Unit 7 College Life
The Commencement Speech You'll Never Hear
We the faculty take no pride in our educational achievement with you. We have prepared you for a world that does not exist, indeed, that cannot exist. You have spent four years supposing that failure leaves no record. You have learned at Brown that when your work goes poorly, the painless solution is to drop out. But starting now, in the world to which you go, failure marks you. Confronting difficulty by quitting leaves you changed. Outside Brown, quitters are no heroes.
With us you could argue about why your errors were not errors, why mediocre work really was excellent, why you could take pride in routine and slipshod presentation. Most of you, after all, can look back on honor grades for most of what you have done. So, here grades can have meant little in distinguishing the excellent from the ordinary. But tomorrow, in the world to which you go, you had better not defend errors but learn from them. You will be ill-advised to demand praise for what does not deserve it, and abuse those who do not give it.
For years we created an altogether forgiving world, in which whatever slight effort you gave was all that was demanded. When you did not keep appointments, we made new ones. When your work came in beyond the deadline, we pretended not to care.
Worse still, when you were boring, we acted as if you were saying something important. When you were garrulous and talked to hear yourselves talk, we listened as if it mattered. When you tossed on our desks writing upon which you had not labored, we read it and even responded, as though you earned a response. When you were dull, we pretended you were smart. When you were predictable, unimaginative and routine, we listened as if to new and wonderful things. When you demanded free lunch, we served it. And all this why?
Despite your fantasies, it was not even that we wanted to be liked by you. It was that we did not want to be bothered, and the easy way out was pretense: smiles and easy Bs.
It is conventional to quote in addresses such as these. Let me quote someone you've never heard of: Professor Carter A. Daniel, Rutgers University:
"College has spoiled you by reading papers that don't deserve to be read, listening to comments that don't deserve a hearing, paying attention even to the lazy, ill-informed and rude. We had to do it, for the sake of education. But nobody will ever do it again. College has deprived you of adequate preparation for the last 50 years. It has failed you
by being easy, free, forgiving, attentive, comfortable, interesting, unchallenging fun. Good luck tomorrow.
That is why, on this commencement day, we have nothing in which to take much pride.
Oh, yes, there is one more thing. Try not to act toward your co-workers and bosses as you have acted toward us. I mean, when they give you what you want but have not earned, don't abuse them, insult them, act out with them your parlous relationships with your parents. This too we have tolerated. It was, as I said, not to be liked. Few professors actually care whether or not they are liked by peer-paralyzed adolescents, fools so shallow as to imagine professors care not about education but about popularity. It was, again, to be rid of you. So go, unlearn the lies we taught you. To life!
你将永远不会听到的毕业演讲
1 我们这些教师对于在你们身上取得的教育成就一点都不感到自豪。我们培养你们去适应的是一个根本不存在的世界——事实上也是不可能存在的。在这里度过的四年时间里，你们一直以为失败是不会留下任何记录的。要是学得不好，一个最省事的办法就是中途退出（不修这门课），在布朗大学你们学会了这一点。但是，从现在开始，在你们要涉足的世界里，失败是要给你留下疤痕的。知难而退也会使你变成另一个人。走出布朗，知难而退的人绝不是英雄。
2 你们可以跟我们争辩，说服我们为什么你们的错误不是错误，为什么平庸的作业是优秀的，为什么你们会对普普通通并不出色的课堂报告感到骄傲。回想一下，毕竟你们中的大多数人在你们所学的大部分课程中都得了高分。因此，在这里分数并不能作为区分优秀学生与学业平平的学生的依据。但是，今后，在你们所要去的世界里，你们最好不要为自己的错误辩护，而应该从中吸取教训。假如你们要求得到你们不该得到的表扬，诋毁那些不给你们表扬的人，这是不明智的做法。
3 多年来，我们创造了一个完全宽容的世界。这里所要求于你们的仅仅是一点微不足道的努力。当你们没有按约定的时间赴约时，我们就再约时间。当你们没有按期交作业时，我们装作不在乎。
4 更糟糕的是，当你们的言谈枯燥无味时，我们却装作你们说的是重要的事情；当你们喋喋不休、不知所云时，我们认真倾听，似乎你们说的东西事关重大；当你们把根本没有花心思写的作业扔到我们桌上时，我们不仅拜读，甚至批改给评语，好像值得为你们这样做似的。当你们犯傻时，我们装作你们聪明过人；当你们老生常谈、毫无想象力、平平淡淡时，我们却装作像在听什么美妙绝伦的新鲜事情一样；当你们要不劳而获时，我们拱手奉上。所有这一切究竟是为了什么？
5 对这一切尽管你们可以想入非非，但我们决不是因为想要讨你们的欢心，而是因为我们
不想让你们来啰唆。一个简单的办法就是作假：微笑，让你们轻轻松松都得B。
6 在这一类的演说中人们往往习惯于引用，在此让我来引用一个你们从来没有听说过的人的话，这个人是拉特格斯大学的卡特?A.丹尼尔教授。
7 他说：“大学毁了你们，让你们阅读那些不值得一读的论文，听那些不值得一听的评论，甚至要去尊重那些无所事事、孤陋寡闻、极不文明的人。为了教育，我们过去不得不这样做，但是今后不会有人再这样做了。在过去的50年中，大学使你们丧失了得到充分培养的机会。由于大学成了一个轻松、自由、包容、体贴、舒适、充满乐趣、好玩的地方，它没有对你们尽到责任。但愿你们今后好运。”
8 这就是为什么，在今天进行毕业典礼之际，我们没有任何可引以自豪的东西。
