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中石化中级职称英语考试内容

中石化中级职称英语考试内容
中石化中级职称英语考试内容

1.The India Oil Industry in History印度石油工业的历史

1.The oil industry of India has traveled a long distance from the steamy jungles of Digboi to the deep-blue waters of the Bombay High.(从DIGBOI油田潮湿的丛林到BOMBAYHIGH油田深蓝的海水,印度的石油工业已经经历了一条漫长的历程)It has survived two World wars and withstood the economic,(它幸存于两次世界大战中)social and political upheavals of a particularly troubled century.(经历了一个经济、社会和政治大动荡的特殊世纪)It has,through the decades,striven for technical excellence,(然而,经历这几十年,它依然努力追求技术进步)established a firm infrastructure and charted for itself a pattern of growth consi stent with national aspirations.(建立企业基层组织,为自身的发展构建具有民族特色的增长模式。)

2.The journey,however,is far from over.(但是,印度石油工业发展的道路还很漫长)The way is long,the wind is cold.(路漫漫,风凄凄)The triumphant milestones encountered so far:(印度石油工业所取得的几个可历数的胜利里程碑是)Nahorkatiya,Moran,Anklesvar,Cambay Bombay High to name a few:(NAHORKATIY A、MoRAN、A NKLESV A R和CAMBAYHIGH油田)have brought us closer to the goal of Self—reliance in oil,but in a reflex action to the increasing demand the goal itself is tantalizingly moving away.What is needed is the great leap forward,a dynamic Surge to close the gap and thus ward off a serious economic danger.它们正在把我们一步一步引向石油自给自足的目标,同时,印度石油需求上升反映出的动向,又使目标本身渐渐远去。我们所需要的是向前的一个大跳跃,充满动力的缩小差距,才能阻止严重的经济危险。

3.The nation can rest assured that the oil industry is fully,aware of its responsibility and is gearing up to meet the challenge.Given their superb track record,we can expect Oil and ONGC to bring to their operations the finest in terms of managerial,technical and interpretative skills.we can trust them to update their knowledge in the exploding world of ideas and to constantly remain at the spear —head of progress.we can rest assured that they will train the staff to the highest levels of the industry.

3.只有印度石油工业充分意识到它的责任,同时准备好应对挑战,国家才能够放心休息。从它们辉煌的历史记录中,我们能够期待OIL公司和0NGC公司能用它们优秀的管理、技术和翻译队伍的技巧最好地进行运作。我们能够信任它们能够在知识爆炸的世界里迅速不断的更新他们的知识,保持处于进步的前沿。我们能够放心,它们将会把职员训练达到(世界石油>工业的最高水平。

4.However,There is one ingredient of success which cannot be imparted in the class—room.It has to be a growth from within,not a graft from without.This is What a distingui shed 19 century French mineralogist calls the passion of the pioneer which the goes on to describe as“the blend of an optimis m that cannot contemplate failure, of a perseverance that is fanatic in its intensity and of a dedication amounting to obsessive concern”.

4.然而,这里有一个不能在教室里传授的成功要素。它只能是一个从里向外的成长,不能是一个来自“没有”的嫁接。这就是19世纪一个著名的法国矿物学家所称的先锋的激情,进一步描述为“是一种乐观主义,融合着不沉浸于失败、保持自己强劲的毅力、致力于不断发展”。

5.Digboi Well No.1 was the culmination of such passion a hundred years ago.Through the corridors of time and the forests of the night,she is silently exhorting us to keep alive this pioneering spirit without which every other effort will be meaningless.It is important that we respond to this summons for,quite simply,it is a summons to greatness.

5.DIGB01一号石油井曾经在一百余年前是这个激情的顶峰。穿越时间的走廊和夜幕里的森林,它告诫我们要尽全力保持这个先锋的灵魂永存,没有它所有的努力都毫无意义。‘我们平静地、简单地对这个召唤做出反应是重要的,它是一个走向伟大的召唤。

2 . America's Luckiest Stamp Find(美国最幸运的邮票的发现)

l . The first United States airmail stamp has had an interesting story. Printed in 1918, this 24-cent stamp with a blue plane inside a rose border became the center of much attention. One hundred of the stamps sold to the public became known as "inverts", fo r the plane was printed upside down. Some of these " upside-down" airmail stamps are now worth over $6,000.

1.关于美国的第一枚航空邮票有一个有趣的故事。这枚面值为24美分的邮票印刷于1918年,玫瑰花边的中间有一架蓝色的飞机,成为人们关注的中心。因为蓝色的飞机被印颠倒了,仅仅有一百枚这种“倒转”邮票卖给公众。现在,有些这种“倒转”航空邮票价值超过6000美元。

2. The story of these stamps began on May 14, 1918, the day after they were placed on sale. In Washington, D.C., W. T. Robe y, a man interested in stamps, decided to buy a sheet of the new stamps and so went to the New Y ork Avenue branch post office in Washington. When the clerk handed him a sheet of the stamps, Robey noted that they were poorly centered. He looked at other s heets and found that none was well centered. The clerk asked Robey to return later in the day when more stamps were expected.

2.关于这些邮票的故事发生在1918年5月14日,该日是它们开始销售的第二天。在首都华盛顿,一个集邮爱好者,罗比,决定去买一整版新邮票,于是他来到华盛顿市纽约大街的邮政支局。当职员递给他一版新邮票时,罗比看到它们(印刷)的中心

位置很差。他看了其它几版,没有一个摆正中心位置。职员告诉罗比当天晚些时候来退换,估计那时有更多邮票到货。

3. About noon Robey came back, and the same clerk was on duty. He reached for the new sheets and handed one to Robey. The collector's heart stood still as he saw that the sheet which had been offered him had inverted centers.

3.罗比大约中午时候回来时,还是那个职员值班。他伸手够到新货取出一版递给罗比。当这个集邮者看到邮票时他的心跳刹那间停顿了,给他的这版邮票有一个倒转的中心。

4. Excited by his find, Robey shopped other branch post offices for more sheets with inverted centers but found none. Then he told his friends of his discovery, and they, too, looked in the city's post offices - also in vain.

4.罗比被他的发现振奋,他到其它邮政支局去寻购更多张的“倒转”邮票,但是毫无成果。之后,他告诉他的朋友们他的这个发现,他们如他一样,找遍了全城的邮政支局,同样徒劳无功。

5. Not being a rich man, Robey decided to cash in on his good fortune. He turned down the first offer of $500 from a Washington stamp shop owner and took the sheet to New Y ork. There he planned to show it to a collector, Colone l E. H. R. Green, as well as to stamp dealers.

5.罗比不是个富人,他决定把他的好运气换成钱。他拒绝了—个华盛顿集邮商店老板500美元的第一个报价,带着邮票去纽约,他计划把“倒转”邮票拿给一个名叫COLONEL的集邮者和一些邮票商看.

6. Colonel Green was out of the city, and no one else wanted to bid on the sheet for fear that Robey's might n ot be the only upside-down sheet. As the news of his find spread, many 'people said that other such sheets had been found. These stories proved to be false.

6.CoLoNEL先生不在纽约;而没有其他任何人想报价;他们害怕罗比的邮票不是唯一的“倒转”邮票。当关于罗比的发现的消息扩散开后,很多人声称找到了其它这样的邮票。很快证实那些话都不真实。

7. Robey left New Y ork without having made a sale, and stopped in Philadelphia on the way home. There, dealer Eugene Klein arranged to buy the sheet for $15,000, and finally did buy it. Within a few days, Klein sold the sheet to Colonel Green, the same collector whom Robey had failed to contact in Texas at the time, and that Klein phoned him there and sold him the sheet, sight u nseen, for $20,000! Robey's sheet had cost him $24, and his profit was $14,976 while Klein gained $5,000.

7.罗比没有卖出邮票离开纽约;回家的路上他停脚费城。在那儿,一个邮票商克林安排15000美元收购全版“倒转票”,最终成交。几天之内,克林转手全版“倒转票”给CoLONEL先生,就是在德州与罗比失之交臂的那个邮票商,而当克林打电话给在德州的COL0NEL先生,卖给他全版“倒转票”时,他看都没看,出价20000美元!罗比付出24美元买全版“倒转票”,他的利润是14976美元,而克林先生赚了5000美元。

8. 0f the 100 stamps first bought by Mr. Robey, stamp. collectors are now able to account for 90. What has happened to the others is not known. When a copy is offered for sale it is a major event in the stamp world. A single such stamp has been' sold for as much as $6,500. Few people have ever even seen a copy. Y et no matter how much this valuable stamp is bought and sold, no owner can match the thrill that W. T. Robey had on that day in 1918 when he made A merica's luckiest stamp find! .

8.罗比先生最先购买到的100枚邮票中,现在集邮者们能统计出的仅有90枚。没有人知道另外一些邮票的下落和故事。今天,一个“倒转票”的拷贝出售都是集邮界的大事。仅仅单枚这样的邮票曾经卖到6500美元。甚至是复制品也几乎没有人看到过。不论这种价值极高的邮票卖多少钱、买多少钱,没有一个所有者的兴奋可与罗比在1918年发现最幸运的美国邮票那天的兴奋相比!

3 . Clones: A Milestone in Medical Science(克隆一医学科学的一个里程碑)

l. Take a cell, pract ically any cell, from your body, and through appropriate biological repairing, you can cause it to grow into a duplicate of yourself-identical from eyelashes to toenails. With this system, you can neatly reproduce yourself without a ny partner. Human cloning, it's called. 1.从你的身体上取一个细胞,实际上可以是任何细胞,通过适当的生物修理,你能够使它生长成为一个完整的你自己的复制品,从眼睫毛到脚趾甲,完全相同。使用这个系统,你能够不需要任何(性)伙伴完整地重制你自己。这被称作“人类克隆”。

2. Is this science fact or science fiction In the spring of 1996, a book was published telling the supposedly true story of a n elderly millionaire who, at great expense, succeeded in producing a clone-an exact genetic copy of himself. According to the account, the cloned child, now 4 years old, is living with his "father" in California.

2.这是科学的事实还是科学的小说?1996年春天,已经发行的一本书讲述一个据说是真实的故事,一个老年的百万富翁花费巨资,成功地生产出一个克隆,一个完全的他自己的基因复制。据报道,该克隆儿童现在已经4岁,与他的“父亲”一起生活在加利福尼亚州。

3. The book caused a small uproar. Clone movies and clone jokes sprang up overnight. A group of scientists demanded that the

federal government reveal all the studies it has funded on cloning and related field of cell biology. But some distinguished biologists offered their opinion that the book was pure fantasy. They pointed out that cell researchers simply do not yet know enough to pull off such a feat, even if they are anxious to.

3.这本书造成一个小骚动。一夜间克隆电影和克隆笑话扩散开。一个科学家组织要求联邦政府展示它曾经和正在提供资金的有关克隆和相关细胞生物学领域的所有研究项目。但是,一些著名生物学家提出了他们的观点,认为该书是纯粹的科幻小说。他们指出,很简单,细胞学研究者完全不具备足够知识去实现这样的壮举,尽管他们渴望能做到。

4. Y et the cloning story touches a highly sensitive nerve. People began to realize that we are on the threshold of a new age in the biosciences. Knowledge of genetic engineering is emerging that allows scientists to tinker with, and change, the very stuff o f life. The assumption on which human cloning rests is that all genetic cells, though now specialized, still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individualcand could do so if a way is found to switch them back on. If so, the recipe for cloning people should be quite simple, at least in theory.

4.但是克隆故事已经触动到高度敏感的神经。人们开始意识到我们正处在一个生物科学新纪元的开端。正在兴起的基因工程的知识,使科学家可用其修补和改变那些生命之源。人类克隆的假设基于:虽然现在是专门的细胞,但所有的基因细胞都保留着一套正确的原始基因复制,它用来指导重塑一个完整的个体人,同样的道理,如果能够找到一个方法也可以逆向复制。如果的确如此,人类克隆应该非常简单,至少理论上如此。

5. Although it may look simple on paper, it isn't in practice. To date scientists have succeeded in cloning some small animals. But it is still a far cry from the much more complicated experiment on the carbon copy of human beings. Even when technically possible, the potential of human cloning challenges our entire value system. We must talk about the implications now, before any crisis occurs.

