初中英语三年知识点总结、中考范例及训练题
初一年级（上）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. Sit down
2. on duty
3. in English
4. have a seat
5. at home
6. look like
7. look at
8. have a look
9. come on 10. at work 11. at school 12. put on 13. look after 14. get up 15. go shopping II. 重要句型
1. help sb. do sth.
2. What about…?
3. Let?s do sth.
4. It?s time to do sth.
5. It?s time for …
6. What?s…? It is…/ It?s…
7. Where is…? It?s….
8. How old are you? I?m….
9. What class are you in? I?m in….10. Welcome to….11. What?s …plus…? It?s….12. I think…13. Who?s this? This is….14. What can you see？I can see….15. There is (are) ….16. What colour is it (are they)? It?s (They?re)…17. Whose …is this? It?s….18. What time is it? It?s….
III. 交际用语
1. Good morning, Miss/Mr….
2. Hello! Hi!
3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.
4. How are you? I?m fine, thank you/thanks. And you?
5. See you. See you later.
6. Thank you! You?re welcome.
7. Goodbye! Bye!
8. What?s your name? My name is ….
9. Here you are. This way, please.
10. Who?s on duty today?
11. Let?s do.
12. Let me see.
IV. 重要语法
1. 动词be的用法；
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；
3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法；
4. 冠词的基本用法；
5. There be句型的用法。
【名师讲解】
1. in/on
在表示空间位置时，in表示在某个空间的范围以内，on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。例如：
There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。
There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。
2. this/that/these/those
(1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事，these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指
在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事，those时that的复数形式。例如：
You look in this box and I?ll look in that one over there.你看看这个盒子，我去看那边的那个盒子。
I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车，不是那一辆。
Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去。
This is mine; that?s yours. 这个是我的，那个是你的。
These are apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果，那些是橘子。
(2)在打电话的用语中，this常常指的是我，that常常指的是对方。例如：
This is Mary speaking. Who?s that? 我是玛丽。你是谁？
3. There be/ have
There be "有"，其确切含意为"某处或某时存在某人或某物。"其结构是：There be + 某人或某物+ 表示地点或时间的状语。There be 后面的名词实际上是主语，be 动词的形式要和主语在数上保持一致，be 动词后面的名词是单数或不可数名词时用is，名词是复数时用are。例如：
(1) There is a big bottle of coke on the table. 桌上有一大瓶子可乐。
(2) There is a doll in the box. 那个盒子里有个娃娃。
(3) There are many apples on the tree. 那树上有许多苹果。
总之，There be结构强调的是一种客观存在的"有"。have表示"拥有，占有，具有"，即：某人有某物(sb. have / has sth.)。主语一般是名词或代词，与主语是所属关系。例如：
(4) I have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟，一个姐姐。
(5) That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。
4. look/ see/ watch
(1)look表示“看、瞧”，着重指认真看，强调看的动作，表示有意识地注意看，但不一定看到，以提醒
对方注意。，如：
Look! The children are playing computer games. 瞧！孩子们在玩电脑游戏。
Look! What?s that over there? 看！那边那个是什么？
单独使用是不及物动词，如强调看某人/物，其后接介词at，才能带宾语，如：
He?s looking at me。他正在看着我。
(2)see强调“看”的结果，着重的是look这个动作的结果，意思是“看到”，see是及物动词，后面能直接跟宾语。如：
What can you see in the picture? 你能在图上看到什么？
Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?看黑板！你看到了什么？
(3)watch“观看，注视”，侧重于场面，表示全神贯注地观看、观察或注视某事务的活动，强调过程，常用于“看电视、看足球、看演出”等。如：
Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天我们从电视上看了一场足球比赛。
4. put on/ / in
put on意为“穿上，戴上”。主要指“穿上”这一动作, 后面接表示服装、鞋帽的名词。
in是介词，表示“穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语和状语。如：
It?s cold outside, put on your coat. 外面冷，穿上你的外衣。
He puts on his hat and goes out. 他戴上帽子，走了出去。
The woman in a white blouse is John?s mother.穿白色衬衣的那个妇女是John的妈妈。
5. house/ home/family
house：“房子”，指居住的建筑物; Home: “家”，指一个人同家人共同经常居住的地方; Family: “家庭“，“家庭成员”。例如：
Please come to my house this afternoon. 今天下午请到我家来。
He is not at home. 他不在家。
My family all get up early. 我们全家都起得很早。
6. fine, nice, good, well
四者都可用作形容词表示"好"之意，但前三者既可作表语又可作定语，而后者仅用作表语。主要区别在于：
(1) fine指物时表示的是质量上的"精细"，形容人时表示的是"身体健康"，也
可以用来指"天气晴朗"。例如：
Your parents are very fine. 你父母身体很健康。
That's a fine machine. 那是一台很好的机器。
It's a fine day for a walk today. 今天是散步的好时候。
(2)nice主要侧重于人或物的外表，有"美好"，"漂亮"的意思，也可用于问候或赞扬别人。例如：
Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。
These coats are very nice. 那些裙子很好看。
Nice to meet you. 见到你很高兴。
It's very nice of you. 你真好。
(3)good形容人时指"品德好"，形容物时指"质量好"，是表示人或物各方面都好的普通用语。例如：
Her son is a good student. 她儿子是一个好学生。
The red car is very good. 那辆红色小汽车很好。
(4)well只可用来形容人的"身体好"，但不能作定语，它也能用作副词作状语，多放在所修饰的动词之
后。例如：
I'm very well, thanks. 我身体很好，谢谢。
My friends sing well. 我的朋友们歌唱得好。
【考点扫描】
中考考点在本单元主要集中在：
1. 动词be的用法；
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；
3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法；
4. 冠词的基本用法；
5. There be句型的用法。
6. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；
7. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。
考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空、完成句子。
【中考范例】
1. (2004年北京市中考试题)
Mary, please show ________ your picture.
A. my
B. mine
C. I
D. me
【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是人称代词和物主代词的用法。本题中动词show后面跟双宾语，空白处应填入人称代词的宾格me作宾语。
2. (2004年上海市徐汇区中考试题)
_________ orange on the desk is for you, Mike.
A. A
B.An
C. /
D. The
【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是冠词的基本用法。因为是特指课桌上的那个橘子，所以用定冠词the。
3. (2004年哈尔滨市中考试题)
---What _______ the number of the girls in your class?
---About twenty.
A. is
B. am
C. are
D. be
【解析】答案：A。该题考查的是动词be的用法和主谓一致。the number作主语，应该是单数第三人称，动词be变为is。
4. (2004年陕西省中考试题)
There _______ a football match on TV this evening.
A. will have
B. is going to be
C. has
D. is going to have
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是There be…句型和动词have用法区别。There be句型本身就表示“在
某个地方存在某个人或物”，不能和动词have混在一起用。【满分演练】
一. 单项填空
1. ---What colour is the bike?
---I t?s _______ orange.
A. an
B. a
C. /
D. the
2. That isn?t her bag. It?s ________.
A. my
B. I
C. mine
D. me
3. ---Oh, your kite is very nice.
---__________________.
A. That?s right
B. No, it?s not nice
C. Yes, it is
D. Thank you
4. The woman is sixty, but she _______ young.
A. is
B. sees
C. looks
D. watches
5. It?s time ________ lunch. Let?s go home.
A. to
B. in
C. for
D. on
6. ---________ is your coat?
---The black one.
A. What
B. Where
C. Which
D. How
7. ---________ is the toy?
---It?s on the bed.
