Lesson 6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
供热、通风和空调
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are all aspects of environmental engineering, a recent concept embracing all aspects of the engineering of buildings, such as structure, drainage, acoustics, and internal transportation.
供热、通风和空调涵盖了环境工程的全部；环境工程的新理念还包括建筑内部各项工程，比如结构、排水、声学和内部人员流动。
The concept of environmental engineering takes cognizance of the fact that all elements of building are interrelated.
环境工程原理认为：建筑物的所有部分都是相关的。
The heat produced by lighting, for instance, affects the need for air-conditioning, calling for ducts, which in turn affect the design of the structure.
比如，照明产热需要空调降温，空调要使用管道，从而影响到结构设计。
The present article is confined to buildings, but the subject may be extended to cover mobile vehicles, such as motor coaches, aircraft, ships, railway trains, spacecraft, and submarines, each having highly specialized requirements.
本文仅限于建筑物，但是这个主题可以扩大到包括大客车、飞机、轮船、铁路列车、宇宙飞船和潜艇等交通工具，它们要求的专业化程度都很高。
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning in the present context may be defined in general terms as the control of the environment within enclosed spaces.
本文中，供热、通风和空调被笼统地定义为围合空间内部的环境控制。
Apart from comfort, many industrial processes depend on a controlled atmosphere；thus, this branch of engineering covers a considerable range of applications.
除了舒适，许多工业过程都与受控的环境有关；因此，本学科应用范围较为广泛。
Heating is concerned with raising the temperature of the thermal environment.
供热就是为了提高环境温度。
Ventilating is concerned with the supply of fresh air and removal of air that is vitiated, polluted, or contaminated.
通风涉及供应新风、排除混浊或被污染的空气。
Air-conditioning may include the functions of heating and ventilating but in addition is concerned with lowering of temperature of the thermal environment, raising or lowering of humidity, and purifying the air by removal of dust, bacteria, and other airborne matter.
空调包括供暖和通风，此外还涉及到环境降温、加湿或除湿，通过清除灰尘、细菌和其它空气中携带的物质而净化空气。
Making fire was among man's earliest achievements, and doubtless wood formed the earliest of fuels, first in caves, as remains of Stone Age hearths show, and later in mud and turf enclosures.
用火是人类最早的成就之一，木材无疑是最早的燃料；早期人类在洞穴里生火（石器时代炉膛的遗迹就是证明），后来是在泥土、草皮做成的围堂内生火。
The discovery that charcoal could be made from wood to produce a fuel without smoke seems to have been an early step toward progress in places where only moderate warmth was needed, such as China, Japan, and the Shores of the Mediterranean.
木材可以制成木炭，这种无烟燃料的出现是早期的一大进步，这在那些仅需要适度供暖的地
方很有必要，比如中国、日本和地中海岸等地区。
Another evolution was the flue or chimney, first as a simple aperture in the centre of the hut roof and later rising from the fireplace, invented in Europe in the 13th century.
另一个进展就是烟道或烟囱。最早只是在小屋顶中心开个简单的孔，后来就在壁炉上增加了
烟囱（它是13世纪欧洲人发明的）。
Smoke and fumes no longer pervaded the living space.
这样，烟气就不会弥漫于生活空间了。
Stoves, far 1ess wasteful of heat than fireplaces, appear to have been used first by the Chinese
about 600 BC.
大约在公元前600年中国人最早使用炉子，它比壁炉大大减少了热量的浪费。
They can be traced through Russia and into Germany and in the European countries generally,
where they are still used today, often as a focus of family life.
炉子的足迹遍布俄国、德国以及欧洲的很多国家，如今这些地区仍有使用，且常被视为家庭生活的中心。
The stove crossed the Atlantic to the United States, where Benjamin Franklin in 1744 invented an improved design, the forerunner of the traditional potbellied stove.
炉子穿越大西洋来到美国；1744年，弗兰克林·本杰明对它进行了改良设计，这就是传统大肚采暖炉的雏形。
The first scientific refinement of the fireplace seems to be attributable to the physicist Benjamin Thompson, count Rumford, toward the end of the 18th century.
到了18世纪末期，壁炉的第一次科学改良似乎应归功于物理学家汤普森·本杰明，拉姆福德伯爵。
His aim was to improve the efficiency of the open fire by the use of lumps of fireclay and by a canopy, both designed to increase the amount of radiant heat.
他的目标是通过使用耐火砖和炉盖来提高明火的功效，这两项设计增大了辐射热。
Because his ideas were not accepted, however, a gross fuel waste has continued up to the present day.