虽然在理论上人类克隆看上去简单,但其从未进入试验。目前科学家已经成功克隆了一些小动物。但是,复制活人这样复杂的试验依然是遥不可及的。即使技术上可能时,人类克隆的潜在性向我们人类整个价值体系发出挑战。我们必须在任何危机发生之前的今天,讨论有关的含义。

6. What would happen if human cloning became a reality? One favorite expectation is the creation of a new breed of Einstein's. But scientists quickly denied the possibility. It is more than genetic make-up that makes an individual. People are all products of a particular historical time and of special environment, with so many minute things affecting the way they develop each and eve ry day. A duplicate background-and therefore a duplicate individual-could never be created. .

如果人类克隆成为真实,将会发生什么?一个最好的期待是,一个爱因斯坦的新生命。但是科学家们迅速否定了这个可能性。一个人物个体的产生不仅仅依靠基因的构成。每一个人都是特定历史时间和特殊环境的产物,有那么多微小的事情影响着每个人发展方向的每一天。因此,一个复制的背景j,或一个复制的个人,将永远不能被创造

7. Fortunately, cloning research is not a technique for reproductive purposes, but to cure human dise ases. Already biologists studying the cell's inner workings and the various methods of cloning have made exciting discoveries that may finally lead to breakthroughs in fighting against cancer. It may also be used to control the aging process, and conquer p resently incurable human genetic diseases. 7.幸运的是,克隆研究不是一项以复制为目的的技术,反之,而是为了治疗人类的疾病。生物学家在研究细胞的内部活动方式和克隆的各种办法方面,已经有了令人兴奋的发现,可能最终实现战胜癌症的突破。它还可能被用于控制人的老化过程,以及征服目前还不可治疗的人类基因疾病。

4. Public Interest and Private Lives(公共利益与名人私生活)

l. Recent intrusions into the lives of public figures have highlighted the lack of laws guarding privacy in Britain. As a result, one issue under discussion as Parliament returns this week is the possible introduction of legislation to curb press powe rs. 1.最近在英国,侵犯公众人物私生活的事件突出了缺乏保护隐私权的法律的问题。其结果:一个讨论之下的解决办法,是让这周返回工作的议会提出可能的立法议案去限制媒体的权力。

2. The Government will probably take no action until it receives a report from a committee chaired by Sir David Calcutt, due in January 199

3. The committee is examining whether the press should be regulated by tougher legislation. It is also c onsidering the ways in which the press has invaded the private lives of the famous. 2.预计在1993年1月收到以DAVID CA LCUIT先生为主席的委员会的报告之前政府不会采取任何行动。该委员会正在审查是否应该用严厉的法律去约束媒体。同时它也在调查媒体采用何种方式侵犯名人私生活。

3 . The Calcutt committee has reported once before, in l 990. Its recommendations led to the creation of the Press Complaints Commission, under which the press was given the chance to regulate itself without the need for a privacy law. It also propose d a new criminal offence of physical intrusion to obtain information for publication. 3. 1990年,CA LCUTT先生的委员会曾经提出过一次报告。在该报告倡议下成立了媒体申诉委员会。媒体通过该委员会进行自我约束而不受隐私权法律的限制。报告同时还提出了一

种新的犯罪,即为了获取公众信息而进行人身的侵犯。

4. This proposal, which was not acted upon, would have made it unlawful to photograph people on private property or record th eir conversations without permission. It would have made it an offence to enter a property to place a bug or obtain personal information. 4.这个尚未生效的法案,将使“在私有财产内对人拍照”或“不受他人允许对他的谈话录音”成为非法。法案还使闯入私有财产去设置窃听器或获取他人私人信息定为犯罪。

5. The committee said that the press should be allowed to invade the privacy of a public figure only when it was likely to expose or prevent criminal activity, otherwise his or her private life should be left alone. But a general law protecting privac y was rejected. 5.委员会解释道,只有当媒体能揭露或制止可能的犯罪活动时,才允许侵犯名人的隐私,否则无权干涉他或她的私生活。但是保护隐私的普通条款被否决了一

6. Since then, reports in some newspapers and magazines about people's private lives have ignored the committee's recommendations. The private lives of Govemment ministers and members of the Royal Family have featured prominent ly in the press. Photographs of the Duchess of Y ork Sunbathing in France, for example, have been widely published. 6.此后,若干报纸和刊物不顾委员会的建议报道了一些名人的私生活。政府要员和皇室成员的私生活已经成为媒体的报道焦点。例如,约克女公爵在法国日光浴的照片曾经被广泛刊登。

7. Some sections of the media justify their intrusion by saying it is in the public interest. In a democracy, they argue, the public has a right to know what people in positions of power are doing. Politicians and others are accountable for their live s. Privacy laws, these critics say, would protect the privileged. 7.媒体的某些部门以公共利益为借口辩解说他们的“私闯”是正当的。他们争辩道在一个民主社会里,公众有权力知道那些在当权者在做什么。政治家们和某些人们要对自己的所作所为负责任。他们批评说隐私权法律保护了特权。

8. Additionally, many politicians use their private lives to gain popular support, for example by parading their families before cameras to emphasize "traditional values". Hence , some editors say they are justified in prying into private lives to un cover any faults. 8.此外,很多政治家利用他们的私生活去提高知名度。例如,在照相机向公众展示他们的家庭以强调“传统价值”。因此,一些记者说他们窥视名人隐私以揭示他们的错误是合理的。

9. Likewise, the Royal Family is supported from public funds, and therefore it is argued that its members should lead responsible private lives. 9.另外,公共基金负责皇室的生活,因此某种争论说,皇室成员的私生活应当成为公众的楷模。

10. Critics of media intrusion say it is hurtful to the individuals involved and ignores their basic rights to freedom and privacy. They say intrusion serves purely to increase newspaper sales. 10.批评者说媒体入侵是对相关人的伤害和对他们在自由和隐私方面权力的忽视。他们说,侵犯隐私的目的只是为了增加报纸的销量。

11. As well as the debate on privacy and the press, there is another issue that civil-liberty groups think is a greater threat to people's freedom. It is the protection of ordinary members of the public from intrusion, particularly by the state and by bus iness.

11.在媒体权力与名人私生活的辩论中,人权自由组织认为还有一个对人民自由的巨大威胁,即保护普通大众免受侵犯,尤其是政府和商业组织的侵犯。

5. The First Jet第一架喷气机

It was just noon on that 25th day of April, 1945. I had gone through my first minutes of combat. The 456th Bomber Group, based in Italy, had gone into Austria. They had hit the railroad yards at Linz along the Danube River. 事情发生在1945年4月25日的中午。我正在执行我的第一次战斗任务。基地在意大利的第456轰炸机群刚刚飞进奥地利。他们要轰炸多瑙河沿岸位于林滋的铁路工厂。

My job was to drop chaff: They were the little bundles of tin that confused enemy radar. Through the 3-inch-square chaff. chute, I could see the enemy shells exploding just below us. 我的工作是抛撒干扰片。它们是锡制的很小的捆,能够干扰敌人的雷达。透过3平方英寸(抛撒)干扰片斜道,我能看到敌人的炮弹就在我们(飞机肚子)底下爆炸。

Just after "bombs away," a sharp blow rocked our plane. An enemy shell had ripped a hold in the floor of the airplane. It was about a yard from the engineer's feet. '刚刚执行“开始轰炸”命令,一下急速的打击使我们的飞机摇晃起来。敌人的一颗炮弹已经在飞机的地板上撕破一个大洞。它距离工程师的脚不过一码。

" Engineer to pilot," his voice said, we've been hit."(“工程师呼叫机长,”(耳机中)他的声音说道,“我们被击中了。”)“Bad ?”“很严重吗?”

"Don't think so. It missed the control cables - went out through the top." 不太严重。它没有击中控制缆,穿过顶棚出去了。

No more talk. It was over. But it left a shaky feeling. We knew that the war was almost over. A guy's chances of getti ng home

were good. 没有更多的交谈。这件事

过去了。但是它留下令人震撼的感觉。我们都知道战争几乎结束。一个军人战后回家的机会很高。

Each of us was thinking the same thing, If that shell had hit us half a second sooner, it might have hit the pilot. Three inches to the left and it would have cat some cables. A tiny instant later: and it would have hit one of us. 我们中的每个人都在想同样的事。如果那颗炮弹早半秒击中我们,它可能击中机长。只要偏左3英寸,它将会割断某些控制缆。稍微迟后瞬间,它将击中我们中的一个。

The bomb run ended. The bomb bay doors slid shut. Suddenly we were in the clear open sky. 轰炸循环结束了。弹舱门关上了。刹那间我们冲入晴朗的广阔天空。

We let ourselves feel a bit safer now. We had the three-hour flight home. It was across part of Y ugoslavia. Then came the voice of our nose gunner. 现在我们使自己感到多了一点安全。我们要用3个小时飞回家。正在横穿南斯拉夫某地。这时传来我们的前机枪手的声音。

“Fighter. Eleven o'clock low. Coming in fast.”“战斗机。11点方向下。逼近得非常快。”

“Whose?”somebody said. “谁的?”有人问。

"Not ours," came the answer, forward. "Never saw anything like it. It's closing in now. . .fast. . .fast. . .never saw anything so fast." '“不是我们的,”从前方传来回答,“从来没有见过像这样的东西。现在它正在接近,太快了,太快了,从来没有见过任何东西这么快。”

"I see him!" the left waist gunner said. “It's a jet - one of those new Me 262’s ! ”“我看到它了!”左腰部机枪手说。“它是架喷气机,是新型ME262中的一架!”

" Can't even hold him in the sight," the gunner said. “简直不能‘盯’住它,”机枪手说。

If one of their new jets hits you, just start shooting and hope that you hit him. Y ou won't get a chance to aim. That's what we had been told. The enemy had a fighter so fast we couldn't even hold a sight on it. It was something we had never heard of. Something they called a "jet." 我们曾被告知:如果他们的新型喷气机冲向你,立即扫射,但愿你打中它,你没有瞄准它的机会。敌人有一种战斗机太快,我们甚至不能‘看’住它。这是我们从没听说过的东西,敌人称之为“喷气机”。

And now the jet came at us! Our nose turret turned wildly to follow it. The electric motors of the turret hummed. The gunner tried to bring his guns around. 现在喷气机冲向我们!我们的前炮塔发疯似地旋转着跟随它。炮塔的电动机嗡嗡叫。机枪手试图带着他的枪转动。

Looking over the other waist gunner's shoulder, I saw the enemy jet. Saw its shining green nose and its high rudder. It knifed through the spring air toward our plane. 从另一个腰部机枪手的肩上看过去,我看到了敌人的喷气机。看到了它的闪亮的绿色鼻子和高高的方向舵。它刀劈般穿过春天的天空接近我们的飞机。

In seconds the jet's cannon would fire. In seconds it would all be over. Our bomber would fold. It would streak down to smash in the mountains below. 几秒钟内喷气机的大炮将开火。几秒钟内一切将结束。我们的轰炸机将折叠成团。它将瞬间下坠粉碎在下面的山上。

In seconds ... Then I noticed that it had not yet fired a single shot. All of us stared. We were ready for the blow. But no o ne fired! 几秒钟内……突然,我注意到它没有发射一发子弹。我们所有人都凝视着。我们已经准备着爆炸。但是没有人开火。

The jet was in range. Its shining nose was on us as it closed in for the kill. 喷气机确实在射程以内。它闪亮的鼻子对着我们,似乎它要靠近来进行屠杀。

Then the unbelievable: the enemy jet leveled off. It flashed below us and was gone. 这时令人难以置信的事发生了,敌人的喷气机与我们的飞机拉成水平。它闪向我们的下面,然后离去。

"Close!" somebody said. "Too close!" “太近了!”有人说。“太近了!”

Then we went back to the business of getting home. I guess most of the crew forgot about that jet that had us in its sights. But I have never forgotten it. 之后,大家重新回到飞回家的事情里。我猜想机组的大多数人现在已经忘掉那架置我们于其视距的喷气机。但是,我从来没有忘掉它。

Was the German pilot out of ammunition? Did his guns jam at the last second? Or was it more than that? Was he tired of killin g? 是德国飞行员没有弹药?是最后一秒他的机枪卡壳?或者还有更多隐情?或者是他已经倦于杀戮?

I?ll never be s ure. I don't know what held the fire of our own gunners. But the sky changed from a rain of hate to a blue sky of hope.