A. Who
B. Where
C. What
D. Whose
8. The shoes are too old. Put ________ over there.
A. it
B. they
C. their
D. them
9. Excuse me. Can you _______ my watch, please?
A. look
B. look like
C. look after
D. look at
10. Look _______ the blackboard and listen _______ the teacher.
A. / /
B. at; to
C. after; /
D. on; after
11. ---Whose dress is this?
---It?s _________.
A. Lucy
B. Lucy?s
C. Jim
D. Jim?s
12. The girl ______ the purple coat is his sister.
A. at
B. in
C. on
D. with
13. There is a bird ______ the tree.
A. in
B. on
C. to
D. of
14. There are many ________ in our school.
A. woman teachers
B. woman teacher
C. women teacher
D. women teachers
15. ---Is there a ball under the desk?
---______________________.
A. Yes, it is
B. Yes, there?s
C. No, there isn?t
D. No, there is
16. There _______ some books and a pencil on the desk.
A. am
B. is
C. are
D. be
17. ---Let me help you.
---_______________.
A. You?re welcome
B. Thanks very much
C. Don?t worry
D. Yes, thanks
18. ______ old man is ______ English teacher.
A. The; an
B. An; an
C. The; the
D. A; a
19. ---What _____ five plus six?
---It?s eleven.
A. am
B. is
C. are
D. /
20. ---What ______ you see in the picture?
---I can see some flowers.
A. must
B. can
C. are
D. do
二. 完形填空
This is a picture of Kat?s ____1____. What can we ____2_____ in the picture? Look ____3____ it, please. The man ____4____ the black coat is Kate?s father, Mr. Green. The ____5____ in the red sweater is Mrs. Green. They ____6____ young. The baby is Kate. The little boy is Kate?s ____7_____, Jim. ___8____ the man behind Mrs. Green? Oh, he?s ____9___ brother, Mr. Read. He ____10____ young, too.
1. A. families B. family C. parents D. brothers
2. A. look B. do C. see D.put
3. A. at B. after C. for D. up
4. A. on B. of C. in D. to
5. A. man B. girl C. women D. woman
6. A. are B. is C. look like D. looking
7. A. sister B. brother C. father D. aunt
8. A. What?s B. Where?s C. Who?s D. How is
9. A. his B. her C. our D. their
10. A. looks B. am C. look D. very
三. 在B栏中找出A栏英语句子的正确答语
(A) (B)
1. How are you? A. I am in Row 6.
2. Can you spell it, please? B. Fine, thank you.
3. How do you do? C. Yes, b-o-o-k, book.
4. What row are you in? D. It is ten.
5. What?s two plus eight? E. Nice to meet you, too.
6. Nice to meet you. F. I am 14.
7. How old are you? G. Wang Ping is.
8. Who?s not here? H. It?s here.
9. Where is the bag? I. It?s a book.
10. What is this in English? J. How do you do?
四. 完成对话：在对话后面的句子中选出正确的填入空白处
Jim: Excuse me, Ann. Whose black dog is this? Is it yours?
Ann: Let me have a look.________1_______. I think it?s Sam?s. My dog is brown.
Jim: Sam, look at the dog behind the tree.________2__________?
Sam: Sorry, it isn?t mine. My dog is black and white. I think it looks like Mary?s.
Jim: _____________3______________?
Sam: She?s my friend. Look! She?s over there. Let?s go and ask her.
Jim: _______________4_______________.
Sam: Hi, Mary! Is that dog yours?
Mary: _______________5_______________.
Sam: It?s a lovely dog! Don?t lose it!
Mary: Yes, thank you.
A. Who?s Mary
B. OK, let?s go
C. Oh, no it?s not mine
D. Oh, yes. It?s mine
E. Is it yours
五. 用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. ________ (He) pen is in ______ (I) pencil-box.
2. ________ (You) shoes ________ (be) under the bed.
3. ________ (Who) new ruler is this?
4. ---Are these trousers _______ (you)?
---No, they aren?t ________ (we)
5. It?s time ________ (go) and play games.
6. This is my pen. Please give it to ________ (I).
7. I have two ________ (baby).
8. Look! That is a ________ (China) car.
9. It is __________ (my teacher) sweater.
10. Now her ________ ( parent) are in America.
六. 阅读理解
(A)
Bob was born in a big and rich family. His father is a university professor. He teaches American history. His mother is a very capable woman. She is the manager of a big company. She earns a lot of money, of course. Bob has two sisters and a brother. His elder sister, Jenny, is fourteen. She studies in a middle school. His younger sister, Ann, is ten. She studies in a private primary school. She has a very good memory. She is clever. His younger brother, Dick, is only six. He has just started going to school. Bob gets on well with his family. He is on good terms not only with his parents, but also with his sisters and brother. (have a friendly relationship with sb.) He is, in a word, an apple in their eyes.
根据短文的内容，判断下列句子的正误：正确地答“A”，错误的答“B”。
1. Bob was born in a small and rich family.
2. He has two brothers and a sister.
3. There are five people in his family.
4. Dick is only six. He studies in a private primary school.
5. “He is an apple in their eyes” means “They love him very much”.
(B)
Look at the clothes line in the twins' bedroom. There are some clothes on it. You can see a green blouse and a yellow skirt. The trousers on the clothes line are black. They are not new but clean. Are they Lily's clothes? No.
I know they are Lucy's. Lily's clothes are on a clothes tree near the window. Her trousers are brown, her blouse is white and her skirt is blue. There is a new hat on the clothes tree, but it's not Lily's, it's Lucy's. There is an old hat on Lucy's bed in the room, it's Lily's. There are no clothes on the other bed, the bed is Lily's.
1. What can you see in the bedroom? I can see __________.
A. a clothes line
B. a tree
C. a bed
2. What colour are Lucy's trousers? They are ________.
A. green
B. black
C. brown
3. Where is Lucy's hat? It's on _________.
A. the clothes tree
B. the clothes line
C. lily's bed
4. How many beds are there in the room? ________.
A. only one
B. three
C. two
5. Are there any things on Lily's bed? ________.
A. Yes, there is a hat on it
B. No, there is not anything on it
C. Sorry, I don't know
(C)
It's a fine Sunday morning. Ann and her mother are in a big bus. There are many people in it. Some of them come from America, and some come from England and Canada. They are all their friends. They are going to the Great Wall.
There are two Chinese in the bus. One is woman. She is driving the bus. The other is a young man. He speaks good English. He is now talking about the Great Wall. The other people are all listening to him. They like the Great Wall. They want to see it very much.
1. Ann and mother are going to the Great Wall __________.
A. by bike
B. by car
C. by plane
D. by bus
2. There are __________.
A. only one Chinese in the bus
B. only two Chinese in the bus
C. only two Chinese on the bike
D. only one Chinese in the car
3. The driver is __________.
A. a man
B. a woman
C. a Canadian
D. an American
4. The people __________.
A. are singing
B. are talking
C. are listening
D. are looking at the wall
5. They __________.
A. can see the Great Wall
B. can speak English very well.
C. want to talk with the man very much
D. want to see the Great Wall very much
初一年级（下）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. a bottle of
2. a little
3. a lot (of)
4. all day
5. be from
6. be over
7. come back
8. come from
9. do one?s homework
10. do the shopping
11. get down
12. get home
13. get to
14. get up
15. go shopping
16. have a drink of
17. have a look
18. have breakfast
19. have lunch
20. have supper
21. listen to
22. not…at all
23. put…away
24. take off
25. throw it like that
26. would like
27. in the middle of the day
28. in the morning / afternoon/ evening
29. on a farm
30. in a factory
II. 重要句型
1. Let sb. do sth.
2. Could sb. do sth.?
3. would like sth.