然而，由于他的想法未被采纳，所以严重的燃料浪费现象一直持续到了今天。
Heating by a fire outside the space to be heated, now described as central heating, appears to have
been invented by the Lacedaemonians of Greece, who first used heated floors.
对供暖空间之外用火取暖，现在被称为集中供热，它好像是由古希腊的斯巴达人发明的，是他们最早使用地暖。
The Great Temple in the city of Ephesus (350 BC) is believed to have been heated by flues laid in the floors, using lignite as fuel.
公元前350年，以弗所市的大神殿就是通过放置在地板中的暖气管来供热的，它用褐煤作燃料。
The Greeks perceived the advantages of central heating, but it was the Romans who became the supreme heating engineers of the ancient world with their hypocaust system.
虽然希腊人认识到集中供热的优点，但是罗马人才称得上古代最伟大的供暖专家，他们发明了火炕式供暖系统。
The floor was raised on pedestals, and the hot gases from a furnace were guided into the underfloor space, from which they rose through hollow terra-cotta tubes embedded in the walls.
地板被架离楼板之上，从炉子里出来的热气被引至地板下的空间，从那里热气又通过埋入墙体中的中空陶瓦管上升。
Such systems are to be found throughout Europe wherever Roman culture flourished.
这种供暖方式遍布欧洲，在罗马文化繁荣的地方随处可见。
In Italy, the hypocaust is found only in baths, but in cooler climates, such as Britain’s, not only baths but also the living room and sometimes other rooms were heated.
在意大利，这种火炕供暖只能在浴室里找到；但是，在气候更冷的地方，比如英国，浴室和起居室，有时还包括其他的房间都要供暖。
Such scientific development and refinement of life came to an end with the fall of the Roman Empire and the ruin of the cities that followed.
这种科学进步和讲究生活随着罗马帝国的衰落和接下来的城市毁灭而结束了。
The Dark Ages saw a return to a less civilized form of life; castles and homesteads employed the crude methods of heating used by primitive man.
在欧洲中世纪的黑暗时代，生活又回到了文明退化状态；城堡和家园使用的是原始供暖方法。
Drafty halls were warmed by a log fire in the centre of the stone floor.
通风良好的大厅用点燃石地板中间的柴火来供暖。
Enormously heavy fur-lined cloaks were worn to keep warm.
为了保暖，用厚重的毛皮作衬里的披风穿在身上。
It has taken 1, 500 years for the comfort of the Roman system of floor heating to be rediscovered by modern civilization.
舒适的罗马式地热系统被现代文明重新拾起却用了1500年的时间。
The advent of steam as a source of power in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and early 19th centuries offered a new way of heating, first used in factories and mills.
在18世纪和19世纪早期工业革命中，作为动力来源的蒸汽的出现提供了一种新的供暖方法，该方法最早被用在工厂和磨坊中。
Steam conveyed in pipes was extensively used for heating not only for industrial needs but for schools, churches, courts of justice, assembly halls, and even homes and horticultural greenhouses.
在管道中输送蒸汽来供暖不仅被广泛地应用于工厂中，而且也被用于学校、教堂、审判法庭、会议厅，甚至家庭和园艺温室。
The very hot surfaces of steam heating cause a parching effect on the air, often accompanied by a disagreeable odor of burnt dust.
蒸汽供暖的高热表面对空气产生烘烤效应，经常伴随着烧焦尘土的难闻气味。
The advantages of hot water, with a lower surface temperature and milder general effect than that
of steam, began to be recognized about 1830.
比起蒸汽，热水的优势在于具有更低的表面温度，气味淡但烘烤效应小，这在1830年人们就认识到了。
One of the first such systems was installed at the New Westminster Hospital, London.
第一套水暖系统安装在伦敦的新威斯敏斯特医院。
Hot water at low pressure has continued from that time to occupy a principal place in methods of heating；it is used in radiators, convectors, embedded floor and ceiling heating systems, and as a means of warming air for distribution by fans in a variety of ways.
从那时起，低压热水就一直在供暖方法中占据着重要地位；它被用于散热片、对流加热器、埋置于地板和天花板中的供暖系统中。而且，作为一种升温手段，可通过风机以各种方式进行分配。
In 1831 Jocob Perkins of England patented a revolutionary method of high-pressure hot-water heating in which a continuous circuit of very strong piping, receiving heat from a coil in the furnace, conveyed water in a closed system to coils disposed about the building.
1831年，英国的雅各布.帕金斯取得了具有革命性的高压热水供暖的专利权，这种供暖方式通过一个连续循环的坚固管道从锅炉中的螺旋管获取热量，并在一个封闭系统内将热水输送到建筑内部的管道中。
Circulation was by thermo syphon.
