators and providers and users of logistics. From a policy standpoint, and especially for the global environment, green Logistics is potentially a major topic as well: estimates vary, but about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be traced to logistics activities. Green Logistics may not be an independent policy area. Rather, the supply chain
快递服务业概述 An Overview of Express Delivery Services Material Source :A Report By US—ASEAN Business Council,2005 Author ： James I. Campbell Jr. A．Characteristics of an Express Delivery Company Four major integrators : UPS， FedEx， TNT， and DHL， account for almost 85 percent of the world's express shipments. The services that these companies provide generally share the following characteristics which differentiate them from other traditional forms of delivery services： Door-to-door delivery ： this includes the seamless transfer across multiple modes of transport . the “integrated” aspect of the service offered frees the customer from the need to make complex transportation arrangements for pick-up and delivery。 Close custodial control ： Using sophisticated information systems that enhance security ，EDS firms maintain close custodial and administrative control over all shipments。This is particularly important to reduce the risk of loss or damage to goods in transit。 Track and trace technology : Shippers and consignees may track the precise movement and location of their shipments and confirm delivery with the use of sophisticated ‘track and trace'technology that an EDS firm provides。 Facilitation of customs clearance ： EDS firms assist with customs clearance so that customers do not have to navigate bureaucratic customs regimes and the required paperwork. High level of reliability ： EDS firms promise that packages will
外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 Introduction One of the hardest decisions an organization has to make is how to price its products. Price a product too low and you may not cover your costs or generate profits. Price the product too high and potential customers never turn into paying customers. Pricing strategies help a manager to answer such questions as: How should I price my product? How much will sales fall if I increase my price? To whom would your product lose market share to if price changes appeared? Are there price thresholds? Should I price products differently to achieve maxi-mum sales of the entire line? Marketing research has long recognized the importance of price optimization. Survey research can help explore those pricing questions. Survey pricing evaluation can be thought of as a continuum that moves from quick and easy but less precise to complicated but more accurate methods. Among these methods are: Direct methods, including willingness to pay (WTP), or what price would you pay eliciting, and incentive-aligned WTP techniques. Indirect methods, such as Gabor-Granger, traditional and extended van Westendorp models. Product/Price Mix methods, such as Discrete Choice, and Advanced Choice Models. In fact, some of the best known econometricians have developed techniques to address these problems. For instance, Clive W. J. Granger, Nobel Prize winner in economics in 2003, is best known for his numerous papers and books on econometrics and time-series analysis. An area of his research that is less known was done in collaboration with AndréGabor on a pricing model project for the Nottingham University Consumer Study Group in the 1960's. Granger recalled in: During this