4. would like to do sth.
5. What about something to eat?
6. How do you spell …?
7. May I borrow…?
III. 交际用语
1. —Thanks very much!
—You're welcome.
2. Put it/them away.
3. What's wrong?
4. I think so.
I don't think so.
5. I want to take some books to the classroom.
6. Give me a bottle of orange juice, please. Please give it / them back tomorrow. OK.
9. What's your favourite sport?
10. Don't worry.
11.I?m (not) good at basketball.
12. Do you want a go?
13. That's right./ That…s all right./ All right.
14. Do you have a dictionary / any dictionaries?
Yes, I do. / No, I don?t.
15. We / They have some CDs.
We / They don?t have any CDs.
16. ---What day is it today / tomorrow?
---It?s Monday.
17. ---May I borrow your colour pens, please?
---Certainly. Here you are.
18. ---Where are you from?
---From Beijing.
19. What's your telephone number in New York?
20. ---Do you like hot dogs?
---Yes, I do. ( A little. / A lot. / Very much.)
---No, I don't. ( I don't like them at all.)
21. ---What does your mother like?
---She likes dumplings and vegetables very much.
22. ---When do you go to school every day?
---I go to school at 7:00 every day.
23. ---What time does he go to bed in the evening?
---He goes to bed at 10:00.
IV. 重要语法
1.人称代词的用法；
2. 祈使句；
3. 现在进行时的构成和用法；
4．动词have的用法；
5．一般现在时构成和用法；
6．可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法
【名师讲解】
1.That's right./ That‘s all right./ All right.
That’s right意为“对的”，表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为，肯定对方的答案或判断。例如："I think we must help the old man.""我想我们应该帮助这位老人。"
"That's right."或"You're right.""说得对"。
That’s all right.意为“不用谢”、“没关系”，用来回答对方的致谢或道歉。例如：
"Many thanks." "That's all right."
"Sorry. It's broken." "That's all right."
All right.意为“行了”、“可以”，表示同意对方的建议或要求。有时还可以表示“身体很好”
"Please tell me about it." "请把此事告诉我。"
"All right.""好吧。"
Is your mother all right?你妈身体好吗
2. make/do
这两个词都可以解释为“做”，但含义却不同，不能混用。make指做东西或制东西，do指做一件具体的事。
Can you make a paper boat for me? 你能为我做个纸船吗？
He?s doing his homework now.他正在做他的作业。
3. say/speak/talk/tell
say：是最口语化的最普通的一个词，意为“说出”、“说道”，着重所说的话。如：
“I want to go there by bus” , he said . 他说，“我要坐汽车到那里去。”
Please say it in English .请用英语说。
speak : “说话”，着重开口发声，不着重所说的内容，一般用作不及物动词(即后面不能直接接宾语) 。如：
Can you speak about him? 你能不能说说他的情况？
I don?t like to speak like this. 我不喜欢这样说话。
speak 作及物动词解时，只能和某种语言等连用，表达在对话中恰当使用词汇的能力。如：
She speaks English well.她英语说得好。
talk : 与speak 意义相近，也着重说话的动作，而不着重所说的话，因此，一般也只用作不及物动词，不过，talk 暗示话是对某人说的，有较强的对话意味，着重指连续地和别人谈话。如：
I would like to talk to him about it . 我想跟他谈那件事。
Old women like to talk with children.老年妇女喜欢和孩子们交谈。
tell: “告诉”，除较少情况外，一般后面总接双宾语。如：
He?s telling me a story.他在给我讲故事。
tell a lie 撒谎
tell sb. to do sth. /tell sb. not to do sth.
Miss Zhao often tells us to study hard.
4. do cooking/ do the cooking
do cooking作“做饭”解，属泛指。do the cooking特指某一顿饭或某一家人的饭。cooking为动名词，不能用作复数，但前面可用some, much修饰。从do some cooking可引出许多类似的短语：
do some washing 洗些衣服
do some shopping 买些东西
do some reading 读书
do some writing 写些东西
do some fishing 钓鱼
从以上短语可引申出另一类短语，不能用some, much或定冠词。
go shopping 去买东西
go fishing 去钓鱼
go boating 去划船
go swimming 去游泳
5. like doing sth./ like to do sth.
like doing sth. 与like to do sth. 意思相同，但用法有区别。前者强调一般性的爱好或者表示动作的习惯性和经常性；后来表示一次性和偶然性的动作。例如：
He likes playing football, but he doesn…t like to play football with Li Ming.
他喜欢踢足球，但是他不喜欢和李明踢。
6. other/ others/ the other/ another
other表其余的，别的，
Have you any other questions?你还有其他问题吗?
others别的人，别的东西
In the room some people are American, the others are French.在屋子里一些人是
美国人,其他的是法国人。
the other表另一个（二者之中）one…，the other…
One of my two brothers studies English, the other studies Chinese.
我两个哥哥中的一个学习英文,另一个学中文。
another表三者以上的另一个，另一些
There is room for another few books on the shelf.书架上还可以放点书。
7. in the tree/ on the tree
in the tree与on the tree.译成中文均为"在树上"但英语中有区别。in the tree表示某人、某事（不属于树本身生长出的别的东西）落在树上，表示树的枝、叶、花、果等长在树上时，要使用on the tree.如：There are some apples on the tree. 那棵树上有些苹果。
There is a bird in the tree. 那棵树上有只鸟。
8. some/ any
(1)some和any既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。但有以下两点需要
注意。
som e常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句和疑问句中。如：
There is some water in the glass.
Is there any water in the glass?
There isn't any water in the glass.
(2)在说话者希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中，或在表示请求，邀请的疑问句中，我们依然用some。
如：
Would you like some tea?
9. tall/ high
(1)说人，动物，树木等有生命的东西，主要用tall，不用hi g h，例如
a tall woman 一个高个子妇女
a tall horse 一个高大的马
(2)说一个不与地面接触的人和物的高时，要用high，而不用tall，比如人站在桌子上时，飞机飞上天
时，例如：
He is high up in the tree. 他高高地爬在树上。
The plane is so high in the sky. 飞机在空中这么高。
(3)指建筑物、山时要tall或high都可以，不过high的程度比tall高。
(4)high可作副词，tall不能。
(5)tall的反义词为short, high的反义词为low.
10. can/ could
(1) can表示体力和脑力方面的能力，或根据客观条件能做某种动作的"能力
"。例如：
Can you ride a bike？你会骑自行车吗？
What can I do for you？要帮忙吗？
Can you make a cake？你会做蛋糕吗？
(2) can用在否定句和疑问句中时有时表示说话人的"怀疑""猜测"或不肯定。例如：
Where can he be？他会在什么地方呢？
Can the news be true？这个消息会是真的吗？
It surely can't be six o'clock already？不可能已经六点钟了吧？
You can't be hungry so soon，Tom，you've just had lunch.汤姆，你不可能饿得这么快，你刚吃过午饭。
What can he mean？他会是什么意思？
在日常会话中，can可代替may表示"允许"，may比较正式。例如：
You can come in any time.你随时都可以来。
--- Can I use your pen？我能用你的钢笔吗？
--- Of course，you can.当然可以。
You can have my seat，I'm going now.我要走了，你坐我的座位吧。
(3) could
could 是can的过去式，表示过去有过的能力和可能性（在否定和疑问句中）。例如：The doctor said he could help him.（能力）医生说他能帮助他。
Lily could swim when she was four years old.（能力）
当丽丽四岁的时候她就会游泳。
At that time we thought the story could be true.（可能性）
那时我们以为所说的可能是真的。
could可代替can表示现在时间的动作，但语气较为婉转。例如：
Could I speak to John，please？我能和约翰说话吗？
Could you？在口语中表示请求对方做事。例如：
Could you wait half an hour？请你等半个小时好吗？
Could you please ring again at six？六点钟请你再打电话好吗？
(4) can的形式
只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式。能表示一般现在和一般过去两种时态，有时也能表示将来。所有其他时态（包括将来时）须用be able to加动词不定式来表示。例如：
They have not been able to come to Beijing.