循环是在热弯管内进行的。
The system achieved considerable popularity in spite of its high temperatures; its tubing was small and neat compared with the massive cast-iron pipes used with low-pressure apparatus.
尽管供暖温度较高，但却很受欢迎；其管道系统和在低压设备中使用的巨大铸铁管道相比要小且整洁。
The high-pressure hot-water principle has been revived in a modern system developed first in continental Europe and later spread elsewhere, chiefly for industrial heating.
高压水暖原理在现代化供暖中的复兴，最早是在欧洲大陆发展起来，后来传播到其他地方，主要用于工业供暖。
The need for some form of induced ventilation to enclosed spaces probably did not arise until the 19th century, by which time assembly halls, theatres, and churches were being built to hold hundreds and even thousands of people.
大概直到19世纪，才产生了需要对封闭空间采取某种形式导流通风，那时所建的集会礼堂、剧院、教堂要容纳成百甚至上千人。
In industry some amelioration of the atmosphere in the steamy, gas-lighted workrooms was forced on mill owners to offset an increasing sickness rate.
工业上为了减少持续上升的患病率，厂家被迫对水汽蒙蒙的采用煤气灯照明的车间环境进行改善。
Mines had been ventilated from earliest times by furnace kept burning at the base of vent shafts.
矿井从最早开始就一直把炉子放在通风竖井的底部来保持燃烧通风。
Some of the early ventilating systems in buildings followed this method, for example, the New Houses of Parliament in London, rebuilt in 1837.
一些早期建筑的通风系统沿用了这种方法，比如伦敦的新国会大厦，它重建于1837年。
There air was exhausted from the chambers by means of coke fires, kept burning day and night in the roof spaces beneath tall shafts, whose Gothic outlines remain a feature of the architecture, though the shafts are no longer used.
在竖井下方的屋顶空间昼夜燃烧的炭火耗尽了房间里的氧气。虽然不再使用竖井，但仍保留着哥特式建筑的外形。
The air was drawn in by the suction of these extraction shafts through gratings in the floor of the chambers, which were connected in turn to tunnels leading to the Thames River, from the banks of which the fresh air was drawn.
空气抽排管道和通向泰晤士河的隧道相连，抽气泵通过房间地板格栅吸入泰晤士河岸的新鲜空气。
Although a rotary fan had been invented in the 16th century, a convenient power supply was not available until the days of ubiquitous electric current. From the 18th century steam drove fans in industrial installations.
虽然16世纪就发明了旋转式风扇，但直到发明无所不在的电流后才有了方便的电力供应。18世纪，工业设备上还用蒸汽驱动风机。
The plenum system was an early method of combining heating with ventilation by using steam in tubes in an air duct to heat the air, the driving force being a fan, also steam driven.
压力通风是一种早期通过风道中的蒸汽管加热空气而把供热和通风结合起来的方法，其压力也是由蒸汽驱动的风机提供。
The heated air was delivered through ducts under pressure (or plenum), conveyed to all parts of the building. Schools, hospitals, and factories were often heated by this means.
热空气在高压作用下，通过管道传送到建筑内的各个部位。学校、医院和工厂通常采用这种方式供热。
Cooling by evaporation may have originated in India, where mats of wetted grass hung over openings on the windward side resulted in evaporative cooling by as much as 20 to 30 °F (11 to 17℃).
蒸发冷可能发源于印度。在那里，湿草席悬挂在通道口的迎风面上，使得蒸发冷却后温度达到11-17℃。
The mats were kept wet by hand or by a perforated trough above. Such a system employs one of the fundamental principles of air conditioning.
这些草席通过人工或通过在其上方开孔的水槽保湿。这种方法利用了空调的基本原理。
The term “air conditioning” is credited to Stuart W. Cramer, who in 1907 presented a paper on humidity control for textile mills before the American Cotton Manufacturers Association.
“空气调节”这个术语的出现归功于Stuart W. Cramer，他在1907年向美国棉花制造业协会提交了一篇关于纺织厂湿度控制的论文。
Control of moisture content in textiles by addition of steam to the atmosphere had long been known as “conditioning”. It was not, however, until 1911, when Willis Carrier published the results of many years of research, that the scientific basis of air conditioning was laid.
增加空气中的水汽来控制纺织品中的含湿度很早就被称为“调湿”了。然而，直到1911年，当Willis Carrier公布多年的研究结果时，才奠定了空气调节的科学基础。
From air conditioning in industry, for the quality of the product, to air conditioning for comfort was but a step.