我可能永远不会弄清。我也不知道为什么我们的机枪手没有开火。但是天变了,从一个讨厌的雨天变成我们所希望的蓝天。

6. The Art of Public S peaking(公共演讲的艺术)

l. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life .( 在你生活的某个时刻,几乎必定需

要做某种有影响力的公开演讲)When it does, you want to be ready. (当这个时刻来到时,你希望自己十分有把握)But even if you never give another speech in your life,( 但是,即便你从未发表过一个演讲)you still have much to gain from studyi ng public speaking.(你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多)Y our speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting yourself skillfully. (你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路、和表现技巧方面对你进行训练)The training is invaluable for every type of communication.( 这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的)

2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation .The three major goals of public speaking - to inform, to persuade, to entertain are also the three major goals of everyday conversation. In conversation, almost without thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. Y ou organize your ideas logically. Y ou tailor your message to your audience. Y ou tell a story for maximum impact. Y ou adapt to feedback from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking. 2.在公开演讲和每日交谈之间有许多类似的东西。演说的三个主要目的是:传达、说服、吸引,这些也是每日交谈的三个主要目的。在交谈中,你已经不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有条理地组织你的观点,你根据听众修改信息。你选择讲述某个故事以取得最大的效果。你从听众的反馈中改变自己。这些是你在公开演讲时所需要的最重要的技巧。

3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more hig hly structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires more detailed preparation than dose ordinary conversa tion. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language. Listeners react negatively to speech es loaded with slang, jargon, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and wor k at avoiding distracting physical

mannerism and verbal habits. 3.当然,公开演说不同于交谈。首先,公开演讲比交谈要有更高的组织结构性。公开演说者通常受严格的时间限制,故此它需要比普通交谈更细致的准备。其次,公开演说需要使用正式语言。听众对充满俚语、行话、和语法错误的讲话反应消极。第三,公开演说需要用一种不同声调和姿势。有影响力的演说者调整他的声调去面对大量的观众,力求避免分散人注意力的身体习惯动作,力求避免习惯性口头语。

4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most uccessful speakers are nervous before making

a speech. Y our speech class will give you an opportunity to ain confidence and make your nervousness work for you rather than against you. Y ou will take a big tep toward overcoming stage fright if you think positively, choose speech topics you really care about, prepare thoroughly, and concentrate on communicating you're your audience. Like many students ver the years, yo u too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities. 4.在任何一个演讲教室里,学生最主要的担心之一就是怕上台。事实上,最成功的演说家在发表一场演讲之前也会紧张。你的演讲教室将给你——个获得信心的机会,让你的紧张的神经帮助你而不是阻碍你。如果你能这样积极地考虑,你将会朝着战胜怯场的方向迈进一大步:选择你真正关心的演讲主题,充分地准备,集中精力与你的听众沟通。如同数年以来在此学习的许多学生,你同样能够在你的演讲能力上提高信心。

5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements -speaker, message, hannel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates a speech transaction. Whatever the speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel. The listener receives the communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in whic h speech communication occurs. The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication. 5.语言交流的过程,整体而言包括七个要素:演说者、信息、沟通途径、听众、反馈、外界干扰、和现场形态。演说者是演讲事件的开始者。演说者传递的是信息,它必经某种特定沟通途径传送出去。听众接受传达到的信息,并且向演说者提供反馈。外界干扰是妨碍信息沟通的任何事物,而现场形态是演说发生的时间和地点。这七个要素的相互作用决定任何情况下演说交流的效果。

6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibilities. Ethical speakers use sound means to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects, by being honest in what they say, by usi ng sou nd evidence. and by employing valid reasoning.

6.因为演讲是力量的一种表现形态,它承载着很重的道德责任。有道德的演说者用声音的方式去实现声音的目的。他们通过很好阐述他们的主题、通过诚实于他们所说的话、通过使用可靠的论据、以及通过正确的评论做这件事。

7 Plagiarism Exposed at University暴露在大学里的剽窃

1 . Y ou do not need a sophisticated grasp of mechanical engineering, let alone of "wear debris particle analysis", to spot something odd about the following sentences taken from two different learned works on the subject:

1.你不需要掌握复杂的机器工程学理论,更不用知道“磨损碎片颗粒分析”是什么,你就会发现下面的句子的奇怪之处,它们是从同一课题的两篇.不同学术论文中摘取下来的:

2. "Wear particles or debris can be seen as the product of the re moval of material from surfaces in relative motion, especially when a machine enters an abnormal wear mode." (Ibrahim Albidewi, doctoral thesis, Swansea University 199

3.)

2.“磨损颗粒,也叫碎屑,,是从相对运动的两个物体表面,特别是当机器进入一种超常的磨损模式时脱落下的材料废屑。”(斯旺西大学1993年博士论文,作者Ibrahim Albidewi)

3. "Wear debris can be seen as the product of the removal of material from surfaces in relative motion, especially when a mac hine enters an abnormal wear mode." (T.G Barraclough, masters thesis, Swansea University 1996.)

3.“被磨损的碎片,是从相对运动的两个物体表面,特别是当一部机器进入一种超常的磨损模式时脱落下的材料废屑。”(斯旺西大学1996年硕士论文,作者T.G Barraclough)

4. What they are trying to say is that bits fall off machines - especially when they start to break down. But academics are supposed to talk like that. What they are not supposed to do is copy others' work. The two texts above are similar – if words "particle" and "or" and a comma are removed, they are identical.

4.作者们试图说的是,颗粒从机器上脱落下来,特别当机器开始损坏时。但是,学术上是应该那样说的。他们不应该做的是拷贝他人的作品。上面的两段文字是相似的,如果把“颗粒”和“或者”,以及一个逗号拿掉,它们则完全相同。

5. This example is part of a thesis that appears to have been plagiarized at Swansea University, part of the University of Wales. It has emerged five years after a royal inquiry criticized academic standards at the university.

5.这是一篇在斯旺西大学里发现的显然被剽窃论文的部分,该校属于威尔士大学。这件事发现在一个皇室调查团批评了该大学的学术标准的五年后。

6. The case, in the mechanical engineering department, came to light when Ansymana Koroma, a student from Sierra Leone, appea led against a decision not to award him a Ph.D.

6.机器工程系的这个案子得以公开,起自一个来自塞拉利昂的学生,Ansymana Koroma先生,对校方不授予他博士学位决定的上诉申辩。

7. Mr. Koroma, an experienced lecturer and a recognized expert in this field, became concerned when it was suggested that he should pass on results from his research to an MSc student. When he looked into the matter, he found three examples of direct cop ying of Ph.D. theses in the department.

7。科罗马先生是一个经验丰富的讲师,也是一个在本领域得到承认的专家。当有人建议他把自己的研究成果交给一个硕士生时,引起了他的主意。当他深入调查此事时,他在机器工程系里发现了直接拷贝博士论文的三个例证。

8. The most obvious was an MSc thesis submitted as original work in 1996 by T.G. Barraclough. Substantial chunks appeared to have been copied from a 1993 Ph.D. thesis by Ibrahim A lbidewi. In some sentences small changes have been made - "particle" is sometimes replaced with "debris" when describing the residues left in machine oil - but whole sections of the theses are identical. A diagram in the 1993 thesis was simply photocopied for the MSc.

8.其中最明显的一个是,一篇属名I\G.BaDaclough的硕士论文,1996年以“原作”提交申请学位,其中成块的章节显然拷贝于一篇1993年的博士论文,该博士论文的署名作者是IbrahimAlbidewi先生。某些句子做了很小修改,如当解释留存在机油中的残留物时,用“碎片”带替“颗粒”,,但是,两论文该部分几乎完全相同。硕士论文甚至用复印机直接拷贝93年博士论文的全图表。

9. The work of Mr. Albidewi is not credited and does not feature in the MSc bibliography. 9.论文中没有感谢A1bidewi先生的的功劳,也没有把他的论文列为参考名录。

10. Mr. Koroma said: "It's appalling. I believe academic standards, particularly in the supervision of post graduate research, are wanting." He is calling on University of Wales to conduct an inquiry.

10.科罗马先生说,“这些发现令人吃惊。我认为学风标准有待提高,特别是在研究生项目的督导上。”他呼吁威尔士大学组织调查团进行调查。

11. He claims that Swansea accepted him as a student in 1992 knowing that no one in the engineering department had the necess ary expertise to supervise hi s work.

11.科罗马先生声称,在1992年斯旺西大学是在明知系里没有人有必备的专业知识能指导他的研究工作的情况下接受他为学生的。

12. According to Mr. Koroma, equipment at the university was inadequate and the university could not afford to replace it.

12.据科罗马先生说,大学里的设施不全,而且学校没有能力更换它们。

13. He alleges that his department took five months to provide him with the oil necessary to his research. He was encouraged to repeat using dirty oil and to conceal flaws in research - for which he was failed by the external examiner.

13.他申辩说,系里为提供他的研究必需的机油,用了整整五个月的时间。学校怂恿他使用污油,并且掩盖研究中的缺陷,为此,在外聘的主考人前,他的答辩失败了。

14. Jeffrey Pritchard, secretary-general of the university of Wales, said: "Mr. Koroma's appeal is under consideration and will be treated with due seriousness. We will also be examining any ramifications of the case."

14.威尔士大学的秘书长Jeffrey pritchard说,“科罗马先生的上诉申辩目前正在研究中,并且我们一定会以严肃的态度处理。同时,我们将审查与这个事件相关的所有事件。”

8.How Animals Hear动物如何听到声音?

l. When we talk about ears ,we usually mean the oddly wrinkled appendages on the sides of our heads.(我们提到耳朵,通常指那个生长在我们头部两侧的奇特的褶皱的附属肢体。)

2. We are aware that at the end of the central hole in this outer ear there is something called the middle ear, with an eardrum and a few little bones. (我们知道,在外耳中孔的底部有东西称为中耳,它由一个耳鼓和一些小骨骼构成)Even deeper lies the inner ear, the organ with which we "hear." (而真正能使我们“听”的器官在更深处的内耳。)

3. Animals such as dogs and cats also have conspicuous outer ears, but few of us probably ever stopped to think whether there might be such a thing as a middle and inner ear beneath those pointed tips. (诸如猫和狗这样的动物也有引人注目的外耳,但很少人能够停下来去想,在竖立的尖儿下面,是否那里也有类似于中耳和内耳的东西)Y et, we know very well that these animals hear. (但是我们很清楚地知道这些动物都能够听到。)

4. Birds are even more mysterious, because here we do not even see an outer ear.(鸟类甚至更为神秘,因为我们甚至看不到它们有一个外耳)The same is true to still a larger degree of such animals as frogs and fishes, alth ough in the frog we can at least see an eardrum. (还有很大数量的动物如青蛙和鱼类也是如此,虽然我们至少可以看到青蛙有一个耳鼓。)

5. Again, at one time or another, you may have found that all such animals hear. (此外,你可能曾经发现所有的这些动物都在听)Hunters know that birds are attracted by artificial calls, and fishermen emphasize that you should be as quite as possible if you don't want to go home empty handed. (猎人们知道鸟类会被人造的声音所吸引,渔夫们则强调,如果你不想空手而归的话就要尽可能的安静)And if you ever hunted frogs in your childhood, you know how softly you had to tread!(如果你在童年抓过青蛙,你应该知道要多么轻柔地走动)Moreover, it seems absurd that birds should sing and frogs croak, if they could not even hear their own voices. (说实在,青蛙在叫,鸟儿在唱,如果它们甚至听不到自己发出的声音,岂不荒谬。)

6. By direct observations and many experiments, biologists have discovered that practically all an imals have some sense of hearing or vibration.(通过直接观察和许多试验,生物学家已经发现,实际上所有的动物都具有某种听觉或震动感)Earthworms feel vibrations in the soil, fish can be trained to respond to certain tones, male mosquitoes are attracted by the sound of the f emale, and frogs will respond to a tape recording of their own voices. (蚯蚓在土壤里能感觉震动,鱼类可以训练的对特定的音调有反应,雄性蚊子可以被雌性蚊子的声音所吸引,青蛙对它们自己声音的录音有所反应。)

7. The inner ear is composed of delicate membranes which bear dense patches of specialized cells called maculae. Each of thes e collections of cells can carry a message to the brain. What message is carried by a macula depends upon how it is affected. The message which is carried is not, however, always connected with the hearing sense.()For instance, a certain kind of tadpole can tell the depth of the water it is swimming in by the pitch of a tone which is produced by its own lungs. (举个例子,有一种蜗烘能感知它所游泳之处水的深度,它是通过某种自己肺部产生的声音的音调来判定的。)7.内耳由脆弱的薄膜构成,它承载着密集的由被称作MACULA E的特殊细胞构成的片。每个这样的细胞群都能够把信息传递给大脑,而MACULAE承载怎样的信息依赖于它是怎样受影响的。但是被承载的信息并不总是与听觉相连。

8. In the human and all other mammals, the macula has developed into an organ which can easily be seen. This organ is called the cochlea. This spiral shaped organ contains the macula itself and it is called "organ of Corti" after its discoverer. If you h ave ever seen a snail shell, you know how a cochlea looks. 8.对于人类和其他所有哺乳类动物来说,MACULA E已经进化成为一种很容易看见的器官,这种器官称为“耳蜗”。这一螺旋形的器官包括了MA CULA E本身,以及后来被其发现者称为“CORTI”的器官。如果你看到过蜗牛的壳,你就知道耳蜗的形象。

9. When sound waves enter the cochlea, which is really a tube coiled around, they set a membrane into a back and forth motion and cause a new wave. This is something like the way in which high and low sounds are produced by a flute or whistle. The high sounds are produced when the air is prevented by the holes from going through, while the low sounds are produced by allowing more of the air to pass. AII this is what produces the differences between high and low sounds. The loudness of a sound is evidently p roduced by how much the membrane is cause to move. 9.当声波进入耳蜗这条盘旋的管道,它令薄膜前后移动并且产生新的波动。这种方式类似于长笛或是哨子所产生的高低音。当洞穴被阻挡导致空气不能通过通道时就产生高音,而有更多空气通过通道时则产生低音。

这些造成了高音和低音的不同。而声音的大小则明显的决定于耳膜运动。

I0. Whether or not hearing is really produced in all animals by the effect of pressure is not definitely known by scientists as yet. We do know, however, that nature has set up some very delicate hearing mechanisms for its creatures. Scientists must explore much f urther for more knowledge about how animals use their ears .