9 哦，对了，还有一点。尽量不要像对待我们那样去对待你们的同事和老板。我的意思是，当他们把你们想要但不是你们应得的东西给了你们时，要善待他们，不要侮辱他们，不要在他们身上重演你们与父母之间的那种糟糕的关系。这一切，我们也都忍受了。正如我刚才所说的，这不是为了讨你们的欢心。有一些年轻人只能在同龄人的眼中找到自我，是一些愚昧无知的人，竟然肤浅到以为教授们关心的不是教育，而是自己的人缘。实际上，很少有教授在乎这类年轻人是否喜欢他们。我们容忍这一切，只是为了摆脱你们。摒弃我们在教学中给你们造成的这些假象，投身到真实的生活中去吧。
Those College Finals
I was sitting around downtown the other night. The wind was blowing; the temperature was frigid; the atmosphere was depressing. I knew that the combination of these things reminded me of something, and soon enough I realized what that something was. Final exams.
The most miserable moments of a college student's life come during final exam week during the winter. It is a horror that stays with a person for the rest of his life: the desperation, the frustration, the realization that one has to cough up mounds of knowledge that one does not even possess. And that one's future career may depend on how well one does the coughing.
I checked the calendar. Sure enough, it was just about time for the end of the term at Northwestern University, just up the road from me. I knew that thousands of students were up there at that very moment, bending over textbooks and notes and trying against all odds to memorize arcane facts and figures that they really cared nothing about. I couldn't help myself. I headed for the campus. In the first building where I stopped, a light was burning brightly in a classroom. I walked in; two young men had papers spread all over the room. Class was not in session; the two were alone. "Hi, fellows," I said. They
looked up. Their eyes were filled with pain. They appeared to have gone without sleep for three or four days.
"What's up, guys?" I said.
"Please leave us alone," one of them said softly.
"Leave you alone?" I said.
"Finals," the other one gasped.
I walked out of the room and began a leisurely stroll around campus. Men and women looked as if they were about to sob as they staggered toward the library. They muttered to themselves. They lifted their eyes in silent prayer. They walked into trees, steadied their bodies, and kept walking. I felt great. I had been one of them, and now I wasn't. There probably is no feeling in this world more exhilarating than being on a college campus during final exams, and knowing that you don't have to take them.
I spent most of the evening wandering from building to building, watching the students get ready for the next day's finals. It was all so familiar. They gathered around long tables, spiral-bound notebooks open, and they shot questions at one another. There were lengthy periods of silence, and then a series of tentative answers. Cursing was common. Moans broke out. They stomped on the floor, and gazed out the window, and seemed to be ready to weep. Once in a while they glanced over at me. Under normal circumstances they probably would have been curious about my presence, but on this night their eyes were so glazed over that they couldn't even think straight. I just read the sports section and winked at them.
If I would have been in a charitable mood, I would have told them one of the great secrets of the real world. It is a secret that all of us who have been to college learned only after we got out; a secret that, if college students knew it, would ease their minds and make them calm. The secret is this: There are no final exams in real life.
It's true. In the real world, you don't have to know anything. There are no cases in which you have to sit down in a crowded room, scrunch your eyes up in concentration and regurgitate obscure and ridiculous facts from memory. In real life, you get to bring the book along. Believe it, college students: Real life is an open-book test. If you've forgotten something, you get to go look it up, or ask someone who's smarter than you. It's easy; much easier than college.
The only place you'll ever encounter something as bizarre and frightening as a final exam is at college. The college administrators fool the students by making them believe that final exams are only a mild precursor of what is going to happen every day in the big, mean' world. But it's not true. If the real world were as bizarre and rotten as final exams,
you'd see everyone on the street walking around in the same demented, pathetic state as college students during exam week. No, it's all downhill after college finals. Real life is a coast, a glide. No one is ever going to ask you to compare and contrast the works of the Elizabethan authors no one is ever going to demand that you trace the battles of the Boer War. If someone did come up to you at work and ask you something like that, he'd soon be locked up in an institution somewhere.
