Absolute Construction
独立主格结构实质上就是带有自己主语的非限定分句或无动词分句。它的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，在结构上游离于主句之外。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
* Weather permitting, I will start tomorrow．
*His homework done，Jim decided to go to see the play. =After his homework was done, Jim…* The meal over，we began to work again.
＝When the meal was over, we began to work again.
独立主格结构按其结构形式可分为：现在分词独立结构、过去分词独立结构、无动词独立结构（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等）和不定式独立结构.
特别注意:独立主格结构使用介词的问题
肯定意义的独立主格结构一般均可转变为用 with引导的独立结构，而表示否定意义的独立主格结构可转变为由without引导的独立结构。
He put on his socks，wrong side out. ＝He put on his socks with the wrong side out.
独立主格结构位置很灵活，可位于句首、句中或句尾，放在句尾时，通常用逗号将其与主句隔开
常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。(主谓关系) 如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn?t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting , we will go for an outing tomorrow.
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
*The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
* Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn?t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
*The test finished, we began our holiday.
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.
那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。注: 对于独立主格结构,首先应明白它不是一个完整的句子，是由逻辑主语，再加非谓语或名词、形容词、副词构成的一个句子成分，一般做状语.
Adverbial clause
An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb.
As we know, an adverb may be a single word such as quickly, here or yesterday, or a phrase such as the day before yesterday or to see my mother. However, adverbs can also be clauses, containing a subject and a verb. Today, we‘ll discuss the basic types of Adverbial clauses and how to use them.
There are many types of Adverbial clause. Here are some examples of the most common types:
Adverbial clause of time/ place/ cause / purpose;
.
She took a computer course so that she could get a better job.
Concession Why is this unexpected?
Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk.
Though he is poor, he's happy. 虽然穷，但他很快乐。
Condition Under what conditions?
If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.
manner as You should do as I tell you. 你必须按我告诉你的去做。
result that, so…that
He was so angry that he couldn't speak. 他气得话都说不出来。
Usual conjunction:after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while,
now (that), as soon as, as long as, no sooner…than等。
有些名词短语也可以引导状语从句，如the moment, the instant
例如：Her father died when she was young.As the sun rose, the fog dispersed.
The instant he received the letter, he started off at once.
Every time he went to Beijing, he used to visit the Great Wall.
注1：till和until在主句谓语为持续性动词的肯定式时，作―直到……为止‖解，在主句谓语
为瞬间动词的否定式时作―直到……才‖解，如：
Let‘s wait till / until the rain stops.
I did not begin work till / until he had gone.
注2：once, the moment, the instant和as soon as都作―一…就‖解，通常可互换，如：
Once you understand this, you will surely make rapid progress in your study.
注3：由副词加从属连词
no sooner than, hardly / barely / scarcely…when等引导的时间状语从句，如hardly, barely, scarcely前置句首，主谓须用倒装结构。如： Hardly had the film started when they came. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.
usual conjunction：where, wherever , everywhere, anywhere
例如：You may stay where you like./ He is welcome wherever he goes.
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
Put the medicine where children can‘t reach it. 把药放在孩子们拿不到的地方
You can‘t camp where /wherever/ anywhere you like these days. 如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。Where there is a will, there is a way.
Everywhere Jenny goes she‘s mistaken for her sister. 无论走到哪里，詹妮都被误认为是她妹。
) 比较because, since, as和for：
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。
I didn't go because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。
2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：
He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。
He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。
3) as 是从属连词，说明一般的因果关系，语气比because弱，说明比较明显的原因，它引导的从句通常放在句首，有时也可放在句末。
例：As it is raining, you\'d better take a taxi. 天下雨了，你最好乘出租车。
since 既然，表对方已知的无需加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because弱，但是比as 强。
如：Since we have no money, we can't buy that vase. 既然我们没钱，我们就不能买那花瓶。
Since everybody is here, let's begin our party.
for 是并列连词，for表明附加或推断的理由，其引导的分句不能放在句首，语气最弱。如：I went to see him, for I had something to tell him. 我去见他，因为我有事要告诉他。
Given (that) she is interested in children, I’m sure teaching is the right career for her.
Seeing (that) he was better, they did n’t send for the doctor.
等词引导。例如： I' ll speak slowly so that you can take notes.我慢慢讲，以便你们能做笔记。
I must speak louder so that /in order that I can be heard by all.
I took a taxi so that I could come here earlier.