他们没有能到北京来。
11. look for/ find
look for意为“寻找”，而find意为“找到，发现”，前者强调“找”这一动作，并不注重“找”的结果，而后者则强调“找”的结果。例如：
She can?t find her ruler. 她找不到她的尺子啦。
Tom is looking for his watch，but he can?t find it.汤姆正在寻找他的手表，但没能找到。
12. be sleeping/ be asleep
be sleeping表示动作，意思是“正在睡觉”；be asleep表示状态，意思是“睡着了”。如：
---What are the children doing in the room? 孩子们在房间里做什么？
---They are sleeping.他们正在睡觉。
The children are asleep now.现在孩子们睡着了。
13. often/ usually/sometimes
often表示"经常"，sometimes表示"有时候"，在表示发生频率上often要高于usually，usually要高于sometimes。这三个词表示的是经常性，一般性的动作或情况，常与一般现在时连用，常位于主要谓语动词的前面，其他谓语动词（be动词，情态动词和助动词）的后面，有时也可位于句尾。如果要加强语气，则放在句首。
We usually play basketball after school.我们通常放学后打篮球。
Sometimes I go to bed early.有时，我睡觉很早。
He often reads English in the morning.他经常在早晨读英语。
14. How much/ How many
how much常用来询问某一商品的价格，常见句式是How much is / are…?
How much is the skirt? 这条裙子多少钱？
How much are the bananas? 这些香蕉多少钱？
how much后加不可数名词，表示数量，意为“多少“，how many后加可数名词的复数形式。
How much meat do you want? 你要多少肉呀？
How many students are there in your class? 你们班有多少人？
15. be good for/ be good to/ be good at
be good for表示"对……有好处"，而be bad for表示"对……有害"；be good to表示"对……友好"，而be bad to表示"对……不好"；be good at表示"擅长，在……方面做得好"，而be bad at表示"在……方面做得不好"。
Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对你的眼睛有好处。
Eating too much is bad for you health.吃的太多对你的身体有害。
Miss Li is good to all of us.李老师对我们所有的人都很友好。
The boss is bad to his workers.这个老板对他的工人不好。
Li Lei is good at drawing, but I'm bad at it.李雷擅长画画，但是我不擅长。
16. each/ every
each和every都有"每一个"的意思，但含义和用法不相同。each从个体着眼，every从整体着眼。each 可用于两者或两者以上，every只用于三者或三者以上。
We each have a new book.
我们每人各有一本新书。
There are trees on each side of the street.
街的两旁有树。
He gets up early every morning.
每天早晨他都起得早。
each可以用作形容词、副词和代词；every只能用作形容词。
Each of them has his own duty.
他们各人有各人的义务。
They each want to do something different.
他们每个人都想做不同的事情。
17. 一般现在时/现在进行时
一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，也表示说话者的能力，还有自然现象；而现在进行时表示正在进行或发生的动作（构成方式为am/is /are/+doing）。
I do my homework in the evening.
我在晚上做作业。
I'm doing my homework now.
我现在正在做作业。
现在进行时常与now, these days, at the moment 或Look, listen等词连用；而一般现在时常与often, always, sometimes, usually, every day, in the morning, on Mondays等连用。
We often clean the classroom after school.
我们经常放学后打扫教室。
Look! They are cleaning the classroom .
看！他们正在打扫教室呢。
【考点扫描】
中考考点在本单元主要集中在：
1．动词一般现在时和现在进行时的用法，人称代词的用法，可数名词和不可数
名词的构成和用法。
2．本册书中常见的交际用语
3．本册书中一些重点的词组和短语
考试形式往往是单项填空、完形填空、短文改错和短文填空。
【中考范例】
1.（2004年安徽省中考试题）
---Hurry up! We?re all waiting for you.
---I ________ for an important phone call. Go without me.
A. wait
B. was waiting
C. am waiting
D. waited
【解析】答案：C。表示现在正在进行的动作，用现在进行时。
2. (2004年长春市中考试题)
Could you help ____ with _______ English, please?
A. I, my
B. me, me
C. me, my
D. my, I
【解析】答案：C。第一个空作宾语，应用人称代词的宾格me, 第二个空作定语，应用形容词性物主代词my。
3.(2004年长春市中考试题)
Dr. White can _______ French very well.
A. speak
B. talk
C. say
D. tell
【解析】答案：A。说什麽语言常用动词speak。
4.（2004年黄冈中考试题）
English is spoken by ______ people.
A. a lot
B. much many
C. a large number of
D. a great deal of
【解析】答案：C。只有a large number of 能用来修饰复数可数名词people。
【满分演练】
一. 单项选择
1. There is some ______ on the plate.
A. cakes
B. meat
C. potato
D. pears
2. Uncle Wang wants ______ the machine like a bike.
A. ride
B. riding
C. rides
D. to ride
3. Tom usually goes to bed ________ ten o'clock in the evening.
A. at
B. in
C. on
D. of
4. ______ picture books in class, please.
A. Not read
B. No read
C. Not reading
D. Don't read
5. The box is too heavy. Let ________ help you to carry it.
A. we
B. us
C. ours
D. our
6. Hurry up, ______ we'll be late for the meeting.
A. and
B. but
C. then
D. or
7. People usually ______ "hello" to each other when they make a phone call.
A. say
B. speak
C. tell
D. talk
8. Look! She ________ a kite for her son.
A. makes
B. is making
C. make
D. making
9. These shoes are yours. Please ________.
A. put on them
B. put on it
C. put them on
D. put it on
10. She often gets ______ very late.
A. home
B. at home
C. to home
D. in home
11. I think the shop is closed ________ this time of day.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. for
12. I want ______ of meat, please.
A. half kilo
B. a half kilo
C. half a kilo
D. a kilo half
13. --- Is this black ruler ________?
--- No. It's ________.
A. yours, his
B. your, his
C. yours, him
D. you, he
14. ________ book on the desk is a useful（重要的）one.
A. A
B. An
C. The
D. /
15. Grandma is ill. We have to take her to the ________.
A. farm
B. post office
C. hotel
D. hospital
16. Liu Mei often helps her mother ________ housework.
A. does
B. do
C.doing
D. to doing
17. We watch evening news on ________ at 7:00 in the evening.
A. CCTV
B. CAAC
C. WTO
D. MTV
18. There ________ a box of apples on the desk.
A. are
B. is
C. has
D. have
19. Would you like ________ with me?
A. go
B. to go
C. going
D. goes
20. Sometimes his brother ________ TV after supper.
A. watch
B. sees
C. watches
D. is watching
二. 填空
A. 根据句义和首字母写出所缺的单词
1. Kate's glass is empty. She wants a f______ one.
2. I think my father can help you m______ your broken bike.
3. I have two pencils. One is short, the other is l______.
4. Please open the w______. It's getting hot here.
5. Something is w______ with my bike. May I borrow yours?
B. 根据句意，用括号中所给词的适当形式填空
1. There are some ________ there, talking loudly. (woman)
2. This blouse isn't hers. It's ________. (my)
3. The people on the farm are very ________. (friend)
4. Do you know ________? (he)
5. Tom's uncle can drive cars. He is a good ________. (drive)
C.