I could have told the students that. I could have soothed their minds and made things simple for them. I could have asked them to join me for a beer and forget about finals week. Look at the top executives of the Fortune 500 companies, I could have told them. Do you think anyone would ever dare ask them how they did on their college final exams? I could have filled the students' mind with comforting thoughts like that.
But I didn't. And why should I have? I went through finals many times; finals made me crazy, and now it was time for these students to be made crazy. I watched them in their despair, and I smiled the smile of the truly contented. I stayed on campus until nearly midnight, and then I wandered off. On a path between some classroom buildings, something tumbled across the sidewalk, blowing in the wind. I knelt to pick it up. It was a blue book, the dreadful, chilling symbol of finals week. A blue book that some poor student had carried out of his exam and then discarded on the ground. I stuck it in my pocket and laughed a mechanical laugh. The lights still glowed in the campus building, as they would all night, but I got to go home.
大学期末考试
1那天晚上，我在市中心附近闲坐。风在呼啸，气温很低，这气氛让人感到压抑。我知道，所有这一切让我想起了什么，很快我就明白是什么了：期末考试。
2大学生活最痛苦的时刻莫过于冬天期末考试那一周。这种恐惧刻骨铭心，一生都忘不了——是一种绝望、沮丧，是意识到自己不得不勉强应答一大堆并未掌握的知识，而且一个人的前途如何，就取决于这种勉强的应答。
3我查了一下日历。果然，西北大学现在正好是学期快结束的时候——沿着我面前这条路走过去就是西北大学。我知道，就在此刻，就在那里，成千上万的大学生正埋头于课本和笔记，使出浑身解数去背那些晦涩难解的事实和数字，其实这些东西跟他们毫无关系。我按捺不住，径直朝校园走去。在我停下来的第一栋楼里，有一问教室灯火通明。我走了进去。两个年轻人将资料摊得满屋子都是。这会儿没课，只有他们俩。“嘿，伙计，”我说。他们抬起头，满眼的痛苦。他们看上去好像三四天没睡觉似的。
4“怎么了，年轻人?”我问。
5“请别打扰我们，”其中一个轻声道。
6“别打扰你们?”我问。
7“期末考试了，”另一人喘着粗气说。
8我走出教室，开始在校园里悠闲地溜达。男生女生个个神情沮丧，摇摇晃晃地朝图书馆走去。他们有的自言自语，有的抬头默默祈祷，有的走进树林，站稳身子，然后继续往前走。我感觉好极了。我曾经是他们中的一员，但现在我不是了。也许，在这世上，期末考试时，置身大学校园而知道你不必参加考试，可能是世界上最令人兴奋的事了。
9那晚大部分时问，我从一栋教学楼逛到另一栋教学楼，看着学生们为第二天的考试做准备。这一切是那么熟悉。他们围坐在长桌周围，前面摊开用螺旋线穿起来的笔记簿，连珠炮似地互相发问。一次次良久的沉默，接着是试探性地回答。咒骂声不绝于耳，时不时夹杂着哀叹。他们跺脚，凝视窗外，仿佛随时会哭出来。他们偶尔也朝我瞥一眼。在平时，他们可能会对我的出现感到好奇，但是，那天晚上，他们的目光呆滞无神，思维也不清晰了。我翻阅着体育版的消息，朝他们眨眨眼。
10如果我当时善心大发，我就会告诉他们现实世界中一个最大的秘密。这是我们所有上过大学的人走出校园后才领悟到的秘密，如果让大学生领悟了这个秘密，他们就会轻松、平静。这就是：现实生活中没有期末考试。
11确实如此。在现实生活中，你不必了解任何事情。没有任何情况需要你坐在拥挤不堪的教室里，为集中注意力而眯起眼睛，或者一字不漏地背出晦涩、荒唐的具体事实。在现实生活中，你可以把书带上。同学们，请相信：现实生活是开卷考，如果你忘了什么，你可以去查阅，或者请教比你聪明的人。很容易，比在大学里容易多了。
12只有在大学里，你才会遇上像期末考试那样稀奇古怪、令人恐惧的事情。大学管理者们欺骗学生们，让他们相信与庞大的残酷无情的世界里每天所发生的事情相比，期末考试不过是温和的前驱。但这并不是事实。如果现实世界确如期末考试那样荒诞可笑、令人厌烦，你就会看到街上的每位行人都如同在考试那周里的学生一样焦躁不安、可怜之极。现实并非如此，熬过了大学的期末考试后，一切如履平地。现实生活如同靠惯性滑行。没有人会要求你说出伊丽莎白时期作品的异同，或者强令你描述布尔战争各大战役的来龙去脉。如果在你工作时真有人过来问你这类问题，那么他就会马上被关进某所精神病院。
13我本来可以将这些告诉学生们，我本来可以安慰他们，让事情变得简单些。我本来可以请他们和我一起喝杯啤酒，忘了这期末考试周。我本来可以告诉他们：看看(《财富》前500强企业的总经理。你想会有人胆敢问他们的期末考试成绩吗?我本来可以灌输给他们这类令人宽慰的想法。
14但是我没有。我为什么要告诉他们呢?我经历了许多次期末考试，期末考试让我几乎发疯，现在该轮到他们发疯了。我看着绝望中的他们，像一个真正心满意足的人那样笑了。我在校园里几乎呆到午夜，然后才悠闲地离开。在几栋教学楼之间的小径上，我看见有什么东西被风吹动，在人行道上翻滚，我跪下将它拾了起来。这是一本蓝皮答题册，是期末考试周恐怖的、令人心惊胆战的标志。这一定是某个可怜的学生带出考场后，丢在地上的。我把它插入
口袋，机械地笑了笑。校园教学楼里的灯光依然闪烁着，而且会整夜这样，但是我得回家了。
Fall from University Grace
Just as Adam was east out of Eden, I was kicked out of university; but while his transgression was eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge, my sin was ignoring the tree. After my dismal performance in my first year of university, I contemplated the reasons for my failure. Now, I understand the two factors that contributed to my downfall: the lack of a career goal and premature independence.