从工业中为产品质量进行空气调节到以舒适为目的的空气调节，这仅仅迈出了第一步。
Comfort air-conditioning was developed in the 1920s for increasingly large theatres, stores, and office blocks, in which the economic value was evident.
由于20世纪20年代出现越来越多的大型剧院、商店和办公大楼，舒适的空调是才发展起来，其经济价值是很明显的。
The development of air conditioning as a major industry, however, awaited new refrigerating techniques.
然而，空调作为主要产业的发展还期待着新的制冷技术的出现。
Until the end of the 19th century, design of heating and ventilating systems was largely empirical.
A change to scientific methods began to evolve in the 1890s.
直到19世纪末，供热和通风设计大多还是凭经验。朝着科学性的转变始于19世纪90年代。
Research work was undertaken at the University of Berlin-Charlottenburg and in a few other places before World War I.
人们着手做研究工作是在第一次世界大战前的柏林夏洛特博格大学和其他几个地方。
After the war, research was begun in several countries, notably in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Sweden, and France. Out of this international research effort modern air conditioning has grown.
战后，研究又在几个国家兴起，尤其是在英国、美国、德国、瑞典和法国。由于这些国际化研究成果，现代空调装置才得以发展起来。
《专业英语》复习题 一、选择题 1.civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for (civilian) use, whereas military engineering dealt with temporary structures for military use 2.attention must (be paid to) the working temperature of the machine. 3.diplomatic relations (have been established) between china and the united states of America 4.a direct current is a current (flowing) always in the same direction. 5.it’s our duty to (comply with) the specification. 6.dose your shop (supply) rebar ? 7.neither I nor he (is) fond of music. 8.the (above-mentioned)cements(水泥) are widely used on the construction site. 9.the production of steel has been increased (by) 70%. 10.i f the garden is big, some floodlights can be (installed). 11.(wherever) you go, you can see many buildings. 12.d ams, (bridge), water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers to work together. 13.the bigger quantity you order,(the lower until cost you will be offered). 14.i n modern road constructions, powerful modern machines are
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。
Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖
土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020
Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and
non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数
A Type Wooden Ladder A字木梯 A-frame A型骨架 A-truss A型构架 Abandon 废弃 Abandoned well 废井 Aberration of needle 磁针偏差Abnormal pressure 异常压力abnormally high pressure 异常高压Abort 中止 abrasion 磨损 Abrasion surface 浪蚀面 abrasive cut-off machine 磨切机Abrasive Cutting Wheel 拮碟abrasive grinding machine 研磨机Abrasive Grinding Wheel 磨碟abrasive particle 磨料颗粒 Absolute address 绝对地址Absolute altitude 绝对高度Absolute damping 绝对阻尼Absolute deviation 绝对偏差Absolute flying height 绝对航高Absolute gravity 绝对重力 absolute permeability 绝对渗透率absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率absolute temperature 绝对温度absorbability 吸收性；吸附性absorption 吸收 abutment 桥墩 abutting end 邻接端 acceleration 加速 acceleration lane 加速车道Acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration pedal 加速器踏板accelerator 催凝剂；加速器；催化剂acceptance criteria 接受准则 access 通路；通道 access door 检修门；通道门access lane 进出路径 access panel 检修门 access point 入口处；出入通道处access ramp 