10.对于所有的动物来说,听觉是否真的是因为气压的影响而产生,至今科学家们仍然没有明确的了解。但是我们知道,自然界已经为它的生物们建立了一些非常精细的听觉机制。科学家们必须进行更加深入地探索才能够对动物如何应用它们的耳朵获得更多的知识。

9 . Whales鲸鱼

l. Everyone has heard about whales. (人人都听说过鲸鱼)What a beautiful sight it must be to see a whale. It is no wonder so many stories have been written about them.(而观赏鲸鱼又是多么美妙的事情,无怪乎有那么多么多关于鲸鱼的故事)In years gone by, men sailed in ships that did not take them back to their homes for many years.(过去的年月里,许多人出海航行,很多年也不回家)Their job was to capture whales.(他们的工作就是捕鲸)They sold certain parts of the whales to people for different uses.(他们将鲸鱼身体的各部分卖给不同的人做不同的用途)The whale was valuable because it was not easy to get.(因为鲸鱼不容易捕获所以它们很值钱)Whaling is not a job for many people any more.(但是,捕鲸已经不再是很多人的职业。)We no longer need very much of anything from whales. (我们已经不再需要鲸鱼身上的任何东西了)

2. There have been many stories written about whales. (曾经有许多描写鲸鱼的故事)。They are good stories to read because they always tell of adventure. (它们都是一些值得阅读的好文章,因为它们总会讲述一些冒险经历。).

3. To enjoy a story about whales it is a good idea to learn as much about them as you can. (欣赏有关鲸鱼的故事是一个好方法,可以让你尽可能多地了解到关于鲸鱼的知识)Aboard the whaling ship you would hear a man shout: "There she blows ! Whale off the starboard bow! " (登上捕鲸船上你将听到一个水手的高喊:“它在那喷气!鲸鱼在右弦船头!)

4: The lookout on a whaling ship has sighted a spouting whale.(捕鲸船上的了望者看到了一头正在喷气的鲸鱼)All hands spring to their jobs.(所有的人立即投入各自的工作)The harpooner takes aim with his gun and fires. (鱼叉手用他们的鱼枪瞄准,然后开火)There is a short fight.(这是一场非常短的战斗)The whale is dead. Its body is taken aboard the ship. (鲸鱼死了,它的身体被拖上船的甲板)A crew of men sets to work stripping the great whale of its blubber. (一个水手带着工具,去剥离这条巨大鲸鱼的鲸脂。)

5. The thick fat, or blubber, under the whale's skin protects the animal against cold waters.(厚厚的脂肪,或者说是鲸脂,在鲸鱼的皮下用于保护它,去抵御寒冷的海水)It is for the valuable oil in blubber that whales are hunted. (恰恰为了从鲸脂中获得有价值的油,鲸鱼遭到捕猎)

6. Although whales spend their lives in water, they are not fish.(虽然鲸鱼在水里生活,但是它们不属鱼类)Whales cannot breathe under water, but must come above water for air every thirty or forty minutes. (鲸鱼不能在水下呼吸必须每隔30到40分钟返回水面上来呼吸)The whales' lookouts watch for the misty steam of water when the whales exhale. (鲸鱼了望者观看的恰恰是鲸鱼(呼吸时)呼出的雾蒙蒙的水气。)

7. One group of whales has, instead of teeth, long strips of bone, hanging from their upper jaw. (有一类鲸鱼,用从上颚骨垂下来的长条状的骨头代替牙齿)This is the baleen whale, the largest animal in the world. (它就是须鲸,是世界上最大的动物)Although it may weigh as much as twenty elephants, this giant of the sea feeds on sea plants and animals.(须鲸的体量差不多等于二十只大象,然而这个海里的庞然大物仅仅依靠海生植物和小动物为生。)It strains the tiny plants and animals through its bone strips.(它用它的骨须牙齿从海水中蓖出那些微小的植物和动物。)Some of the kinds of whales are the blue whale, the humpback, the gray whale, and the white whale. (鲸鱼的种类还包括蓝鲸,座头鲸,灰鲸和白鲸。)

8. Once whales were hunted for whale-bone as well as for blubber.(曾经有一段时期,捕鲸不仅仅是为了它的鲸脂,也为了它的骨头)So many whales were killed that it was feared they might die out. (因此大批鲸鱼遭到捕杀,以至于人们担心鲸鱼将会灭绝)An international code was set up to protect them. (之后,设定了国际法用于保护鲸鱼。)

9. The sperm whale is dangerous. It fights and kills. (鲸鱼中抹香鲸最危险。它好斗和杀戮)It often dives thousands of feet down into the ocean in search of its favorite dinner. It likes to eat the giant squid. (它经常潜一千英尺深的海中,寻找它喜欢的晚餐。它最喜欢吃大乌贼.)

10. There in the darkness, the two monsters fight a terrible battle of life and death.(在一片黑暗中,两个怪物进行着一场可怕的生死之战)The whale matches its strength and weight against the moving arms of the great squid.(鲸鱼凭借它的力量和体重抵御大乌贼舞动的触角)Many a whale catties battle scars that were left by a squid's fierce struggles. (许多鲸鱼带着恶战的伤痕,它们都是乌贼凶猛反抗留下的(记录)

11. The giant sperm whale is the only whale whose mouth is large enough to hold a man. (巨大的抹香鲸是唯一嘴大得足以吞下一个人的鲸鱼)It could turn over the early whaling boats with one lash of its powerful tail. (它能用它有力的尾巴猛烈一甩打翻早期的捕鲸船)The dangers and the excitement of those whaling days are written in the Herman Melville's story of the white whale, Moby Dick. (那些捕鲸时期的危险和刺激,被赫尔曼·梅尔维利先生记录在一个关于白鲸的故事里:“MOBYDICK’。)

12. Eskimos use many parts of the whale. (.爱斯基摩人的生活中使用鲸鱼的许多部分)They make its hide into clothing and its flesh into food. The blubber is used for fuel.(他们用鲸鱼皮做衣服,用它的肉做食物,用鲸脂做燃料。)Oil from the whale's head is burned in lamps. (从鲸鱼头里取出的油被用来点灯。)

13. When a sperm whale is sick. it many produce a fatty substance called ambergris.(当抹香鲸生病时,它会产生出一种脂肪物质,被称为龙涎香)Strangely enough, this greasy, ill-s melling product is used in making fine perfumes. (奇怪得很,这种粘稠且奇臭的油脂,竟被用来制作优质香水)The sperm whale has about thirty teeth in its lower jaw. (在抹香鲸的下领上大约有30颗牙齿)It belongs to a group of whales called toothed whales.(它属于鲸鱼分类中一组被称之有齿鲸)Other toothed whales are the bottlenose, the beaked whale, and the white whale. (其它有齿鲸包括宽吻海脉、突吻鲸、以及白鲸)

10.Permeability渗透率

Permeability is the ability of the formation to conduct fluids. From usage the name for fluid conductance capacity of a forma tion is permeability. It is a property of the porous medium and is measure of capacity of the medium to tran smit fluids. The measurement of permeability, then, is a measure of the fluid extracted from the formation or by in-place testing. Two methods are used to evaluate the permeability of cores. The method most used on clean, fairly uniform formations utilizes small cylindrical samp les, perm plugs. The second method uses full-diameter core samples in length of 1-1.5 ft. The fluid used with either method may be gas or any nonreactive liquid. 渗透率是岩层传导流体的能力。从用法上讲,渗透率就是流体传导能力的术语。它是多孔介质的性质之一,是对介质传导流体能力的量度。因此渗透率的测量是对特定物质流体传递能力的测量。它可通过采集的岩层样品或现场测量来确定。有两种方法可用来测量岩芯的渗透率。对含泥很少、相当均质的岩层最常用的方法是利用小圆柱体泼姆塞样品。第二种方法是利用外径为1-1.5英尺岩芯样品。两种方法中的流体为气体或任意不发生化学反应的流体。

2.So far permeability is referred to rock conditions where a single-phase fluid saturation was considered. In petroleum reservoirs, however, the rocks are usually saturated with two or more fluids, such as interstitial water, oil, and gas. Effective permeability is introduced here to describe the simultaneous flow of more than one fluid. In the definition of effective permeability each fluid phase is considered to be completely independent of the other fluids in the flow network. 目前讲到的渗透率只涉及只考虑单相流体的饱和的岩石的条件。然而在储油层中,岩石通常被两种或更多的流体饱和,如间隙水、油和气。有效渗透率描述多种流体同时流动的情况。在有效渗透率的定义中,每一个流体相被认为与流体网络的其它流体相互独立。

3、he effective permeability is a relative measure of the conductance of the porous medium for one fluid phase when the medium is saturated with more than one fluid. This definition of effective permeability implies that the medium can have a distinct and measurable conductance to each phase present in the medium. 有效渗透率是在多孔介质被多种流体饱和时,对单一流体相孔隙介质传导的相对量度。这一有效渗透率定义意味着介质对存在于其中的每一种流体有明显的和可测量的传导性。

4.Experiments have established that effective permeability is a function of the prevailing fluid saturation, the rock-wetting characteristics, and the geometry of the pores of the rock. It becomes necessary, therefore, to specify the fluid saturation when stating the effective permeability of any particular fluid in a given medium. The effective permeability is stated as some numerical value at some given saturate conditions. Just as k is the accepted symbol for permeability, ko , kw, and kg are the respected symbols for the effective permeability to oil, water, and gas respectively. The saturations, if known, should be specified to define complete ly the conditions at which a given effective permeability exists. Unlike the previously defined permeability, many values of effective permeability now exist, one for each particular condition of fluid saturation. 实验证实有效渗透率是岩石中占主导地位的流体的饱和度、湿润岩石性质的岩石孔隙几何形状的函数。当陈述特定介质中任何一种流体的有效渗透率时,有必要具体说明流体饱和度。有效渗透率用在一定饱和条件下的数值表示。如果k被用来表示渗透率,则k0、kw和kw分别代表油、水和气的有效渗透率。如果已知饱和度,就应将其详细说明来定义特定有效渗透率和存在条件。与上文所定义的渗透率不同,渗透率有许多数值,每一个数值都表示流体饱和的特定条件。

5、Effective permeabilities are normally measured directly in the laboratory on small core samples. However, owing to the many possible combinations of saturation for a single medium, Laboratory data are usually summarized and reported as relative permeability. Relative permeability is defined as the effective ratio of the effective permeability of a fluid at a given value of satu ration to the effective permeability of that fluid at 100 per cent saturation. It is normally assumed that the effective permeabil ity is the same for all fluids at 100 per cent saturation, this permeability being denoted as the permeability of this porous medium. 有效渗透率一般是在实验