1. This is our ________ desk. Ours are over there.
2. Bill has three ________. One is new and the other two are old.
3. His uncle ________ very young but he is over forty.
4. Let's ________ basketball after class.
5. Look! The cats are ________ up the trees.
6. The shop isn't open. It's ________.
7. My brother ________ some new picture books.
8. In our classroom there is a large map of ________.
9. Mum, please give me something to ________. I'm very hungry.
10. Does Mr Green like ________ in this Chinese school?
三.
A: Excuse me, Lin Tao!
B: Yes?
A: My bike is broken. Can I borrow yours?
B: __1____.
A: This afternoon.
B: OK. Here's the key.
A: ____2__. But where is it?
B: __3____.
A: What colour is it?
B: __4____.
A: I see. I think I can find it.
B: ___5___.
A: All right. See you!
四. 完型填空
These days men and women , young and old are ___1_____ the same kind of ___2____, and a lot of ___3_____ have long hair（头发）. We often can't ___4_____whether they are boys or girls, men or women.
___5_____ old man often goes to walk in the park. He is sitting on a chair now. A young person is ___6_____ ___7_____ him.
"Oh, goodness!" the old man says to the other one. "Do you ___8_____ that person with long hair? Is it a boy or a girl?"
"A boy," says the other one. "He is my son." "Oh," says the old man, "Please ____9____ me. I don't know you are his ____10____." "I'm not his mother, I'm his father," says the other one.
1. A. having B. wearing C. putting D. buying
2. A. clothes B. trees C. pictures D. Bags
3. A. we B. your C. them D. Theirs
4. A. talk B. teach C. say D tell
5. A. An B. A C. The D. /
6. A. running B. flying C. standing D. driving
7. A. on B. beside C. in D. At
8. A. see B. watch C. look D. Read
9. A. help B. excuse C. teach D. Ask
10. A. baby B. sister C. father D. Mother
五. 阅读理解
( A )
Mr Li teaches Chinese in the USA. He comes back to China every year. He gives us a talk. He says," K Day in the USA is very interesting. All children like it very much. It is on March 7th. When you go out on that day, you can see children running with kites in the open air(露天). When you look up, you can see different kites in the sky（天空）. Some are big, and some are small. They are in different colours. Every kite has a long string(长线). The children begin to run when they get the kites up. Every child has a good time that day.
1. Mr Li is _______________. He works in the USA.
A. a worker
B. an English teacher
C. a doctor
D. a Chinese teacher
2. Mr Li says something about _______________.
A. how to study English
B. K Day in the USA
C. his work in the USA
D. playing in the open air
3. March 7th is _________________.
A. Children's Day
B. Teachers' Day
C. K Day
D. Tree planting Day(植树节)
4. Every kite has _____________________.
A. a short string
B. a long string
C. the same colour
D. the same size(大小)
5. There are _______________ kites in the sky on that day.
A. all kinds of
B. one kind of
C. three kinds of
D. three
根据表格内容选择最佳答案。
6. On _______________, Paula usually gets up at 7:10 am.
A. Thursdays
B. Wednesdays
C. weekdays
D. weekends
7. Pizza is a kind of _________________.
A. drink
B. fruit
C. toy
D. food
8. Paula's favourite sport is _________________.
A. volleyball
B. table-tennis
C. yo-yo
D. football
9. On Wednesday evenings Paula usually ___________________.
A. watches TV
B. does her homework
C. washes her clothes
D. goes to see her friends
10. Which is wrong?
A. Paula goes to school from Monday to Friday.
B. Paula goes to bed after ten o'clock.
C. Paula has sports in the afternoon.
D. Paula usually has Pizza for lunch.
六. 根据中文提示和英文词语提示，写出意思连贯、符合逻辑的英文文段：（所有英文提示语必须用上。
这位老人来自悉尼。他很热爱中国。他现在在北京教英语。他喜欢在北京工作。
1. this, man, come, Sydney
2. he, China, very much
3. now, teach, in Beijing
4. he, say, Beijing, big, beautiful, like, work, here
初二年级（上）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. on time
2. best wishes
3. give a talk
4. for example
5. short for
6. a waste of time
7. go on a field trip
8. go fishing
9. I agree
10. next week
11. the day after tomorrow
12. have a picnic
13. have some problems doing sth.
14. go the wrong way
15. hurry up
16. get together
17. in the open air
18. on Mid-Autumn Day
19. come over
20. have to
21. get home
22. agree with
23. in the country
24. in town
25. all the same
26. in front of
27. on the left/right side
28. next to
29. up and down
30. keep healthy
31. grow up
32. at the same time
33. the day before yesterday
35. last Saturday
36. half an hour ago
37. a moment ago
38. just now
39. by the way
40. all the time
41. at first
II. 重要句型
1. have fun doing sth.
2. Why don?t you…?
3. We?re going to do sth.
4. start with sth.
5. Why not…?
6. Are you going to…?
7. be friendly to sb.
8. You?d better do sth.
9. ask sb. for sth.
10. say goodbye to sb.
11. Good luck(with sb)!
III. 交际用语
1.Welcome backto school!
2.Excuse me. I?m sorry I?m late, because the traffic is bad.
3.It doesn?t matter.
4.Happy Teachers? Day !
5.That?s a good idea.
6.What are you going to do？
7.Where are we going ?
8.What are we going to do ?
9.I?m good at…
10.It?s not far from…
11. Are you free tomorrow evening?
12.Would you and Lily like to come over to my home for Mid-Autumn Festival?
13.I?m glad you can come.
14.Thanks for asking us.
15.How about another one?
16.May I have a taste?
17.Let me walk with you.
18.What do you have to do?
19.Do you live on a farm?
20.Which do you like better, the city or the country?
21.Which do you like best, dogs, cats or chickens?
22.Shall we go at ten? Good idea!
23.---Let?s make it half past one. ---OK.
24.---Why not come a little earlier? ---All right.
25.Excuse me. Where?s the nearest post office, please?
26.It?s o ver there on the right.
27.I?m sorry I don?t know.
28.You?d better…
29.Thank you all the same.
30.Which bus do I take?
31.Go along this road.
32.What day was it yesterday?
33.I?m sorry to hear that.
34.I hope you?re better now.
35.Why did you call me?
36.I called to tell…
IV. 重要语法
1.be going to的用法；
2.形容词的比较级、最高级；
3.形容词和副词的比较
4.一般过去时
【名师讲解】
1. on the street / in the street
表示“在街上”时，on the street和in the street都可以，在美国多用on the street, 在英国多用in the street. 例如：
We have a house in the street. 我们在街上有座房子。
I met him on the street. 我在街上遇见了他。
2. would like / like
would like和like含义不同。like意思是“喜欢”，“爱好”，而would like意思是“想要”。试比较：I like beer.=I?m fond of beer. 我喜欢喝啤酒。
I?d like a glass of beer= I want a glass of beer. 我想要一杯啤酒。
Do you like going to the cinema? 你喜欢看电影吗？
Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? 你今晚想去看电影吗？
3. another / the other
(1)another通常用于三个或三个以上或不确定数量中的任意一个人或物体。例如：
May I have another apple, please? 请在给我一个苹果好吗？
This coat is too small for me. Please show me another这件外套我穿太小，请再给我拿一件看看。
(2)the other通常指两者中的另一个。例如：
He has two rulers. One is short. The other is long. 他有两把尺子，一把短的，另一把长的。
I have two brothers. One works in Xi?an . The other works in Beijing. 我有两个兄弟，一个在西安工作，
另一个在北京工作。
4. have to /must
(1)have to和must都可以用来谈论义务，但用法略有不同。如果某人主观上觉得必须去做而又想去时，
常用must。如果谈论某种来自“外界”的义务，常用have to。例如：
I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟。（自己想戒烟）
They have to work for the boss.