He wrote the name down for fear that（lest）he should forget it. 他写下这个名字以免忘记。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。
结果状语从句常由so…that 或suc h…that引导。掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和such 与其后的词的搭配规律。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组;
so 是副词，修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用形成固定搭配. so foolish ；such a fool so nice a flower；such a nice flower
so many / few flowers；such nice flowers/ so much / little money; such rapid progress
例如：The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
s uch…that和so…that有时可以换用，条件是such所修饰的名词必须是一个单数可数名词，且该名词前还带有表性质的形容词。转换公式如下：
eg. He is such a good student that we all like him.→He is so good a student that we all like him.
但如果是不可数名词或复数可数名词，则只能用such而不能用so修饰。
Eg. It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home.
--Does Allen like hamburgers?
连接词主要有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,in case等。if 引导的条件句有(real condition, unreal condition)真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。
真实条件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we won‘t go on a picnic.
非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：
If I were you, I would go with him.。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累，我们去散散步。
= If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.(unless = if not.)
典型例题You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless
B. until
C. if
D. or
答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为If you dong leave immediately, you will be late。or表转折，句子如为You leave immediately or you will be late.
引导词：although, though, as, even if/though, however, no matter how/ what/ where/ when/ which), whether…or(不管…) (no matter how= however, no matter what= whatever…)
1）though, although，while引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是though 和yet可连用。如：Although she isyoung, she knows quite a lot.
2）as/ though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。如：
Child as he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
3）ever if, even though即使。例如：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。4）whether…or…不管……都。例如：
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，这确实是真的。
5）"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"。例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。
注意：
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given.
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
Whatever happens, we shall not lose hope.
如：Do in Rome as the Romans do./ Do as you like.
一份耕耘，一份收获。/
You may go or stay, according as you decide.
方式状语从句通常由as, （just）as…so…, as if, as though，like, the way引导。
1）as, （just）as…so…引导的方式状语从句，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体。例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
You must do as your parents tell you. 你必须按你父母说的去做。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
2）as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状从谓语多用虚拟语气，表与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。译作"仿佛…似的"，"好像…似的"。如：
*They completely ignore these facts as if （as though）they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
*He looks as if （as though）he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。
（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
* It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。
（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
They didn‘t do it the way we do now. 那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。
9. clause of adverbial comparison比较状语从句
as…as 和…一样; (the same…as…)
Jack is as tall as Bob. 捷克和汤姆一样高。
a. 主语+ 谓语+ as + 形容词/ 副词+ as + 被比对象表示两个人和事物在性质、特征等方面相似或相等，即相等的比较。
两个as，作用不同，前一个as是副词，在主句中说明所比较内容的程度，后一个as是连词，含有“比”、“如同”的意思，它所引导的从句通常是省略形式。
表示两个人或事物在性质、特征等方面的不相似或不相同时，就用not so(as)…as …和不一样; ―主语+ 谓语+ not so / as +形容词/ 副词+ (名词) + as + 被比对象‖这个句型She is not so(as) beautiful as her sister.
You are not so old as you look.
more…than (更) ; no less …than表示―在…方面不比…差‖
This river is longer than that one.
John is no less hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.
This book is more instructive than that one. 这本书比那本书由教育意义。
1).The most…in/of
This book is the most interesting of the three. 这本书是三本中最有趣的。
2). the + 形容词+est…of/in
This road is the busiest street in our city. 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。
3) 否定词语… + so + 形容词/ 副词+ as + 比较对象
There is nothing I like so much as traveling abroad.
He has never been so happy as he is today.
1)no more than只不过(嫌少的意思) : I have no more than two pens. 我只有两支笔。
It‘s no more than a mile to the shops. 去商店不过一英里。
2)not more than不如…；(前者不如后者)
Jack is not more diligent than John. 捷克不如约翰勤奋。
3) one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级)
Han Mei is one of the best students in our school.
4) t he more…, the more…
The harder you work, the more achievement you will make.
The more he thought, the angrier he grew.
The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.
这种句型常用省略句。The more, the better. / The sooner, the worse.
China is larger than any other country in Asia.
China is larger than any country in Africa.
替代问题：one/ones；that/those
在比较从句中为了避免重复，常用that/those, one/ones代替前面出现的名词：that指物，可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词, one既可指人也可指物, 代替可数名词单数；those代替可数名词复数；ones代替可数名词复数；重复的名词后面有of短语时，常用that/those代替；重复的名词前有形容词修饰时，常用one/ones代替。
The engine of your car is better than that of mine.
The population of China is larger than America. (wrong)
The population of China is larger than that of America.