室中对小体积岩芯样品直接测量得出的。然而由于对单一介质中流体饱和度有许多可能的组合,因此实验室所获得的数据常常被归纳和陈述为相对渗透率的数据。相对渗透率被定义为在一定的饱和度时流体的有效渗透率与流体在百分之百饱和时的有效渗透率的有效比值。通常假设所有流体在百分之百饱和时的有效渗透率是相等的,某一渗透率特指某一多孔介质的渗透率。6、In addition, there are many instances when, not two fluids, but three fluids exist in the rock simultaneously. Thus two-phase relative permeability data had to be amplified and extended for three-phase systems. 此外,在许多情况下不是两种而是三种流体同时存在于岩石中。因此,两相相对渗透率必须拓展为三相相对渗透率,以适应三相流体体系。

11. A World without Oil假如世界上没有石油

1. Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil? Take a look at your day. The roof of your home is probably mad waterproof by an oil product, bitumen. The same product is used for the road surface outside your home. Before you leave to go to work or school, just examine your surroundings. Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? Oil, or electricity from oil-fed generators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool in a tropical climate, you r air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fed generators. 你曾想过没有,如果世界上用尽了石油,你的生活会发生什么样变化呢?请看一看你的日常生活。你家的屋顶可能是用一种叫沥青的石油产品做成防水的。沥青同样可用来铺你家外面的路面。在你离家去上班或上学之前,请观察一下你周围的环境。房间里会比外面冷空气暖和吗?这是石油或由燃油发电机发出来的电使你感到舒适温暖。如果你在炎热的气候里感到舒适凉爽,那么你家的空调器可能也是靠燃油发电机工作的。

2. In the kitchen and the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings such as tiles and working surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from synthetic materials; disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the oil known as petroleum (Lat in/Greek …petra?, rock, and Latin …oleum?, oil), found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboard for more petroleum products, medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmetics such as face creams, lipsticks and hair preparations are often based on petroleum. 在厨房和浴室里你可能看到一些塑料器具,如塑料地板和塑料操作台面、聚苯烯杯子、合成材料的浴帘、消毒剂和去污剂。所有这些都是来自称为“Petroleum”的石油。“Petroleum”(石油)是(由拉丁或希腊文“petro”(岩石)和拉丁文“oleum”(油)组成),深埋在地下。向药厨里看看,你可以找到更多的石油产品,如药用石腊和凡士林。化妆品如雪花膏、唇膏、洗发剂等,常用石油作为基本原料。

3. When you?re out, notice the fields and gard ens. Fertilizers and insecticides can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for animals have been developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock. As you head for your bus, train or car, all of which use petroleum products in the form of fuel to move them and lubricants to keep them in working order, take a look in the mirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or dress, nylon socks or stockings, and acrylic sweater-a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl chloride)? A ll of these are based on petroleum products. 当外出时你会看到农田和花园。化肥和杀虫剂是由石油制取的,可以使农作物增产。最近已经制出一种动物食用的蛋白质饲料,它是用石油作为基本原料加上酵母而制成的。公共汽车、火车或小轿车,都是靠石油产品作燃料开动的,用润滑油保持这些车辆完好。当你去乘车之前要照一照镜子。看看今天穿什么衣服好?是化纤服装(衬衫还是外套),是尼龙袜(短袜还是长袜),晴纶毛衣还是塑料雨衣?而所有这些都是用石油产品作原料的。

4. Scientists predict that the world?s known oil resources will run out early in the next century. But long before then the world will have to decide on its priorities. Can we afford to use so much of our limited petroleum supplies for private motoring? Sh ould airlines compete on similar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passenger seats? What alternative energy resources can be developed? 科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。但远在那时候以前,世界就必须确定石油是优先考虑控制使用的物资。石油储量既然有限,我们还能把那么多的石油用于私人汽车吗?难道航空公司还应该为了在类似的航线上竞争而允许他们的客机作有空座的长途飞行吗?能开发出什么样的替代能源呢?

5. There is an old English saying , “Necessity is the mother of invention,” which means that when you are faced with a need y ou wil discover some way of fulfilling it. A lready scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions. There is one suggestion t hat the wheeled traffic and the footsteps of crowds walking the streets in major cities could generate energy. One company has parented and idea in which metal strips inserted in pavements and roads operate fly wheels by means of a piston action using hydraulic fluid. They say the human and wheeled traffic in a busy city center could provide enough energy to light the streets of an entire town or power t he heating system for a hospital or school. Some people are developing sophisticated versions of the wind mill. Engine can run on alcohol, so surplus sugar cane could be used to produce energy. An air ship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. Such “sun ship” would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous number of solar cells necess ary to more any appreciable load. Such “sun ship”might travel at over one hundred kilometers an hour. In such circumstances , of course, the tropical parts of the world wou ld have a head start in the race to find new energy sources. 英国有一句古话“需要是发明之母”。这意味着当你面对一种需要时,你将发现一种方法去满足它。科学家们已经在提出一些迷人的解决方案。有一个建议提出,在大城市街道上,拥挤的人群行走的脚步

和往来行驶的车辆可以用来生产能量。一个公司提出这样想法:嵌在人行道和路面上的金属条用液压活塞的作用使飞轮转动。他们说,在繁华大城市的中心,人群和过往车辆可提供足够斩能量为整个城镇的街道照明或者为一个医院或学校提供供暖系统的动力。某些人正研制高级的风车技术。发动机可用乙醇作燃料开动,因此,过剩的甘蔗可用来产生能量。还有人建议用太阳能作动力来驱动飞艇。这种“太阳能飞艇”必须有很大的面积以携带大量的太阳能电池,这样才有可能运载可观的载荷。这种“太阳能飞艇”也许每小时能航行100多公里。当然倘若这样,世界的热带地区在寻找新能源的竞赛中将会领先一步。

12 The Moon - Riddle from the Past月球——来自远古之迷

1.Spacecraft from the United States and from Russia have been to the moon, and men have walked upon its surface. Rock and soil samples and information of many other kinds have become available in recent years. Y et with all we. Know about the moon, ther e is even. more that we don't know.

美国和俄国的宇宙飞船都已经到达过月球,而且人类也在它的表面上行走过。月球上的岩石和土壤的样本,以及许多其它类型的数据’,近几数年来已经为人们所知所用了。然而除了我们所知道的关于月球的那些外,还有更多是我们不知道的。

2. Following ale end of the Apollo space program, the National Geographic Society published an .excellent set of articles abo ut the moon. Here, in shorter form, are some questions and answers from one of these articles. For the full story, see the Septemb er, l 973, issue of National Geographic. 在阿波罗太空计划结束之后,国家地理协会出版了一组有关月球的极好文章。这里,以简短的问答形式,选取了这些文章中的精华。完整的内容,请见1973年九月发行的《国家地理》。

Were scientists right about what the moon would be like? 科学家关于“月球外貌”的描述是正确的吗?

3. Many were, of course,. but many were mistaken. One said there was no lava on the moon. .Another said that the moon materia l would explode as soon as an astronaut's boot touched it. One said there would certainly be water on the moon. Many felt there was. a chance that the astronauts could bring back to earth some strange infection. These ideas are now known to be incorrect, and no doub t we are still wrong about many other things also.

大多数是正确的,当然,也有相当部分是错误的。一个说法是月球上没有熔岩。另外一个说法是宇航员的靴子一但碰上月球物质就会爆炸。有人说月球确实存在水。许多人还认为宇航员有可能把某些奇怪的传染病菌带回地球。这些说法现在被证明都是不正确的,无疑,我们关于月球的许多其它的看法是错误的。

Is the moon like the earth? 月球像地球吗?

4. Yes and no. It is more like it than many scientists thought before Apollo. Like the earth, th e moon is in layers, with a crust on the outside and a deep mantle below. It may also have a core, as the earth does. However, the crust is almost four times thicker than the earth's crust. We do not know much yet about the moon's mantle, that section of s uperheated rock which goes down hundreds of miles below the crust. We think - but we are not sure - that the moon has a center core which includes molten rock, as the earth does.

答案是,对也不对。月球比科学家在阿波罗计划之前想象的还要像地球。如同地球一样,月球上有地层,表面是一层地壳,其下是很深的地幔。月球也可能如同地球一样有一个地核。然而,月球地壳几乎是地球地壳厚度的四倍。我们对月球地幔所知不多,那些过热的岩石在外壳几百英里以下。我们预料,但是我们不能确定,月球有一个由熔岩构成的地核,如同地球。

5. In other ways, of course, the moon is very different. There is no life, and there is no wa ter. The makeup of its atmosphere is very different; the earth creatures cannot breathe in it. 在其它的方面,当然,月球非常不同。它没有生命,没有水。它的大气的构成也非常不同,地球生物在那里不能呼吸。

Of what is ale moon made? 月球是由什么构成的?

6. Definitely not green cheese. It has the same chemical elements as have the earth and the rest of the solar system but in very different amounts - more of some, less of others. Carbon, which is .a very important part of living things on the earth. , is rare on the moon.

很明显不是绿色奶酪。月球有如同地球和其余太阳系行星一样的化学元素,但是其比率非常不同,某些多一点,其它少一些。碳是地球上生物的一个非常重要组成部份,在月球上非常稀少。

Is the moon hot or cold? 月球是酷热的还是寒冷的?

7. Most scienti sts agree. that some of the moon was hot for at least a time. Rocks from the moon show that they were once melted. Right now there seems to be heat someplace inside the moon, possibly a great deal of it. On the surface, however, there is no sign of heat - no volcano, for example. The surface itself ranges from heat of 230 。F to cold of minus 290"F , depending upon where the sun is.

大多数的科学家认为月球的一些部分至少在一个时期是热的。来自月球的岩石表明它们曾经被融化。现在,似乎在月球内部的某些地方仍处于高温,也可能它是很大的一片地方,然而在表面上,没有高温的特征,例如没有火山。月球表面温度范围从华氏正230度到华氏负290度,取决于太阳在什么地方Where did the moon come from? 月球来自哪里呢?

8. We don't know. The three main theories (ideas) are (l) that the moon was born from the earth, (2) that the earth a nd the moon were born together at the same time from the same cloud of gas and dust, and (3) that the moon was born someplace else in the solar system and then captured by the earth's gravity. So far, none of these theories has been proved to be either rig ht or wrong. Professor George W. Wetherill of the University of California in Los Angeles says that he would give the first two theories each a I0 percent chance and the third theory a 20 percent chance. The other 60 Percent he would give to "things we h aven't thought of yet." '

我们不知道。主要存在着三个理论:(1)月球产生自地球,(2)地球和月球在同一时间从同一气云和尘埃里同时产生,(3)月球是产生在太阳系的其它某个地方,而后被地球的地心引力所捕获。到现在为止,这些理论中没有任何一个已经被证明正确或错误。洛杉矾加州大学的乔治教授说,他认为前两个理论有百分之十的正确性,第三个理论有百分之二十的正确性,另外的百分之六十他将给“至今我们都还没想到的事物”。

9. In spite of all we have learned from space flights, the moon is still a riddle from the distant past - and will be for a long time to come. Although we know much more now, we find that, somehow, for every answer new questions spring up

尽管我们已经从空间飞行中了解了一些,月球仍然是来自遥远过去的一个谜,而且仍将会在未来很长一段时间如此。尽管我们现在比过去知道的更多,但是我们也发现,不知何故,每个新答案都会引发出更多的新问题。

13 . A Handful of History扑克—手中的历史

l. The next time you do a card tick-remember this. Y ou're playing with history. The playing cards we use today are much like those used for hundreds of years. The most interesting things are the suits and face cards. A "suit" of a playing card is not a thing to be worn. It means Hearts, Spades, Diamonds or Clubs. The figures are placed on each card with the number or value of the card. The face c ards are the Jacks, Queens, Kings, and, of course, the Jokers. 1.当你下一次玩扑克的时候,要记住这些。你正在与历史进行游戏。今天我们用的扑克,几乎与数百年前的扑克相差无几。最有意思的东西是扑克里的“套”和“脸牌”。扑克中的“套”不是什么可以穿的东西。它意味着红心、黑桃、红方块、或者梅花;牌面的数标志着牌的顺序或价值。带脸的牌是杰克、皇后、国王,当然还有鬼。

2. What do you think the suits stand for? Let's take the Hearts first. When you say that an athlete has a lo t of heart, what do you mean? Y ou mean that he is brave. So, you see, the King of Hearts is a "brave king". 2.你认为“套”代表什么意思?让我们先看红心。当你说一个运动员有很多心,你到底想表达什么意思?你的意思是他很勇敢。因此,你看,‘红心国王是勇敢之王。