他们不得不为那个老板工作。（条件逼得他们去工作）
(2)have to可用于多种时态，must只能用于一般现在时。例如：
I?ll have to get up early tomorrow morning.明天早晨我必须早早起床。
We had to work long hours every day in order to get more money.
为了多挣钱，我们不得不每天长时间地工作。
(3)用于否定句时，mustn’t意思是“决不能”，“禁止”，而don’t have to意思是“不必”，相当于needn?t。
例如：
You mustn?t be late again next time.下一次你决不能再迟到。
You don?t have to go there today. You can go there tomorrow.
你今天不必到那里去了。你可以明天去。
5. hear sb. or sth.doing sth. / herar sb. or sth. do sth.
hear sb. or sth.doing sth.意思是“听到某人或某物在做某事”，而hear sb. or sth. do sth.意思是“听到某人或某物做过某事”。试比较：
I hear him singing an English song.听见他在唱英歌曲。
I heard him sing an English song.我听见他唱一首英文歌。
类似hear 这种用法的还有see, watch, listen, feel等感官动词。
6. any /some
any和some 都可以同不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式连用，但some一般用在肯定句中；any用在疑问句和否定句中。试比较：
I want some money. 我想要点钱。
Have you any money? 你有钱吗？
I don?t have any money. 我一点钱也没有。
some 有时也用于疑问句，表示说话人期待一个肯定回答或鼓励人家说“是”。例如：
Would you like some more beer?请你再来点啤酒好吗？
Could I have some rice, please?请给我来点米饭好吗？
7. hear /listen to
初中复习资料 目录英语词组总结for 和1.比较since 的四种用法2.since 延续动词与瞬间动词3. 重点部分提要词汇一. 单词⑴ 2冠词a / an / the: 3.some和any 4.family 5. little的用法 三. 语法 1. 名词所有格 2. 祈使句 1.英语构词法汇 2.英语语法汇总及练习 第1讲：名词 第2讲：代词 第3讲：形容词
第4讲：副词 第5讲：动词 第6讲：不定式 第7讲介词 第8讲：连词 第9讲：时态一 第10讲：时态(二) 第11讲：动词语态 第12讲：句子种类（一） 第13讲：句子的种类(二) 讲：宾语从句14第 第15讲：状语从句There be句型与中考试题第17讲ABC 被动语态复习第18讲 【初中英语词组总结】1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）
4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随……eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
初中英语知识归纳总结 第一课时名词 一、概述 1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。 2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（专有名词的第一个字母要大写） 二、可数名词与不可数名词 1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-----glasses; book---- books 2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。 如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。 3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。 Light travels faster than sound; (light：光线，不可数) The lights are on. (light：灯，可数) 4、不可数名词的量的表示 不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表示。 如：a glass of milk ------ four glasses of milk a piece of paper ------two pieces of paper a bag of rice ------three bags of rice 三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用） 1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 规则变化 policeman---policemen; man---men; woman---women; tooth---teeth; foot---feet; sheep---sheep; deer---deer; Japanese--- Japanese; Chinese --- Chinese; fish --- fish 四、名词所有格（运用） 名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式，它也有构成上的变化。 1、单数名词变所有格，只需在词尾加’ s; 2、复数名词的词尾已有s，只需加’即可； 3、复数名词的词尾若没有s ，则应加’ s ; 4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有，则在第二个人后面加’ s ; 如：Da Mao and Xiao Mao’s room 如果不是两人共有，则在每个人后面都加’ s; 如：Li Lei’s and Tom’s mother 5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词，或表示时间、距离、地点等，而表示无生命名词的所有关系则用“of”表示。 如: the windows of house the picture of the family
初中英语知识大全 第一课时名词 一、概述 1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。 2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（专有名词的第一个字母要大写） 二、可数名词与不可数名词 1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-----glasses; book---- books 2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。 如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。 3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。 Light travels faster than sound; (light：光线，不可数) The lights are on. (light：灯，可数) 4、不可数名词的量的表示 不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表示。 如：a glass of milk ------ four glasses of milk a piece of paper ------ two pieces of paper a bag of rice ------ three bags of rice 三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用） 1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 2、少数名词有不规则的变化形式
圆的知识点总结 （一）圆的有关性质 ［知识归纳］ 1. 圆的有关概念： 圆、圆心、半径、圆的内部、圆的外部、同心圆、等圆； 弦、直径、弦心距、弧、半圆、优弧、劣弧、等弧、弓形、弓形的高； 圆的内接三角形、三角形的外接圆、三角形的外心、圆内接多边形、多边形的外接圆；圆心角、圆周角、圆内接四边形的外角。 2. 圆的对称性 圆是轴对称图形，经过圆心的每一条直线都是它的对称轴，圆有无数条对称轴； 圆是以圆心为对称中心的中心对称图形； 圆具有旋转不变性。 3. 圆的确定 不在同一条直线上的三点确定一个圆。 4. 垂直于弦的直径 垂径定理垂直于弦的直径平分这条弦，并且平分弦所对的两条弧； 推论1 （1）平分弦（不是直径）的直径垂直于弦，并且平分弦所对的两条弧； （2）弦的垂直平分线经过圆心，并且平分弦所对的两条弧； （3）平分弦所对的一条弧的直径垂直平分弦，并且平分弦所对的另一条弧。 垂径定理及推论1 可理解为一个圆和一条直线具备下面五个条件中的任意两个，就 可推出另外三个：①过圆心；②垂直于弦；③平分弦（不是直径）； ④平分弦所对的优弧；⑤平分弦所对的劣弧。 1
推论2圆的两条平行弦所夹的弧相等。 5. 圆心角、弧、弦、弦心距之间的关系 定理在同圆或等圆中，相等的圆心角所对的弧相等，所对的弦相等；所对的弦的弦心距相等。 推论在同圆或等圆中，如果两个圆心角、两条弧、两条弦或两条弦的弦心距中有一组量相等，那么它们所对应的其余各组量都分别相等。 此定理和推论可以理解成：在同圆或等圆中，满足下面四个条件中的任何一个就能推出另外三个：①两个圆心角相等；②两个圆心角所对的弧相等；③两个圆 心角或两条弧所对的弦相等；④两条弦的弦心距相等。 圆心角的度数等于它所对的弧的度数。 6. 圆周角 定理一条弧所对的圆周角等于它所对的圆心角的一半； 推论1同弧或等弧所对的圆周角相等；在同圆或等圆中，相等的圆周角所对的弧也相等； 推论2半圆（或直径）所对的圆周角是直角；90°的圆周角所对的弦是直径； 推论3如果三角形一边上的中线等于这边的一半，那么这个三角形是直角三角形。 圆周角的度数等于它所对的弧的度数的一半。 7. 圆内接四边形的性质 圆内接四边形的对角互补，并且任何一个外角都等于它的内对角。 ※8. 轨迹 轨迹符合某一条件的所有的点组成的图形，叫做符合这个条件的点的轨迹。 （1）平面内，到一定点的距离等于定长的点的轨迹，是以这个定点为圆心，定长为半径的圆； （2）平面内，和已知线段两个端点的距离相等的点的轨迹，是这条线段的垂直平分线； （3）平面内，到已知角两边的距离相等的点的轨迹，是这个角的平分线。 ［例题分析］ 例1. 已知：如图1，在⊙O中，半径OM⊥弦AB于点N。 图1 ①若AB ＝，ON＝1，求MN的长； ②若半径OM＝R，∠AOB＝120°，求MN的长。 解：①∵AB ＝，半径OM⊥AB，∴AN＝BN ＝ ∵ON＝1，由勾股定理得OA＝2 ∴MN＝OM－ON＝OA－ON＝1 ②∵半径OM⊥AB，且∠AOB＝120°∴∠AOM＝60° 2