Without a career goal, I lacked direction and motivation. About halfway through my final year of high school, I was hounded by my parents to enroll in university, but until that time I had not given any thought to what career I wanted to pursue. To silence their nagging, I told them I wanted to be an engineer. Though I got high marks in math, physics, and chemistry, I was bored with them, and my dislike of the sciences became apparent in the first four months of university. I failed all my science courses.
Had I been more motivated, I might have passed those courses, but I just wasn't ready for university. In fact, I wasn't ready for any career. I assumed that the amount of studying I did in high school—an hour per day—would be sufficient to attain respectable marks in university. I was wrong. Because I could not see myself as an engineer, I could not motivate myself to study harder; then I began looking for excuses to avoid studying.
Even when I was reading my textbooks, I wasn't studying. Daydreams of sleeping on a patch of cool grass on a breezy summer day intruded upon my concentration, chasing away calculus and physics theories. By the time the daydreams ended, I had forgotten most of what I had studied in the previous hour. As the midterm week drew closer, the daydreams grew longer while the study sessions grew shorter. Studying was avoidable as long as daydreaming was possible. I escaped often and as a result I failed my math, chemistry and physics exams.
Why didn't I transfer to another program? Why didn't I just drop out? First, my parents had paid for my tuition and I feared they would pull out their financial support and leave me destitute. Second, my aspirations were still cloudy, so if I transferred out of the engineering faculty I would still lack direction. Without a definite goal, afraid of disappointing my strict parents, I remained in the program until Christmas, hopeful that my marks would improve as well as my disposition towards engineering.
However, passing grades eluded me, as did maturity. Coming from a small town and being unaccustomed to the fast-paced routine of campus life in a big city like Calgary, I
inhabited the residence hall, believing that it would shelter me from competitive courses and merciless engineering professors. After the first month of adjustment, I learned that the place offered the niceties of home without the watchful eye of parents.
Snow fell in mid-December—final exam time—but I didn't notice either event, because I had become a creature of the night preying on full beer mugs in smoke-filled bars. A week later, snow covered every building on campus, which promised a white Christmas for everyone but me: my exams had been returned and I had failed all my courses. I didn't care; neither did my friends, whose marks were equally bad. We bragged of our freedom from our parents, not realizing that their influence was more beneficial than the influence we had on each other. When my friends and I were not in the bar, we were playing cards in somebody's room or inviting ourselves to parties held by other students in the residence hall.
At the time, my independence was exhilarating; freedom, denied me for eighteen years, was mine to experience and abuse. I got drunk with impunity. No angry mother awaited my return home at five in the morning. No enraged father tongue-lashed me for lousy grades. But freedom had its price: nobody told me to study harder; no one said that if I didn't get an eighty on my next three exams, I would fail; no one told me to take responsibility for my actions.
When Christmas day arrived, I found a "withdrawal from university" notice in my stocking. My refusal to claim responsibility for my actions and my abuse of newly gained independence and freedom from parental rule had combined to ensure my marks were below the passing grade and to make my Christmas black.
Unearned independence was the fruit from the tree of knowledge that tempted me and caused my downfall. Because I was not mature enough to accept the responsibility for my own future and because I abused my privileges of independence, I failed my first year of university. The causes of my downfall have taught me maturity and responsibility, and in the future I will not ignore the tree of knowledge again. Falling from Eden was enough to teach Adam; the same is true for me.