3. Look at the design of the Spade on a card. The word "spade" comes fro m the Italian word which means "sword." With a little imagination, you can see the handle and the blade. Of course, the blade has been made much shorter on the card . 3.看看牌面上黑桃的设计。英语“SPA DE”这个字来自意大利语,意思是刀剑。只要有一点想象力,你就能看到柄和刀刃。当然,牌面上的刀刃被做的非常短。

4. The diamond and Club designs also have interesting stories. The Diamond design is one that you probably know already. It s tands for the expensive gems that you and I have seen in jewelry stores. At first it stood for. the rich traders who found and sold such gems. The Club looks a little like a three-leaf clover design. Its shape came from a French design with three leaves. It has the lowest rank of the suits. 4.红方块和梅花的设计同样含着很有意思的故事。关于钻石的图案是一个你可能已经知道的东西。它代表你和我都曾在首饰店看见过的珍贵的珍宝。首先它代表了制做和出卖这样的珍宝的富有的商人。梅花看上去有点像三叶草的图案。它的形状来自一个法国的三片树叶的图案。它在套牌里排序最低。

5. Now you see how some suits of playing cards have more value or power than others. The face cards are usually powerful in any card game. The King is one of the strongest. There are four different Kings, and each one stands for a real person. The King of Hearts first meant Charlemagne. He lived about 800 years after the birth of Christ. He was one of the most powerful kings in Europe after Julius Caesar of Rome. Julius Caesar, by the way, is the King of Diamonds. 5.现在你看到了为什么一套牌的价值或力量大于另外一套牌。在任何一个扑克游戏里带脸的牌往往威力更大。国王(K)是最强的一个。这里有四个不同的国王,每一个都代表着一个真实的人。首先红心国王代表查理曼大帝,他生活在耶酥诞生后800年后。他是罗马朱利叶斯·凯撒之后欧洲最强大的国王。顺便说一下,朱利叶斯·凯撒是红方块国王。

6. We must go further back in history to and out the names of the two other kings. The young Alexan der the Great of Macedonia is the King of Clubs and King David is the King of Spades. David is the person who killed the giant Goliath. When someone talks ab out a David and Goliath, he means that a smaller, or weaker, person is trying to fight a very large and strong enemy. David beat Goliath and became a king. He probably never thought that he would have a place in playing cards. 6.我们要想找到其它两个国王的名字,必须退回到更久远的历史里去。梅花国王是大马其顿王国年轻的亚历山大,国王大卫是方片国王。大卫是杀死巨人歌利亚的人。‘当某个人谈到大卫和歌利亚,他的意思是一个小个的人,或弱者正在打败一个非常高大和强壮的敌人。大卫战胜了歌利亚成为国王。他可能从来没有想到他会在扑克牌里有一个位置。

7. We must go back to the Bible and the times of David again to find two of. our queens. Rachel was a famous woman in the Bible. She is the Queen of Diamonds . 7.我们必须再次回到圣经(BIBLE)和大卫王的时代去找两个王后。拉结是圣经中的著名女人。她是红方块王后。

8. Remember that the heart stands for bravery. A very brave woman is the Queen of Hearts. That was Judith, who killed an enemy general. 8.应该还记得心代表勇敢。一个非常勇敢的女人是红心王后。红心王后是朱迪丝,她杀死了敌人的一个将军。

9. When Alexander the Great was a general, one of the important woman goddesses was Athena. She stood for wisdom. Athena is t he Queen of Spades. 9.当伟大的亚利桑德拉还是将军时,雅典娜是一个重要的女神。她代表智慧。雅典娜是黑桃皇后

I0. Queen Elizabeth I of England is thought to be. the Queen of Clubs. She ruled England when America was mostly a wilderness. lo.英国的伊利沙白一世女王一般认为是梅花王后。在她统治英国的时代,美国几乎还是一片荒野。

l 1. . The Jacks are sometimes called Knaves. A Knave is usually a person who gets into trouble. But the playing cards stand for famous knights in history. These men made themselves famous for their courage. and 'bravery, but they were not kings. 11.杰克牌有时被称为无赖。一个无赖往往意味着他是一个带来麻烦的人。但是在扑克游戏中杰克代表历史上有名的爵士。这些人以他们的胆量和勇敢成名,但是他们不是国王

12. The Joker of the card deck is the one that doesn't always fit. He is sometimes used as an extra card. He sometimes becomes more powerful than any other card. He does not stand for anyone person like some of the other cards. But I think that you can see what his name means. 12.鬼牌是一张牌脸与其价值不相适应的牌。它常常用做一张特别的牌。有时它被用做比任何牌更有权力的牌。它不像其它脸牌代表着什么人。但是,我认为你能看出它的名字的含义。

13. So, you see that you can hold some history in your hands. .History from King .David to Queen Elizabeth is all on the fron t of playing cards.

13. 所以,你看,你用你的手握住了一些历史,从大卫王到伊利莎白女王全都在扑克的正面。

14. Explanation on the Draft Contract Law关于《合同法<草案>的说明》1999年3月9日北京

A repot delivered at the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 9, 1999. in Beijing第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议上提交报告

l . The Scope of Application一、适用范围

The Draft Contract law stipulates that a contract means an agreement whereby the subjects with equal status, that is, natural persons, legal persons and other organizations, establish, alter or terminate civil right - creating an obligatory relationship between them. This provision is made in accordance with the General Principles of the Civil Law: First, what the contact applies to i s civil rel ationship between subjects with equal status. The administrative activities of the government to maintain economic order acc ording to law come under the category of administrative relationship not civil relationship and are therefore governed by administrative laws ,n ot by the contract laws ;the internal managerial relationships of legal persons and other organizations are gove rned by laws on companies or enterprises, not by the contract law, either. Secondly, The contract law mainly governs the economic and trade relationship b etween legal persons and other organizations, at the same time including the contractual-legal relationship arising from marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. are not governed by the contract law. Compared with that of the three existing contract laws, the scope of application of the Draft Contract Law is appropriately enlarged.

合同法草案规定,合同是指处于平等地位的自然人、法人、其它组织之间建立、变更、终止民事权利和义务关系的协议。这种规定与民法通则是一致的。第一,合同法适用于处理平等主体之间的民事关系。政府依法维持经济秩序的管理活动,属于行政范畴,不是民事关系,因此受行政法律的支配,而不受合同法的支配,法人、其它组织的内部管理关系,受公司法或企业法的支配,也不受合同法支配。第二,合同法主要处理法人和其它组织之间的经济贸易关系,同时包括婚姻、收养、监护等的合法关系,不受合同法支配。与其它三部现存合同法相比,合同法草案规定的适用范围有了适当扩大。

2. The Basic Principles

二、基本原则

The basic principles of the Contract Law provided for the Draft Contract Law are as follow: First, equality and voluntariness . With equal legal status, the parties to contract enjoy according to law the right to conclude a contract volunta rily. No party may impose his own &ill on another and no unit or individual may illegally interfere. Secondly, fairness, honesty and good faith. Both parties shall observe the principle of fairness in determining. their rights and obligations and shall comply with the principles of honesty and good faith in exercising their right and performing their duties. Thirdly, observation of law. In concluding and performing a cont ract, the parties shall observe the law and administrative regulations, respect social ethics and they may not disrupt public and economic order or impair public interests .

合同法草案对合同法基本原则的规定是:第一,平等、自愿。合同当事人的法律地位平等,依法享有自愿订立合同的权利,一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方,任何单位和个人不得非法干预。第二,公平、诚实、守信。当事人应当遵循公平的原则确定双方的权利和义务,在行使权利、履行义务时,应当遵循诚实、守信的原则。第三,守法。当事人订立、履行合同,应当遵守法律、行政法规,尊重社会公德,不得扰乱社会经济秩序,损害公众利益。

The principle of voluntariness embodies the fundamental characteristics of civil activities and is therefore the unique princ iple of civil legal relationship that distinguishes it from administrative and criminal legal relationship, and it is also the objective requirement for developing the socialist market economy. The parties involved have the right to conclude a contract according to their own wi ll. However, they shall exercise this right in accordance with law. Both th e contents of the contract and the procedures for concluding it shall be in conformity with the law and administrative regulation. The contract concluded .in violation of the compulsory provisions of the law and administrative regulations is invalid. If the law or administrative regulations provide that a contract shall take effect upon going through such procedures as approval or registration, such provisions shall be observed. Where a mandatory task is assig ned or a procurement order is given by the State in light of need, the legal persons or other organizations concerned shall conclude a contract on the basis of the rights and obligations provided for in relevant laws and regulations.

自愿原则体现了民事活动的基本特征,是民事法律关系区别于行政法律关系、刑事法律关系特有的原则,也是发展社会主义市场经济的客观要求。当事人有权按照自己的意愿订立合同,但是,应当依法行使这项权利,包括订立合同的内容和程序都应当遵守法律、行政法规。违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定的合同无效。法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的,依照其规定。国家根据需要下达指令性任务或者国家订货任务的,有关法人、其它组织之间应当依照有关法律、行政法规规定的权利和义务订立合同。

15 . Self-Study Questions for Managers管理者自我学习的若干问题

l. Where do I get my information, and how?Can I make greater use of my contacts? Can other people do some of my scanning? In what areas is my knowledge weakest, and how can I get others to provide me with the information I need? Do I have sufficiently powerful mental models of those things I must understand within the organization and in its environment? 1.我在什么地方可以获得我需要的信息,怎样获得它?我能够更好地利用我的交际圈吗?其他人是否能代替我搜寻信息?我的知识在哪些领域薄弱?我怎样才能使其他人提供我所需要的资料?对企业组织以及它的外在环境中某些我必须知道的事情,我是否具备足够有效的心理机制?

2. What information do I disseminate? How important is that information to my subordinates? Do I keep too much information to myself because disseminating it is time consuming or inconvenient? How can I get more information to others so they can make better decisions? 2.我应该散布什么信息?这些信息对我的下级有多重要?因为释放某些信息会浪费时间或不方便,我个人是否保留了太多的信息?我怎样才能传达给其他人更多信息,从而使他们能做出更好决策?

3. Do I tend to act before information is in? Or do I wait so long for all the information that opportunities pass me by? 3.我是否倾向在获得信息之前既采取行动?或者我是否为等待获得足够信息而丧失机会?

4. What pace of change am I asking my organization to tolerate? Is this change balanced so that our operations are neither excessiv ely static nor overly disrupted? Have we sufficiently analyzed the impact of this change on the future of our organization? 4.我要求我的组织容忍多大尺度的变动?这样的变动是否平衡,l它能使我们的日常行为既不极端保守又不过度混乱?我们是否充分分析了这些变动对我们组织未来的影响?

5. A m I sufficiently well-informed to pass judgment on subordinates' proposals? Can I leave final authorization for more of the proposals with subordinates? Do we have problems of coordination because subordinates already make too many decisions independently? 5 通过下级的提议时我是否有足够的信息?我是否能把更多方案的最后决定权留给下级?我是否因为下级已经独立完成太多决策而面临协调的问题?

6. What is my vision for this organization? Are these plans primarily in my own mind in loose form? Should I ma ke them explicit to guide the decisions of others better? Or do I need flexibility to change them at will? 6.我对这个组织的前景规划是什么?主要存在于我脑海中的这些计划是否缺乏组织性?我是否应该直率地说出某些想法去引导其他人决策得更好?或者我需要在将来能灵活地改变他们?

7. How do my subordinates react to my managerial style? A m I sufficiently sensitive to the powerful influence of my actions? Do I fully understand their reactions to my actions? Do I find an appropriate balance between encouragement and pressure? Do I stif le their initiative? . 7.我的下级对我的管理方式反应如何?我是否对我的行动的强大影响足够敏感?我是否完全理解他们对我的行动的反应?我是否在鼓励与压力之间找到7‘恰当的平衡?我是否抑制了他们的创造性?

8. What kind of external relationships do I maintain, and how? Do I spend too much of my time maintaining them? Are there cer tain people whom I should get to know better? 8.我应该维持什么样的外部关系,又应该怎样做?我是否花费了过多的时间去维持它们?

是否我应该更好地了解某些人?

9. Is there any system to my time scheduling, or am I just reacting to the pressures of the moment? Do I and the appropriate mix of activities or concentrate on one particular function or problem just because I find it interesting? Am I mo re efficient with particular kinds of work, at special times of the day or week? Does my schedule reflect this? Can someone e1se schedule my time (besides my secretary) ? 9.我的时间表是否有系统性,或者仅仅是对某个时刻的压力作出反应?我是否找到了各种行为的适当混合,或者我应该集中精力于特定的工作或我感兴趣的问题?在一天或者一周的特定时间里,我是否做某些特定的工作特别有效?我的时间表是否反映出这个现象?其他人是否可以计划我的时间(除了我的秘书)?