入口坡道；斜通道access road 通路；通道 access shaft 竖井通道 access spiral loop 螺旋式回旋通道access staircase 通道楼梯 access step 出入口踏步 access tunnel 隧道通道 accessible roof 可到达的屋顶accessory 附件；配件accident 事故；意外 accidental collapse 意外坍塌 accommodate 装设；容纳 accredited private laboratory 认可的私 人实验室 accumulator 储压器；蓄电池 accuracy limit 精度限制 acetylene cylinder 乙炔圆筒 Acetylene Hose 煤喉 Acetylene Regulator 煤表 acid plant 酸洗设备；酸洗机 acid pump 酸液泵 acid tank 酸液缸 acidic rock 酸性岩 acoustic couplant 声耦合剂 acoustic coupler 声音藕合器；音效藕 合器 acoustic lining 隔音板 acoustic screen 隔声屏 Acoustic wave 声波 acrylic paint 丙烯漆料(压克力的油漆) acrylic sheet 丙烯胶片(压克力的胶片) active corrosion 活性腐蚀 active earth pressure 主动土压力 active fault 活断层 active oxidation 活性氧化 actual plot ratio 实际地积比率 actuator 促动器；唧筒；激发器 adapt 改装 adaptor 适配器；承接器；转接器； addition 增设；加建 additional building works 增补建筑工 程 additional horizontal force 额外横向力 additional plan 增补图则(附加的平面 图) additional vent 加设通风口 additive 添加剂 Address 地址 adhesive 黏结剂；胶黏剂 adhesive force 附着力 Adhesive Glue 万能胶 Adhesive Reflective Warning Tape 反 光警告贴纸 adit 入口；通路；坑道口 adjacent construction 相邻建造物 adjacent level 相邻水平 adjacent site 相邻基地 adjacent street 相邻街道 adjoining area 毗邻地区 adjoining building 毗邻建筑物 adjoining land 毗邻土地 adjoining structure 毗邻构筑物 adjustable 可调校 Adjustable Wrench Spanner 昔士 adjuster 调节器 adjustment 调校；调整 Administrative Lawsuit 行政诉讼 Administrative Remedy 行政救济 admixture 掺合剂；外加剂 advance directional sign 前置指路标 志；方向预告标志 advance earthworks 前期土方工程 advance warning sign 前置警告标志 advance works 前期工程 aeration 曝气 aeration tank 曝气池 aerial 天线 Aerial mapping 航空测图 aerial photograph 航测照片 Aerial photography 航照定位 aerial rapid transit system 高架快速运 输系统 aerial ropeway 高架缆车系统 aerial view 鸟瞰图 aerofoil 翼型 aerosol 悬浮微粒；喷雾 aerosphere 大气圈 affix 贴附 aftercooler 后冷却器 afterfilter 后过滤器 aftershock 余震 agent 作用剂；代理人 aggradation 堆积 aggregate 骨材；集料；碎石 aggregate area 总面积 aggregate grading 骨材级配 aggregate superficial area 表面总面积 aggregate usable floor space 总楼地板 空间 agitator 搅拌器；搅动机 air bleeding 放气(空气渗出) air blower 鼓风机 air brake 气压制动器 Air chambor 气室 air circuit 空气回路 air circuit breaker 空气断路器 air cleaner 空气滤清器
Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the
第一单元 课文 土木工程前言 或许，工程师对于人类文明形成所做出的贡献多于其他专业人才群体。在各个社会中，工程师的作用就是发展技术应用以满足实际需要。例如，应用电力系统向城市供电，应用水轮驱动水碾，应用人造心脏延长生命，等。向我们提供水、燃料、电力的系统，交通网络系统，通讯系统，以及带来其他方便的系统是工程技术应用的产物。尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。 工程是将知识转化为实际有效应用的技术，工程师则是在这样的转化中起关键作用的人。工程是服务人类的职业，人类环境是需要考虑的重要事项。通常，区分工程师和科学家一直存在困难，决定科学家的工作在哪里终止，工程师的工作从哪里开始也存在困难。 科学与工程中有联系的工作的基本区别在于它们的目的不同。科学家以发明为目的，而工程师坚持有效使用发明来满足人类的需要。例如，德国物理学家亨利奇·赫兹发现了无线电波，而古里耶尔莫·马克尼则利用无线电波发展了无线电信技术，这是一项工程奇迹。在相关科学家建立了核裂变的科学原理后，制造原子武器、建造核电厂的艰难工作则由电力、化学和机械工程师来完成。 土木工程是以向人类提供安全、舒适住所为目的的工程分支。住所是人类的基本需要之一，它由土木工程师负责提供。供水和灌溉系统的有效规划能增加一个国家的粮食产量。住所除了简单的掩蔽功能外，土木工程师还能将其建造来为居住者提供安宁、舒适的生活。世界上的工程奇迹——从塔形结构到今天的薄壳结构——都是土木工程发展的结果。道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。 任何工程学科都是由各种专业分支构成的巨大领域，土木工程的主要专业分支如下： 1.结构工程 结构工程是土木工程的最重要专业分支，结构的建造需要有效的规划、设计和施工方法，以实现完整的建造目的。一般地，结构工程建造包含五个步骤： ●定位，并合理排列结构构件，形成确定的形式，以实现最佳的使用功能。 ●决定作用于结构上不同力的大小、方向和性质。 ●结构分析，弄清受上述作用力的结构构件的行为特征。 ●结构设计，以保证不同载荷作用下的结构稳定性。 ●结构施工，采用精心选择的材料，由熟练工人完成。 2.岩土工程 为了实现建筑于地面结构的有效功能，必须知道土的特征。岩土工程给出土的基本知识体系，这一分支涉及以下方面： ●土——“土力学”下的材料——的性质和行为特征。 ●结构、机器等基础的不同类型及其稳定性。 岩土工程也涉及基础的分析、设计和施工。 3.流体力学、水力学和水力机械