初中英语知识点总结归纳 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《初中英语知识点总结归纳》的内容，具体内容：知识点是英语学习中的一个重要的部分,下面是我为大家带来的，相信对你会有帮助的。：状语从句为了提高同学们的英语复习效率，中国教育在线整理了初中英语语法之状语从句，状语从句... 知识点是英语学习中的一个重要的部分,下面是我为大家带来的，相信对你会有帮助的。 ：状语从句 为了提高同学们的英语复习效率，中国教育在线整理了初中英语语法之状语从句，状语从句是用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。 1. 时间状语从句 (1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如： It was raining hard when got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang. As he walked along the lake, he sang happily. He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everything when he comes back. He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes. (3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是"一直到......时"，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是"直到......才......", "在......以前不......", 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如： The young man read till the light went out. Lets wait until the rain stops. We wont start until Bob comes. Dont get off until the bus stops. 2. 条件状语从句 (1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如： What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Dont leave the building unless I tell you to. (2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow. He wont be late unless he is ill. (3)"祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句" 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语
2019中考英语知识点大全 英语的学习重在积累，你做到了吗?以下是我为你整理的中考英语知识点大全，希望对你有所帮助！ 1、并列人称代词的排列顺序 1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为： 第二人称 -> 第三人称 -> 第一人称 you -> he/she; it -> I You， he and I should return on time。 2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为： 第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称 we -> you -> They 注意：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。 a。在承认错误，承担责任时， It was I and John that made her angry。
是我和约翰惹她生气了。 b。在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，如：I and you try to finish it。 c。并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时， d。当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。 2、物主代词 1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用 例如： John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk。 约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。 物主代词有形容词性(my， your等)和名词性(mine，yours等)两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。 名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--‘s属格结构，例如： Jack‘s cap 意为The cap is Jack’s。
His cap 意为 The cap is his。 2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能 a。作主语，例如： May I use your pen? Yours works better。 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。 b。作宾语，例如： I love my motherland as much as you love yours。 我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。 c。作介词宾语，例如： Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word， not in yours。 你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。 d。作主语补语，例如： The life I have is yours。It‘s yours。It’s
初一年级（上） 【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语 1. Sit down 2. on duty 3. in English 4. have a seat 5. at home 6. look like 7. look at 8. have a look 9. come on 10. at work 11. at school 12. put on 13. look after 14. get up 15. go shopping II. 重要句型 1. help sb. do sth. 2. What abo ut… 3. Let’s do sth. 4. It’s time to do sth. 5. It’s time for … 6. What’s… It is…/ It’s… 7. Where is… It’s…. 8. How old are you I’m….9. What class are you in I’m in…. 10. Welcome to…. 11. What’s …plus… It’s…. 12. I think… 13. Who’s this This is…. 14. What can you see I can see…. 15. There is (are) …. 16. What colour is it (are they) It’s (They’re)… 17. Whose …is this It’s…. 18. What time is it It’s…. III. 交际用语 1. Good morning, Miss/Mr…. 2. Hello! Hi! 3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too. 4. How are y ou I’m fine, thank you/thanks. And you 5. See you. See you later. 6. Thank you! You’re welcome. 7. Goodbye! Bye! 8. What’s your name My name is …. 9. Here you are. This way, please. 10. Who’s on duty today 11. Let’s do. 12. Let me see. IV. 重要语法 1. 动词be的用法； 2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；
圆知识点学案 考点一、圆的相关概念 1、圆的定义 在一个平面，线段OA绕它固定的一个端点O旋转一周，另一个端点A随之旋转所形成的图形叫做圆，固定的端点O叫做圆心，线段OA叫做半径。 2、圆的几何表示 以点O为圆心的圆记作“⊙O”，读作“圆O” 考点二、弦、弧等与圆有关的定义 （1）弦 连接圆上任意两点的线段叫做弦。（如图中的AB） （2）直径 经过圆心的弦叫做直径。（如途中的CD） 直径等于半径的2倍。 （3）半圆 圆的任意一条直径的两个端点分圆成两条弧，每一条弧都叫做半圆。 （4）弧、优弧、劣弧 圆上任意两点间的部分叫做圆弧，简称弧。 弧用符号“⌒”表示，以A，B为端点的弧记作“”，读作“圆弧AB”或“弧AB”。 大于半圆的弧叫做优弧（多用三个字母表示）；小于半圆的弧叫做劣弧（多用两个字母表示） 考点三、垂径定理及其推论 垂径定理：垂直于弦的直径平分这条弦，并且平分弦所对的弧。 推论1：（1）平分弦（不是直径）的直径垂直于弦，并且平分弦所对的两条弧。（2）弦的垂直平分线经过圆心，并且平分弦所对的两条弧。 （3）平分弦所对的一条弧的直径垂直平分弦，并且平分弦所对的另一条弧。 推论2：圆的两条平行弦所夹的弧相等。 垂径定理及其推论可概括为： 过圆心 垂直于弦 直径平分弦知二推三 平分弦所对的优弧 平分弦所对的劣弧 考点四、圆的对称性 1、圆的轴对称性 圆是轴对称图形，经过圆心的每一条直线都是它的对称轴。 2、圆的中心对称性 圆是以圆心为对称中心的中心对称图形。 考点五、弧、弦、弦心距、圆心角之间的关系定理
1、圆心角 顶点在圆心的角叫做圆心角。 2、弦心距 从圆心到弦的距离叫做弦心距。 3、弧、弦、弦心距、圆心角之间的关系定理 在同圆或等圆中，相等的圆心角所对的弧相等，所对的弦想等，所对的弦的弦心距相等。 推论：在同圆或等圆中，如果两个圆的圆心角、两条弧、两条弦或两条弦的弦心距中有一组量相等，那么它们所对应的其余各组量都分别相等。 考点六、圆周角定理及其推论 1、圆周角 顶点在圆上，并且两边都和圆相交的角叫做圆周角。 2、圆周角定理 一条弧所对的圆周角等于它所对的圆心角的一半。 推论1：同弧或等弧所对的圆周角相等；同圆或等圆中，相等的圆周角所对的弧也相等。 推论2：半圆（或直径）所对的圆周角是直角；90°的圆周角所对的弦是直径。推论3：如果三角形一边上的中线等于这边的一半，那么这个三角形是直角三角形。 考点七、点和圆的位置关系 设⊙O的半径是r，点P到圆心O的距离为d，则有： d
人教版初中复习资料 【初中英语词组总结】 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 37 be full of 装满……的be filled with 充满eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中