10. Do I overwork? What effect does .my work load have on my efficiency? Should I force myself to take breaks or to reduce th e pace of my activity? 10.我是否工作过度?我的工作负担对我的工作效率产生了怎样的影响?我是否应该强迫我自己暂停工作或放慢工作步伐?

11. A m I too superficial in what I do? Can I really shift moods as quickly and frequently as my work requires? Should I decre ase the amount of fragmentation and interruption in my work? . 11.我在工作,中是否肤浅?我是否能随工作要求迅速和频繁的调整情绪我是否应该减少工作的破碎性和干扰因素?

12. Do l spend too much time on current, tangible activities? A m I a slave to the action and excitement of my work, so that I am no longer able to concentrate on issues? Do key problems receive the attention they deserve? Should I spend more time reading a nd probing deeply into certain issues? Could I be more reflective? Should I be? 12.我是否花费了太多的时间在目前的具体事务中?我成为了对我的工作兴奋和行动的奴隶,因此,我不再能够集中精力于事务上?重要的问题它们是否得到了应有地重视?我是否应该用更多时间深入了解和探讨某些问题?我能更加深思熟虑吗?我应该这样做吗?

13. Do I use the different media appropriately? Do I know how to make the most of written communication? Do I rely exces sively on face-to-face communication, thereby putting all but a few of my subordinates at. An informational disadvantage? Do I schedule enough of my meetings on a regular basis? Do I spend enough time observing activities firsthand, or am I detached from the heart of my organization's activities? 13.我是否适当地使用了各种不同的媒体传播手段?我是否懂得充分利用文字交流?我是否过分依赖面对面交流,从而使除少数之外的几乎全部下级处于信息劣势?我是否在日常基础上计划了足够的会议?我是否对观察第—手行为付出足够的时间,或者我脱离了组织活动的核心?

14. How do I blend my personal rights and duties? Do my obligations consume all my time? How can I free myself from obligatio ns to ensure that I am taking this organization where I want it to go? How can I turn my obligations to my advantage? 14.工作中我是怎样综合我的个人权利和责任的?我的责任消耗掉我的全部时间吗?我怎样才能使自己从责任中解脱出来,从而去保证这个企业组织走向我所期望它发展的方向?我如何做才能使我的责任转变成我的优势?

16 . Excerpt from President Nixon's Remarks at Andrew Air Force Base

Mr. Vice President, members of the Congress, Members of the Cabinet, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and ladies and gentleme n: 尊敬的副总统先生,国会议员们,内阁成员们,外交使团官员们,女士们和先生们

I want to express my very deep appreciation, and the appreciation of all of us, for this wonderfully warm welcome that you have given us, and for the support that we have had on the trip that we have just completed, from A mericans of both political pa rties and all walks of life across this land. 我想表答我以及我们全体成员的最衷心的感谢,感谢您们给予我们的这个非常热情的欢迎,感谢您们对我们刚刚完成的旅行的支持,感谢美国两党和社会各阶层的支持。

When I announced this trip last July, I described it as a journey for peace. 当我在去年七月宣布这次旅行时,我将它描述成一次和平之旅

The primary goal of this trip was to re-establish communication with the People's Republic of China after a generation of hostility. We achieved that goal. Let me turn now to our joint communiqué这次旅行的主要目的是:在一代人的敌对状态后,重新建立与中华人民共和国的联系。我们达到了这个目的。让我从现在起转向我们的联合公报。

We did not bring back any written or unwritten agreements that will guarantee pe ace in our time. We did not bring home any magic formula which will make unnecessary the efforts of the American people to continue to maintain their strength so that w e can continue to be free. 我们没有带回来任何成文或不成文的保证我们这个时代和平的协议,我们也没有带回来任何魔术配方,从而使美国人民不必为保持持续的自由继续努力。

We made some necessary and important beginnings, however, in several areas. We entered into agreements to expand cultural, educational and journalistic contacts between the Chinese and the American people. We agreed that the communications that we have now been established between our governments will be strengthened and expanded. 但是在若干领域里,我们有了一些必要的和重要的开始。我们签订了扩大中美两国人民在文化、教育和新闻方面接触的协议。双方同意我们现在已经建立的政府间交流将进一

步加强和扩大。

Most important, we have agreed on some rules of international conduct which will reduce the risk of confrontation and war, in Asia and in the pacific. 最重要的是我们就二些国际行为准则达成了共识,这些共识将减少亚太地区发生战争和冲突的危险。

We agreed that we are opposed to the domination of the Pacific area by any one power. We agreed that international disputes should be settled without the use of the threat of force and we agreed that we are prepared to apply this principle to our mutu al relations. 双方均一致反对任何一个大国对太平洋地区的控制。双方同意国际纷争应在不使用武力的情况下解决,同时我们准备在双方的相互关系中使用这个原则。

With respect to Taiwan, we stated that our established policy is that our forces overseas will be reduced gradually as tensions ease, and that our ultimate objective is to withdraw our forces as a peaceful settlement is achieved. 关于台湾问题,双方声明,我们陈述了我们已制定的政策,即随着事态的缓和逐渐减少我们的海外军事力量,我们的最终目的是当这一问题得到和平解决后,我们将全部撤出我们的军队。

We have agreed that we will not negotiate the fate of other nations behind their backs, and we did not do so in Peking. There were no secret deals of any kind. We have done all this without giving up any United State's commitment to any other c ountry. 双方同意,我们将不在其它国家的背后谈判她们的命运,正如我们在北京没有这样做。这里不存在任何秘密交易。我们所做的这一切,没有使美国放弃她对任何国家曾经做过的承诺。

In our talks ,the talks that I had with the leaders of the People?s Republic ,that the Secretary of State had with the office of the Government of the People?s Republ ic in the foreign affair area, we both realized that a bridge of understanding that spans almost 12000 miles and 22 years of hostility can?t be built in one week of discussions .But we have agreed to build that bridge, rec ognizing that our work will require years of patient effort .we made no attempt to pretend that major difference did not exist between our two governments, because they do exist. 在双方的会谈中,也就是我和中华人民共和国的领导人以及美国国务卿与中华人民共和国外交部部长的会谈中,双方都意识到,我们一周的讨论不可能造就跨越双方之间12000英里和22年敌视的理解之桥。但是,我们同意去开始建造这座桥,同时认识到我们的工作将需要多年耐心的努力。我们没有试图掩饰中美两国之间存在的重要分歧,因为,这种分歧的确存在。

(联合)公报十分坦率地提出了这些分歧,而没有试图用一些外交辞令去遮盖分歧

This communiqué was unique in honestly setting forth differences rather than American redwood tree. As all Californians know , and as most Americans know , redwoods grow from saplings into the giants of the forest . But the process is not one of da ys or even years ; it is process of centuries . 我们离开中国后,在杭州留下了一个礼物,它是一棵美国红杉树苗。如同每一个加里佛尼亚人所知,如同大多数美国人所知,衫树能从树苗长成森林个的巨人。但是这个过程不是一天,或者几年,它是数百年的漫长岁月。

Just as we hope that those saplings , those tiny sapling that we left in china , will grow one day into mighty redwoods ,so we hope, too , that the seeds planted on this journey for peace will grow and prosper into a more enduring structure for peace and security in the Western Pacific. 如同我们希望那棵我们留在中国的幼小树苗有一天会长成强大的衫树,我们同时希望,这次旅行播下的和平之籽将成长和繁茂,成为西太平洋和平与安全的坚韧的栋梁。

But peace is too urgent to wait for centuries . We must seize the moment to move toward that goal now , and this is what we h ave done on this journey. 但是,和平是急迫的,她不能等待几个世纪。我们现在就必须抓住每一分秒,向着(和平的)目标迈进,这就是我们在这个旅行中所作的工作。

Thank you! 谢谢各位!

双方均一致反对任何一个大国对太平洋地区的控制。双方同意国际纷争应在不使用武力的情况下解决,同时我们准备在双方的相互关系中使用这个原则。关于台湾问题,双方声明,我们陈述了我们已制定的政策,即随着事态的缓和逐渐减少我们的海外军事力量,我们的最终目的是当这一问题得到和平解决后,我们将全部撤出我们的军队。双方同意,我们将不在其它国家的背后谈判她们的命运,正如我们在北京没有这样做。这里不存在任何秘密交易。我们所做的这一切,没有使美国放弃她对任何国家曾经做过的承诺。

17 . The Magic of Energy

I. We talk about energy all the time-"Zilch, the energy food," "energy crisis," and so on. If asked to define it, however, we'd probably respond with something like "Well, it's - uh - well, you know electricity." 我们时时刻刻谈论着能:“能量食物”,“能源危机”,等等。如果要我们去给能下个定义,答案很可能是一些模棱两可的话:“哦,能量是,。嗯,你知道,电。”

2. True; electricity is one kind of energy. However, energy comes in many forms. Y ou cannot see or smell or taste energy, but it's always there, and one of the most fascinating things about it is its ability to change from one form to a nother -- like magic. This principle of change is what keeps everything --and everyone -- going in this world of ours. 确实,电是能量中的一种。但是,能量可

以来自多种形式。你看不见、闻不到、也品尝不了能,但是,它始终存在着,关于能量,最吸引入的就是,它具有从一种形式转换成另外一种形式的能力,简直如同魔术。这些转化的原理是维持我们这个世界每一样事物、每一个人的运动。

3. When a fuel unites with oxygen, we say the fuel bums; what is really happening is that chemical energy (fuel and oxygen) is changing to heat energy. When the fuel (food) we eat unites with the oxygen we breathe, we then have heat energy to run our bodies.

热能。当燃料与氧气结合,我们就说燃料开始燃烧了,实际发生的是化学能(燃料与氧气)转化成热能。当燃料(我们吃的食物)与我们呼吸的氧气结合,我们获得我们身体运动所需的热能。

4. When you pop a frozen waffle into the toaster, electrical energy turns into heat energy. 当你取出一块冷冻饼放进烤面包器时,电能转化成了热能。

5. In the internal-combustion engine of a car, an electric spark explodes gasses in the cylinder; then heat energy moves the pistons, becoming mechanical energy to move the car. 在汽车的内燃机引擎里,电火花引爆气缸里的燃料气体,然后热能推动活塞,成为机械能推动汽车行驶。

6. In a steam engine, the chemical energy of fuel is changed to heat energy; the heated water, now steam, forces the pistons to move. In

a steam turbine, the steam pushes against blades. In both cases, mechanical energy results. 在蒸汽机里,燃料里的化学能转化成热能,加热水,成为水蒸气,推动活塞运动。在燃气轮机里,水蒸汽推动的是叶片。在这两种情况中,都是机械能起的作用。

7. This changing from one form of energy to another can continue almost indefinitely. If, for instance, the steam engine or turbine is connected to a generator, the mechanical energy can become electrical energy, which can become heat energy (for the elect ric stove), mechanical energy (for the washer), etc. 能量从一种形式转化为另一种形式的变化几乎能够平稳连续进行。比如说,如果蒸汽机或者蒸汽轮机和一个发电机联接起来,那么机械能就可以转化成电能,然后转化成热能(比如电炉)、机械能(如洗衣机)等等。

8. Thus, energy readily changes back and forth from one form to another. What starts out as one form of energy may be a totally different form when it reaches its final use.因此,能量可以轻易地从一种形式到另一种形式地来回转换。从最初的能量形式到最后的使用形式,能的形态可能已经完全改变了。

Radiant Energy辐射能9. Radiant energy is also called light energy. Our most important source of radiant energy is, of course, the sun. Without it there would be no life, for plant life depends upon radiant energy - and we depend upon plant life. 辐射能也称作光能。当然,我们人类最重要的光能的来源就是太阳。没有太阳,就没有生命,植物的生命依赖辐射能,而我们依赖植物的生命。IO. Other forms of radiant energy familiar to us are radio waves, infrared rays, ultra-violet rays, X rays, and gamma rays.10.我们熟悉的另外一些形式的辐射能是电磁波,红外线、紫外线、x射线和伽玛射线。

Il. In simplest terms, this is the energy of a moving object. Y our heartbeat, the pushing of a lawn mower, a baseball speedin g through the air, water falling onto a waterwheel, the prying up of a rock with a crowbar-all are mechanical energy, which, of course, was another form of energy earlier. .