大学失学记
1正如亚当被逐出伊旬园，我被大学开除了l但是，亚当的越轨是偷尝智慧树上的禁果，而我的罪孽是对这棵树不屑一顾。经历了大学第一年的拙劣表现之后，我在思索失败的原因。现在，我明白了是两个因素导致了我的失败：在事业上缺乏目标和过早的独立。
2因为在事业上缺乏目标，我就没有前进的方向和动力。在我高中最后一年的中途，父母就逼着我考大学，但直到那时，我根本没有考虑过要从事什么样的职业。为了不让他们再唠唠
叨叨，我就跟他们说我要当一名工程师。尽管我的数理化成绩很好，但我已经对它们厌烦了。在上大学的头四个月里，我对理科的厌恶之情巳显而易见：我所有的理科课程都不及格。
3假如我学习更积极一些，我可能会及格，但当时我对上大学还没有心理准备。事实上，我对任何职业都没有心理准备。我以为高中的学习量，即每天一小时，足以让我在大学里得到体面的分数。我错了。由于我无法把自己当作工程师，因此就缺乏使自己更努力的动力，然后我就开始找各种借口逃避学习。
4即便在看教科书时，我也没在学习。心里想着微风拂面的夏日，躺在一片阴凉的绿草地上，这些幻想分散了我的注意力，赶跑了微积分和物理学理论。当美梦结束时，我已经把前一小时学的内容忘得差不多了。随着期中考试周的临近，我的白日梦越做越长，而学习的时间越来越短。只要能做白日梦，学习便成了可以逃避的事。我经常逃避学习，结果数学、物理、化学都不及格。
5我为什么不换个专业?为什么我不干脆退学了事?首先，我父母为我付了学费，我害怕他们会停止经济资助，让我身无分文。其次，我的志向仍不明确，即使我转出工学院，我仍然缺乏目标。没有明确的目标，又唯恐让严厉的父母失望，我就在这个专业一直读到圣诞节。原本希望我的分数会提高，我对工程学的态度会改变。
6然而，及格的愿望没能实现，人也没有成熟起来。由于来自一个小镇，不习惯卡尔加里那样的大城市里快节奏的校园生活，于是我就住在学生公寓里，以为这样就能使自己躲避竞争激烈的课程和不留情面的工程学教授们。经过第一个月的适应，我发现这个地方给我提供了家庭的舒适，却没有了父母的监视。
7 12月中旬，下雪了，期末考试也到了，但是我并没有注意到这两件事中的任何一件，因为我已经成了一个夜猫子，在烟雾缭绕的酒吧里，一杯又一杯地灌着啤酒。一周后，白雪覆盖了校园里的每一幢楼，给所有人预示了一个银装素裹的传统圣诞节，唯独没有给我。我的试卷发下来了，所有课程都不及格。我不在乎，我的朋友们也不在乎，他们的成绩和我一样糟糕。我们吹嘘不受父母管制的自由，却没意识到他们对我们的影响比我们彼此之间的影响有益得多。我和我的朋友们不是泡酒吧，就是在某个人的房间里打牌，要么不请自到地参加公寓楼里其他学生开的晚会。
8当时，这种独立使我心旷神恰，已经被剥夺了18年的自由，现在任由我来体验、任由我来滥用。我喝醉酒，却不会受惩罚。没有生气的母亲等我早晨五点回家。没有怒气冲冲的父亲痛斥我糟糕透顶的分数。但是自由是有代价的：没有人告诉我要努力学习；没有人告诉我如果接下来的三门考试拿不到80分，我就完了；没有人告诉我要为自己的行为负责。
9圣诞节那天，在我的长统袜里，我发现了一张“退学”通知。我不愿为自己的行为承担责任，对于才到手的不受父母管制的独立和自由随心所欲地享用，这两者加起来确保了我的得分低于及格线，使我的圣诞节一片漆黑。
10不应该得到的独立就如智慧树上的禁果，诱惑我，使我堕落。由于我不够成熟，不能为自己的未来承担起责任，由于我滥用独立的特权，我第一年的大学生活失败了。我失败的种
种原因教会了我什么是成熟，什么是责任，将来我再也不会无视智慧之树。被逐出伊甸园足以教训亚当；我被学校开除也是如此。
Unit 10 Agriculture Farming for the Future [1] Every year, more people face poverty and hunger and more of the earth's resources are ruined. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not hopeless. The solution will require big changes in how we think about agriculture, food, and our planet. [2] First of all, farmers everywhere need to develop methods that are less destructive to the environment. The change from single crop farming to a mixed crop system would be one important step. The planting of several different crops improves the soil and helps prevent erosion. Erosion could also be prevented by planting trees to protect the fields from the wind. Another way farmers could improve the soil is to avoid deep plowing. In fact, only a slight plowing is necessary if proper methods are used. [3] If the soil were treated better, farmers would not need to use chemical fertilizers. They could use natural animal and vegetable products instead. With mixed crops, farmers would need fewer toxic chemical insecticides. They could use biological methods of controlling insects and disease. [4] Farmers could also help save the earth's precious supplies of water and petroleum. To save water, they could plant more water-efficient plants instead of the standard types of wheat or corn. They could also use watering systems that are much less wasteful. To save petroleum, farmers could make use of bio-gas generators which could be fueled by the vegetable and animal wastes of the farms. In less-developed countries, bio-gas generators could reduce the need for firewood and so help save forests, as well. [5] In less-developed countries, the small farmers need help. They need to learn more about crops that are better suited to local conditions. They need to learn how to limit erosion and make the best use of their resources. These farmers will never be successful without land and economic reform. This should be the aim of governments and international agencies. The current industrial and cash crop policies are only making the situation worse. [6] Industrialized countries could use their economic resources to help bring about these changes. They could make some changes in their own policies. At present, much food is wasted in these countries for political reasons. In Europe and in North America, tons of fruit and dairy products are thrown away every year. Eating habits, too, could be changed in these countries. For example, people often eat foods from distant places instead of local foods. The transportation of the imported foods adds to the global pollution problem. People in industrialized countries also eat a lot of meat, especially beef.
Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words
学士学位英语考试翻译题型解题秘笈 在学士学位英语考试复习中，翻译既是重点也是难点，在此提醒考生一定要给予足够重视。外语教育网的小编为考生整理了学士学位英语考试翻译题型解题秘笈，希望考生认真阅读和学习。 翻译部分是03年增加的题型。放在试卷的最后，共有10个小题，考试时间30分钟。翻译试题由两部分组成。第一部分为英译汉，要求考生把阅读理解文章中划线的五个句子译成中文。第二部分为汉译英，要求考生把五个难度适中的中文句子译成英文。英译汉和汉译英的句子难度均低于课文的英语文章。评分标准要求译文达意，无重大语言错误。翻译部分的目的是测试学生词汇、语法、句型方面综合运用语言的能力。 英译汉应试技巧 英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。在英译汉的过程中，有两点值得我们特别地注意： 1、汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容，即句子或文章的意义，而不是句子结构； 2、在翻译过程中，英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。 英译汉的过程包括理解，分析句架表达和校核三个阶段,因此，在英译汉的过程中，往往需要考生从英语到汉语，再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。 (一)理解 理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文，弄清原文的意思。为了透彻理解原文，建议考生在复习和应试时采取下列步骤： 1、通读全文。通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，理解划线的部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系，因为孤立地阅读划线部分的英语，往往无法理解该部分的真正含义。一篇好的文章，其前后的意思都互相关联，具有很强的逻辑性，一个单词或句子只有在具体的上下文中才能体现出确切的含义来，因此，上下文能帮助我们正确的理解划线的部分，通读全文是很重要的。但是,在通读全文的过程中应该注意，对非划线的部分不要花费时间过多，对于其中一些不太容易理解的内容也不必太在意，只是搞清大体意义即可。因为通读全文的目的在于帮助自己理解划线的部分,只要能把该部分理解透彻也就足够了。 2、分析划线部分的句子结构。从一般的翻译试题来看，划线的部分一般来说结构句子都比较复杂。复杂的句子如果不搞清楚它的语法结构，很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求。因此正确地把握句子的结构是进行正确地翻译的关键。 3、理解分析划线部分的含义。考生不仅要弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义，还要理解全句的整体意义。理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外，还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题： (1)句子中是否含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词，如果有，应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么； (2)句子中的短语和一些常用的词往往具有多种含义和用法，那么，在该句中它们的具体含义是什么； (3)按照你的理解，该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致，有无相互矛盾。 总之,在动手翻译之前，首先要读懂原文，不要一上来就急于动手翻译，这样做往往会出现一种情况:该题快要翻译完了，猛然又发现自己理解有误，马上就急忙修改，搞的卷面上一塌糊涂，而且很容易忙中出错，把本应拿到的分数丢掉了，这是非常令人可惜的。 (二)表达 表达就是译者把自己从英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来,理解是表达的基础，表达是理解的结果，但是理解正确并不意味着一定会有正确的表达，平时做翻译练习时有同学反映，有时对原文理解之后还不知如何用汉语表达，就充分说明了这一点。这里介绍两种基本的翻译方法：直译和意译。 1、直译。所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式。在汉语和英语两种语言中存在着许多共同之处，在对于许多英语句子的翻译过程中,完全可以采取直译的方法，这样可以获得一举两得之功效，既保持了原文的结构，又正确表达了原文的内容。但是直译不是死译和硬译，象It is asserted that…;It is believed that…这一类的结构，如果直译过来那就不伦不类了。 2、意译。汉语和英语分别属于不同的语系，两者在词汇、句法结构和表达方法上具有很多的差异。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不易采用直译的方法处理时，就应采用意译法，意译就是不拘泥于原文的形式，重点在于正确表达原文的内容。例如Do you see any green in my eye象这样的句子，只能采取意译的方法，把它翻译为“你以为我是好欺骗的吗”当然,意译并不等于乱译,胡乱地翻译是不符合“忠实”的翻译标准的。 在具体的翻译过程中，我们应该采取灵活的方法，不论是直译还是意译，只要是符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译原则，都是可取的。在翻译的过程中，我们务必注意以下几点： A、理解透彻之后再动手表达，否则表达的结果会令人莫名其妙； B、切忌在翻译时把汉语和英语对号入座，逐字逐句的对号入座的结果往往是不伦不类； C、切忌擅自增减词意，增减意义与翻译技巧中经常提到的增词法与减词法根本就不是一回事。 (三)校核 校核阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化，是对原文内容进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段，因此，校核是翻译过程中一个很重要的阶段，并不是可有可无的，通过表达之后的校核，我们可以发现译文的一些问题，确保自己理解的内容很有把握地得到分数。在校核阶段，一般应注意与下列各项有关的问题(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等；(2)汉语译文的词与句有无错漏；(3)修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇；(4)有无错别字；(5)标点符号是否有误。 做汉译英时一般应经过以下步骤
Part 1 Listening 1 Ex1: C A D C B Ex2: 1) approaching 2) left 3) toilet 4) locked 5) Tickets please 6) pushed 7) stamped Scripts: Two Belgians and two Dutchmen traveled regularly to work on the same train. After a while the Dutchmen saw that the two Belgians only had one ticket between them and asked how they managed to achieve this. The Belgians explained that when they heard the conductor approaching from the other end of the carriage, the two of them left their seats, went into the toilet and locked the door. When the conductor knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!", they pushed one ticket under the door. It was then stamped and pushed back under the door again. The Dutchmen thought this was a very good idea and the following morning bought one ticket between them. When they got to their carriage there was only one Belgian. They told him what they had done and asked the Belgian