七年级（上） 1. f amily name = last name 姓first name = given name 名字 2. 用某种语言用介词in （如in English ） 3. 电话用语中this that 回答 “I s that Mr.H ” “Yes ，it is ” 4. h at 有边沿的帽子cap 有帽舌的帽子 5.名词的复数形式：①一般+s ②s,x,ch,sh, 结尾的+es ③辅音字母+y 去y 为I，+es ④o 结尾，除了negro hero tomato potato +es ，其余+s ⑥特殊名词复数形式 6.应对道谢Y ou are welcome = That ’s all right =That ’s OK = Not at all = It ’s my pleasure. 7.Here you are = Here it is = It is here 倒装句here +be + 名词here + 代词+be 8. i n 年月季节on 日星期几节日at 钟点 9. j oin 参加加入（团体组织）take part in 参加（活动） 10. be busy doing 11. be strict with sb be strict in sth 12. bring+ 人或物+to + 地点把? 带到某地 bring+ 人或物+for+ 人给某人带来? 13. start doing start + 名词 start to do 的情况：主语是物不是人;start 本身为s t arting 时;其后的动词与想法感情有关14. what time is it ？=what ’s time ？询问钟点回答：It is ? .（一律） 单词：trumpet 喇叭racket （网球羽毛球）球拍plural 复数，复数形式，复数的ninth 第九furniture 家具February 二月eraser 橡皮擦dresser 梳妆台 drum 鼓documentary 纪录片description 描述broccoli 花椰菜biology 生物学comedy 喜剧singular 单数plural 复数 七年级（下） 1. hear from sb. 收到? 的来信 2. be friendly to 对?友好 3. another 另一，再一 other 其他的，别的（无范围）+ 名词（复数） the other 两个中的另一个（通常搭配one? the other ? ） others 其他的人或物（代词） the others 多个中的剩余几个（不加名词，通常搭配some ? .the others ? ） 4. what+be+ 主语?=what do/does+ 主语+do ？询问职业 5. be surprised + at sth./to do sth./ 句子 6. in the corner 屋里某个角落 on the corner = at the corner 街头某个拐角处 7. every day 每天（状语）everyday 日常每天的adj.+ n.. 8. in the tree 在树上（非树本身的一部分）on the tree 在树上（树上的一部分） 9. in hospital 住院in the hospital 在医院工作 10. agree with sb agree to sth 答应agree on/upon/about 达成一致意见 11. tell ? from ? 把? 与? 区别开来 ***
初三英语知识点大总结 一. 介词by的用法 1. 意为“在……旁”，“靠近”。 Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。 2. 意为“不迟于”，“到……时为止”。 Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲? 3. 表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。
The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing. 猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph. 孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4. 表示“逐个”，“逐批”的意思。 One by one they went past the table in the dark. 他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。 5. 表示“根据”，“按照”的意思。 What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了?
一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don’t want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 2.一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2)表示在过去一段时间，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3)句型: It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
初二英语知识点总结： （一） 一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 be going to do （动词原形）结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 结构表示将来的用法： 1. 表示预见 Do you think it will rain? You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意图 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 基本构成如下： 一般疑问句构成： （1）will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? （2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t 否定句构成：will + not （won’t）+do Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑问句构成： 特殊疑问词＋will＋主语＋…？What will Sarah do next Sunday? 根据例句，用will改写下列各句 例：I don’t feel well today. （be better tomorrow） I’ll be better tomorrow. 1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight） _____________________________ 2. I’m tired now. （sleep later） _____________________________ 3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon） _____________________________ 4. We can’t leave right now. （leave a little later） _____________________________ 5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow） _____________________________ 答案：1. She’ll have a lot of homework tonight. 2. I’ll sleep later. 3. They’ll buy one soon. 4. We’ll leave a little later. 5. Maybe it’ll be better tomorrow. （二）should的用法：
《圆》题型分类资料 一．圆的有关概念： 1.下列说法：①直径是弦②弦是直径③半圆是弧，但弧不一定是半圆④长度相等的两条弧是等弧，正确的命题有（） A. 1个 B.2个 C.3个 D.4个 2．下列命题是假命题的是（） A．直径是圆最长的弦B．长度相等的弧是等弧 C．在同圆或等圆中，相等的圆心角所对的弧也相等 D．如果三角形一边的中线等于这条边的一半，那么这个三角形是直角三角形。 3.下列命题正确的是（） A．三点确定一个圆B．长度相等的两条弧是等弧 C．一个三角形有且只有一个外接圆D.一个圆只有一个外接三角形 4.下列说法正确的是( ) A．相等的圆周角所对的弧相等B．圆周角等于圆心角的一半 C．长度相等的弧所对的圆周角相等D．直径所对的圆周角等于90° 5.下面四个图中的角，为圆心角的是( ) A．B．C．D． 二．和圆有关的角： 1. 如图1，点O是△ABC的内心，∠A=50 ，则∠BOC=_________ 图1 图2 2.如图2，若AB是⊙O的直径，CD是⊙O的弦，∠ABD=58°，则∠BCD的度数为( ) A.116° B.64° C. 58° D.32° 3. 如图3，点O为优弧AB所在圆的圆心，∠AOC=108°，点D在AB的延长线上，BD=BC，则∠D的度数为
A 图3 图4 4. 如图4，AB、AC是⊙O的两条切线，切点分别为B、C，D是优弧BC上的一点，已知∠BAC＝80°， 那么∠BDC＝_________度． 5. 如图5，在⊙O中，BC是直径，弦BA，CD的延长线相交于点P，若∠P＝50°，则∠AOD＝． A 图5 图6 6. 如图6，A，B，C，是⊙O上的三个点，若∠AOC＝110°，则∠ABC＝°． 7.圆的内接四边形ABCD中，∠A：∠B：∠C=2：3：7，则∠D的度数为。 8. 若⊙O的弦AB所对的劣弧是优弧的 1 3 ，则∠AOB＝ . 9.如图7，AB是⊙O的直径，C、D、E都是⊙O上的点，则∠1＋∠2=________ A 图7 图8 10.如图8，△ABC是O的内接三角形，点C是优弧AB上一点（点C不与A，B重合），设OABα ∠=，Cβ ∠=（1）当35 α=时，求β的度数； （2）猜想α与β之间的关系为 11.已知：如图1，四边形ABCD内接于⊙O，延长BC至E，求证：∠A+∠B C D=180°，∠DCE=∠A； 如图2，若点C在⊙O外，且A、C两点分别在直线BD的两侧，试确定∠A+∠BCD与180°的大小关系；
初二英语知识点归纳 升入初二，英语越来越难了，想要学好英语，就要常对所学过的英语知识点进行 归纳，下面小编就来给大家分享初二英语知识点归纳，希望对大家有所帮助。 初二英语知识点归纳 (一) 一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的 时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 be going to do (动词原形)结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 结构表示将来的用法： 1. 表示预见 Do you think it will rain? You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意图 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow?
基本构成如下： 一般疑问句构成： (1)will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? (2)there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won't 否定句构成：will + not (won't)+do Sarah won't come to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑问句构成： 特殊疑问词+will+主语+…?What will Sarah do next Sunday? (二) should的用法： should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not. 例如：I think you should eat less junk food. 我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。 She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. 她经常开车，很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。 Students shouldn't spend too much time playing computer games. 学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏。 学习向别人提建议的几种句式： (1)I think you should… (2)Well, you could… (3)Maybe you should … (4)Why don't you…? (5)What about doing sth.? (6)You'd better do sth. (三) 过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。 1. 构成 was /were + doing，例如：