Electrical Energy。用最简单的术语来描述,机械能就是移动着的物体拥有的能量。你的心脏跳动、推进割草机、棒球在空中高速飞过、水落入水轮机、用撬杠橇开石头等等,所有这些都是机械能,当然,在转化之前它是另一种能量形式。

12. Electrical energy usually has to be changed to another form before it actually does what we want it to do. In the toaster, it changes to heat; in a tiny wrist watch or a subway train or a 75,000 horse-power industrial motor, it changes to mechanical energy. In an industrial process called electrolysis, it changes to chemical energy.通常情况下,电能必须先转化为另一种形式的能,才能为我们所用。对烤面包机来说,电能转化成热能,在一个小小的手表里或者地铁列车里或者一台75000马力的工业电动机里,电能转化成机械能。在所谓的电解工业的过程中,它转化成化学能。

13.various fuels such as coal, gas, oil, and food are common examples of chemical energy. These fuels give off heat when they bum. The process is called combustion or oxidation, and the heat itself is a form of energy. Man uses the energy from some kind of fuel for everything from flying to the moon to thinking about it. '最常见的化学能包括煤、天然气、石油、和食物等各种各样的燃料。当这些燃料燃烧时释放出热能。这个过程我们称之为燃烧或者氧化反应,同时热本身也是能量的一种形式。人们从不同燃料中得到的能量,并用这些能量做任何事情,大到飞上月球,小到头脑的思考。

14. A special kind of chemical energy is nuclear energy, sometimes called atomic energy. These names come from the fact that the source of energy the nucleus, or core, of the ato m. Nuclear fuels much as plutonium and uranium give off heat energy when fission (the splitting of atoms in these fuels) occurs. Already we have seen tremendous advances in the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, and many people see nuclear energy as the future answer to almost all of our energy need. .核能是一种特殊的化学能,有时候我们称之为原子能。这个名称来自于原子能来源于核、或者原子核这样的事实。当核燃料,例如卜和铀,发生核裂变时释放的热能(这些燃料中原子发生分裂)。我们已经看到和平利用核能所带来的巨大好处,并且很多人认为核能可以看作未来人类能源需求问题的答案

15. Energy - the kind of magic we can't live without. 15.能,是与人类生存息息相关的一种魔力。

18 . A New Definition of Marketing参考译文:关于营销的新定义

l. A new definition adopted by the AMA in 1985 is used as a basis for the definition of international marketing given here: international marketing is the multinational process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Only the word multinational has been added to the definition adopted by the AMA. That word implies that marketing activities are undertaken in several countries and that such activities should somehow be coordinated across nations.

1.美国营销协会1985年采用的新定义是本文关于国际营销的定义的基础:国际营销是一种多国参与的过程,这一过程对于一些创意、产品、和服务的观念、定价、推销和分配加以规划并执行,目的在于推动交换,以实现个人和组织的目标。同美国营销协会的定义相比,此处只多了“多国”一词。该词表明,营销活动在几个国家展开。而且这些活动应该协调统一。

2. This is not completely free of limitations. By placing individual objectives at one end of the definition and organizational objectives at the other, the definition stresses a relationship between a consumer and an organization. In effect, it excludes industria l marketing, which involves a transaction between two organizations . In the world of international marketing , governments , quasi-government agencies, and profit-seeking and nonprofit entities are frequently buyers. The definition also fails to do justice to the significance of industrial purchases.

2.这一定义不是没有缺陷,它一方面考虑个人目标,另一方面考虑组织目标,因而强调了消费者个人同组织之间的关系。这样,就排斥了实体营销行为,即两个组织之间的交易行为。在国际营销领域,政府、半官方机构、以及赢利与非赢利实体都经常充当买家的角色。同时,这一定义也否认了实体购买的重要性。

3. Nonetheless, the definition does offer several advantages. It closely resembles the AMA ?s widely and easily under stood definition. In several ways, it carefully describes the essential characteristics of international marketing. First, it makes it clear what is to be exchanged is not restricted to tangible products (goods) but can include concepts and services as well. When the United Nations promotes such concepts as birth control and breast feeding, this should be viewed as international marketing. Tables l-l and l-2 show how two organizations promote the concept of preservation of tropical forests. Likewise, servic es or intangible products are just as relevant to the definition, because airline flights, financial services, advertising services, management consulting, marketing research, and so on all play a very significant role in improving the trade balance of the United States .

3.然而,这一定义确实有自己的优点。它继承了美国营销协会的定义,深入人心,容易理解。在以下几个方面,它精到地描述了国际营销的本质特点。首先,该定义明确了用来交换的不局限于有形产品(货物),而且可以也包括观念和服务。当美国宣传象生育控制和母乳喂养等观念时,即应看成是国际营销。表l—l和1—2表明了两个组织如何推销关于保护热带森林的观念。与此相似,这一定义同样涵概了各种服务或者无形产品,因为航班服务、财务服务、广告服务、管理咨询、营销研究等等,在美国的贸易平衡中都起到非常重要的作用。

4. Second, the definition removes the implication that international marketing applies only to market or business transactions. International nonprofit marketing, which has received only scant attention, should not be overlooked. The marketing of state governments and of religion underscores this point. State governments are very active in marketing in order to attract foreign investment. Religion. is also a big business, though most people prefer not to view it that way. Religion has been marketed internationally for centuries. Well-known exporters of religion have included Billy Graham and Jimmy Swaggart. Their television programs have been shown in many countries. Overseas trips by such figures can generate a great deal of publicity at home and abroad.

4.其次,该定义消除了这样一种概念,即国际营销只适用于市场和商业交换。非赢利性国际营销,一直没有得到重视,但不应忽视。各国政府和宗教组织的营销行为强调了这一点。为了引进外资,各国政府往往十分热衷于营销。此外,尽管人们不愿承认,但实际上,宗教是一个很大的产业。著名的宗教传播活动家象Billy Graham和Jimmy SwaggaK,他们的电视节目在许多国家播出。这些人物的海外之行能在国内外产生大量的宣传效应。

5. Third, the definition recognizes that it is improper for a firm to create a product first and then look for a place to sell it. Rather than seeking consumers for a firm's existing product, it is often more logical to determine consumer needs before creating a produ ct to sati sfy those needs. For overseas markets, the process may call for a modified product. In some cases, following this approach may result in foreign needs being satisfied in a new way (i.e., a brand new product is created specifically for overseas markets).

5.第三,该定义意识到,对于一家公司来说,先生产一种产品,然后再找地方去销售,这样做是不合适的。更附合逻辑的做法是先确定消费者的需求,再生产相应产品以满足这些需求,而不能为公司的已有产品去寻找消费者。在海外市场,这一过程有时要求对产品进行改进。在有些情况下,运用这…逻辑有助于找到新的途径来满足国外市场的需求(比如,专门为国外市场生产新品牌)。

6. Fourth, the definition acknowledges that place or distribution is just part of th e marketing mix and that the distance between markets makes it neither more nor less important than other pans of the mix. Place, product, promotion, and price-the 4 Ps of marketing-must be integrated and coordinated in order to bring about the most effective marketing mix.

6.第四,该定义认为地点或分配只是综合营销的一部分,市场之间的距离既不会增加,也不会减少这种综合营销中其他部分的重要性。地点、产品、推销和价格----营销中的4个P——必须是一个有机的整体,并且互相协调,以使综合营销取得最大效益。

19 . T ropical Fish19热带鱼

l. A s mall boy lay flat on his stomach in the royal garden of the King of Hawaii. Looking into the water and very excited, young Austin Strong saw shapes of double-tailed goldfish - a recent gift from the Emperor of Japan to His Oceanic Majesty, King Kalakaua. Austin lowered a bent pin attached to a piece of string.1.一个小男孩趴在夏威夷国王的皇家花园的地上,小奥斯汀.斯特朗非常激动的望着水里,因为他看到了形状各异的双尾金鱼,它是日本天皇送给夏威夷国王陛下卡拉卡瓦的一个新礼物。奥斯汀放下一个细绳系住的弯针。

2. A few minutes later he ran from the park, a royal goldfish flopping inside the crown of his straw hat. But on the road he heard a horse and carriage. It stopped. He was caught. 2.几分钟后他从公园里跑出来,一条宝贵的金鱼躺在他的草帽壳里。但是他听到了路上有马车的声音。马车停下来。他被抓住了。

3. The frightened boy was led to the carriage. In it was King Kalakaua himself. Austin told of his crime. He had stolen the f ancy goldfish. 3.受惊的孩子被领到马车前。在马车里的是卡拉卡瓦国王本人。奥斯汀承认了自己的罪过,他偷了奇异的金鱼。

4. Austin expected to be shot on the spot. Instead, the king sent a runner for fresh water. Placing the fish in the bowl, he presented it to the boy and took them home. The next day .came an envelope with the royal seal. Inside was a letter signed by King Kalakaua giving Austin the right to fish in the royal park for the rest of his life. 4.奥斯汀预料自己会被当场枪毙。然而,国王派了个快腿的人去取来新鲜水,然后把鱼放在碗里,把它送给了那个男孩并把他们送回家。第二天奥斯汀收到一件用皇家印记密封的信封。里面是卡拉卡瓦国王签署信,他授予奥斯汀可以终身在皇家花园钓鱼的权利。

5. Today ash collecting is still an exciting hobby in the United States. More than 20 million A mericans own pet fish. Some ra ise plain or fancy goldfish, some collect 8sh found nearby. But the majority stock their tanks with "tropicals"- guppies and gouramies, bettas and angelfish, or others of the more than 150 kinds. 5.在今天的美国,养鱼依然是一种激动人心的爱好。有超过两千万的美国人拥有自己的观赏鱼。一些人养普通或奇特的金鱼,一些人喂养在附近捕到的鱼。但是,鱼缸中最主要的品种是“热带鱼”-----虹将和丝足鱼,贝塔和天使鱼,或者其它什么鱼,超过一百五十种。

6. Fish collectors pay from 19 cents for a guppy to $IOO or more for hard-to-breed fish. They subscribe to such magazines as The Aquarium, and join clubs. They also spend more than a million dollars a year for fish, tanks, planes, sand, shells, food and gadgets for heating and cleaning aquariums. 6.养鱼爱好者可以为虹将支付19美分,也可能为某种难以繁殖的鱼付一百多美元。他们订阅诸如“水族馆”这样的杂志,并且加入俱乐部。他们一年花费超过一百万美元,用于鱼、鱼缸、水草、沙子、贝壳、鱼食,以及用于加热和清洁鱼缸的器具。

7. Collecting tropical fish dates back to World War II in this country. But raising of pet fish goes back to the early days of the Sung Dynasty in China, about 900 A. D., when they were raised in s mall bottles as house pets.

7.在(美国)这个国家里,收养热带鱼的习惯可以追溯到第二次世界大战。但是,人们饲养观赏鱼到中国宋朝早期,大约公元900年左右。当时,观赏鱼最为家庭宠物饲养在小瓶子里。

8. They chose a small member of carp family, Carassius auratus, better known as the goldfish. From them they obtained differen t shaped and colored fish. There developed more than IOO beautiful kinds with such names as Falling Flowers, Seven Stars, Eight Mel on Seeds, Piled-up-Gold. As Europeans began to go the Far East in numbers during the 17th century, it happened that they too grew to like the little carp. A jar-full of goldfish was then taken on a long sea trip back to London in 1665. By the late 18th ce ntury the fish were widely popular in England and soon the goldfish bowl was seen in many homes. 8.人们选择了鲤鱼族的一个小成员,CA RASSIUS AURATUS,如同金鱼一样很早就被人所熟知了。从它开始久而久之,人们获得了种种不同外形和色彩的观赏鱼。观赏鱼种类扩展到一百个美丽的品种,它们有着带着奇特的名字:落花、七星、八颗瓜子、黄金细毛等等。十七世纪,大批的欧洲人开始去远东,奇怪的是他们也开始喜欢这种小鲤鱼,于是在1665年一个装满了金鱼的坛子经过了漫长的海上旅行被带到了伦敦。到18世纪晚期,在英国喂养这种金鱼已经很流行了,许多家庭都能看到金鱼碗。

9. In 1853 the world's first public aquarium - The Regent's Park Fish House -was opened. So far, home aquarium contained only gold8sh or other local plant life. Then from the A mazon and the Congo, from Pacific Island and West Indian reefs, scientists began to send home hundreds of strange, beautiful fish. Many of them have become popular pets. They are called tropicals .9.1853年,世界第一个

2020年职称英语考试真题及答案(综合类C级)

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