if he had a ticket as he was traveling on his own. The Belgian said he did not have a ticket at all and when they asked how he proposed to manage to travel free of charge, he told them they would have to wait and see until the conductor arrived, but he had no doubt that he would manage it without difficulty. As soon as they heard the conductor coming, the two Dutchmen immediately went to the toilet and locked the door. A few moments later, the Belgian followed them down the corridor and knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!" One ticket appeared under the door. Questions: 1. Where did the story take place 2. What did the two Dutchmen want to know from the two Belgians 3. How did the Dutchmen feel about the Belgians' behavior 4. What did the Belgian do when asked if he had a ticket 5. Who finally managed to travel free of charge Listening 2 Ex1: 1 department store 2. attend college 3. difficult 4. physical education 5. terrified Ex2: FTTFT Scripts: My name is Atsuko Saeki. I work as a salesclerk in a big department store in Fuji, Japan. Six years ago when I was 21 years old, I went to California to attend college. Life in the United States was much more difficult than I had ever imagined. It wasn't like the descriptions I had read in my textbooks. People often seemed tense and so I felt very alone. One of my hardest classes was physical education. We often played volleyball. All the other students were good at it, but I clearly wasn't. One afternoon, the teacher asked me to hit the ball to my classmates. For most people, this would be easy but I was terrified that I would make a fool of myself. When one of the boys on my team saw how nervous I was, he walked up to me and whispered, "Come on, you can do that." You can't imagine how those words of encouragement made me feel. I was so happy that I almost cried. I managed to hit the ball and I think I thanked the young man, but I'm not sure. I have never forgotten his kind words of encouragement. He probably doesn't even remember what he said to me or how much his kindness meant to me. Whenever things aren't going well, I think of those simple words of encouragement: Come on, you can do that.
模拟试题（三） Passage1 1. by "...challenges explanation"(line 2,para. 1) the author means that B. it's no easy job to provide an adequate explanation. 通过“……挑战说明”（2号线，对。1）作者认为提供充分的解释是不容易的 2. the third paragraph is mainly about A. the development of babies' early forms of language. 第三段主要是关于婴儿早期语言形式的发展 3. the author's purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children D. learn to speak by listening. 作者写作的目的是为了让孩子们学会倾听 4. from the passage we learn that C. imitation plays an important role in learning to speak. 从这篇文章中我们知道模仿在学习中扮演重要的角色 5. the best title for this passage would be A. how babies learn to speak. 这篇文章的最佳标题是婴儿如何学会说话 Passage2 6. it is commonly accepted in american society that too much sleep is A. unreasonable .不合理 美国社会普遍接受过多的睡眠是不合理的 7. the research done by the dement commission shows that americans C. sleep less than is good for them 由元委员会所做的研究表明，美国人睡眠不足对他们是好的 8. the purpose of this article is to D. convince the reader of the necessity of napping. 这篇文章的目的是要说服读者午睡的必要性 9. the "american sleep debt"(line 1-2,para.3) is the result of B. the traditional misconception the americans have about sleep. “美国睡眠债”（第2行，第3段）是美国人对睡眠的传统误解的结果 10. the second sentence of the last paragraph tells us that it is D. natural to take a nap whenever we feel the need for it. 最后一段的第二句告诉我们，只要我们觉得有必要，就很自然地去睡觉了 Passage3 11. jewish parents in eastern europe longed for their children to attend music school because D. it would allow them access to a better life in the west. 东欧的犹太父母渴望他们的孩子参加音乐学校，因为这将使他们获得更好的生活在西方 12. nurturing societies as mentioned in the passage refer to societies that B. treasure talent and provide opportunities for its full development. 在这篇文章中提到的“培育社会”是指“宝”人才，为其全面发展提供机会的社会 13. japan is described in the passage as a country that attaches importance to C. strict training of children.
Book 3 Unit 1 Personality The Misery of Shyness Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. All kinds of people describe themselves as shy: short, tall, dull, intelligent, young, old, slim, overweight. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly swirling in their minds: What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? I'm ugly. I'm wearing unattractive clothes. It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives. For instance, people who have a positive sense of self-worth or high self-esteem usually act with confidence. Because they have self-assurance, they do not need constant praise and encouragement from others to feel good about themselves. Self-confident people participate in life enthusiastically and spontaneously. They are not affected by what others think they "should" do. People with high self-esteem are not hurt by criticism; they do not regard criticism as a personal attack. Instead, they view a criticism as a suggestion for improvement. In contrast, shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is detrimental, or harmful. Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves as inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Dwelling on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy, and even feelings of envy, or jealousy. We
新编大学英语4（浙大版）课后习题答案共同学们欣赏嘎嘎 编辑 | 删除 | 权限设置 | 更多▼ 更多▲ ?设置置顶 ?推荐日志 ?转为私密日志 转载自W～XなK¤转载于2010年03月15日 11:55 阅读(0) 评论(0) 分类：移花接木权限: 公开 Unit1 1. 1) A entertaining B entertainment C entertained D entertainer 2) A recognizable B recognized C recognition D 3) A tempting B temptation C tempt 4) A reasoned B reasoning C reasonable D reason 5) A analyzed B analytical C analyst D analysis 6) A valuable B valuation C valued/values D values 7) A humorist B humor C humorous D humorless 8) A understandable B understanding C understand D misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement
My View on E-mail Electronic mail, or E-mail for short, is a new way of communication by means of computers. Fast, cheap and convenient, E-mail is so popular that it has become an indispensable means of communication. Millions of computers all over the world have been connected to form a global network, namely the Internet. You can send and receive by E-mail documents, letters and papers to anyone in other countries in no time. By using E-mail you can also store, delete, compile information. In a word, E-mail helps you overcome spatial and time limitations in communication. With the rapidly growing popularity of computers and the expansion of information highway, E-mail is expected to play a more and more important role in our lives. 我对于电子邮件的看法 电子邮件简称电邮, 是通过电脑来交流的一种新的方式. 它快速、便宜、方便、电子邮件 如此的流行以致于它已经变成了一种必不可少的交流方式. 全世界成百上千万的电脑连在一起形成了一个全球网络称做互联网. 你可以在很短时间 内把文件、信、论文通过电子邮件发给其他国家的任何一个人. 通过使用电子邮件你还可以贮存、删除和归类信息. 总之电子邮件可以帮助你克服交流上的空间和时间的限制. 随着计算机的迅速普及以及信息高速公路的扩展, 电子邮件一定会在我们的生活当中扮 演越来越重要的角色. The Disadvantage of Living in a City Tired of the city life, some city-dwellers opt for city suburbs as their residence. They are flocking there to avoid people-in the city, wherever you look, it’s people, people, people. It’s not strange for them complain about the living conditions in the city. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has virtually come to a standstill. The subways which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed : an endless procession of human sardine tins. All the simple, good things of life like sunshine and fresh air are at a premium. Tall buildings blot out the sun. The flow of traffic goes on continuously and the noise never stops. Decades of years ago, people were crazy about crowding into the city. Now more and more people believe that only a madman would choose to live in a large modern city. 居住在城市的弊端 因为对城市生活感到厌倦. 一些住在城里面的人都渴望搬到郊区居住. 他们涌向那儿目的 是为了避开人群. 因为在城里无论你往哪儿看到处都是人. 人们抱怨城里面的居住条件是不奇怪, 由于马路上的交通几乎停滞, 公共汽车似乎要过几 年才能到达你身边. 几分钟一班的地铁装满了人. 无休止的人排队买沙丁鱼罐头. 所有简单好 的东西象阳光、新鲜的空气都成了一种奢求. 高大的建筑挡住了阳光, 交通川流不息, 噪声从不 停止. 几十年前人们疯狂的涌入城市, 现在越来越多的人认为只有疯子才会居住在现代大都市里.
课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4) Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？ 1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。 3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。 4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。” 5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。 6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。 7 “滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。 8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。 9 “俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