这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。
这个房间比那个大三倍（是那个房间的四倍大）。This river is four times the width of that one. 这条河比那条河宽三倍。
That city is now almost ten times its original size. 现在那座城市几乎是它原来大小的十倍。The area of that continent is about twice that of this one. 那个大洲的面积比这个的大一倍。
(常见引导词：what/as)
10.1 A is to B what C is to D 为固定结构，表示A与B的关系和C与D的关系具有可比性。但是，如果A，B，C，D为数字时，则用as取代what, 表示比例上的相等。
The people is to the Party‘s army what/as water is to fish.人民军队离不开人民，就象鱼离不开水。Twelve is to three as four is to one.12之于3等同于4之1。
Reading is to the mind what /as exercise is to the body.
读书对于思想，好比运动对于身体一样。
The blueprint is to the builder what/as the outline is to the writer.
蓝图对于建筑设计师就象提纲对于作家一样。
10.2 A does for B what C does for D.
Leaves do for plants what lungs do for animals.
Error analysis
No one can learn a language well without making errors.
It is good to learn at another man?s cost.
以下是学生写作中常见的偏误现象，请分析：
1) We students might learn more knowledge through the lecture system.
词语搭配方面的错误。能和knowledge搭配的不是learn/ study,而是obtain, acquire, gain等。(和traffic搭配的不是crowded,而是Traffic is heavy/busy.)
2) Each people has his own opportunities.
可/不可数名词方面的错误。People作―人民‖、人们‖时，是集体名词,不能与each配用。
3) Book knowledge is important, but we should also learn something in the society.
冠词方面的错误。用定冠词the 是特指意义，而这里没有这个特殊意义，要去掉。
4) A man has to expect criticism when you succeed. 代词方面用法错误。改为one或he.
5) With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and read at home.
语法结构平行方面的错误。为保持结构上平行，改为reading.
6) The city is seriously polluted, people have no fresh air to breathe in.
逗句的迭连，即误用逗号连接两个句子。
7) Some students think participate in endless discussion is a waste of time.
汉语一个句子可用多个动词，但英语只能有一个动词
8) To participate in class discussion, a lot of books have to be read.
悬吊修饰语（指句中的修饰语无明确对象，导致句子缺乏逻辑性，破坏了句子的连贯性）
9. Without television, people cannot get information which comes from the parts of the world
immediately.
错位修饰语（即修饰语置于不恰当的位置，破坏了句子的连贯性，引意义上的混淆）。
本句中，immediately既可以修饰come也可以修饰get,意思含糊不清，因此要把它放到cannot的后面。
10. I love you more than your sister. 比较对象不完整。
→I love you more than your sister loves you 或I love you more than I love your sister.
The common errors in English study (英语学习中常见的便误现象)
1)Thinking in Chinese and translating word by word
用汉语思维，逐字翻译。用汉语构思，同时将汉语句子硬译成英语，结果非驴非马。
Living a life, learning a life. (×) Life to death, study to death. (×)
Living old, leaning old. (×) →It?s never too late to learn. (One is nev er too old to learn.）If someone‘s family situation is not well, he can apply for loan to bank. （误）
→If one‘s family is not well off, he can apply to the bank for a loan. （正）
2) 句子逻辑关系混乱.例如：
* Our English class often told stories. (×)
→We often told st ories in our English class.
Since Jiao Yu-lu came to our town, it has taken place many changes.
→*Since Jiao Yu-lu came to our town, many changes have taken place here.
3)verbs and non-finite verbs(谓语动词与非谓语动词)
We working hard to finish our classes,…
However, learning is not only means study in school.
4)谓语缺失(许多谓语动词缺失是由于词性误用造成的,多为将形容词、名词误用为词)
When I［］six-year old, I came to …/ When we［］old, we will try to live long.
As long as you work hard, you will［］success in the end.
Study is a hard road and a lot of people failed just because [ ] can‘t bear the suffering.
5)冠词的误用
汉语中没有冠词的概念，也没有单复数的区别，在没有必要说出物品或人的数目时，汉语名词前后无须加任何修饰词或词缀来限定或表明单复数。
a). Book on desk.（×） A book is on the desk.
注：可数名词不能单独存在（固定短语例外），要么前边有冠词，要么后边加-s.
b).Learning plays［］very important role in the modernization of our life.
[C]类别用法: 1. a/ an＋可数名词单数２.the ＋可数名词单数３.复数形式
c)．My hope was ［］same with yours.
the same…as为固定搭配，不可轻易省略或替换．
d)．My Chemistry was ［］worst in my class. 形容词最高级和序数词前要加定冠词。
6) .The Misuse of the Word Classes词性混淆。
词性混淆是词性误用最突出的表现。将动词或形容词误作名词用，
例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased; succeed, success, successor, successful and successfully等。
In this journey, we can find much pleasant.
Learning is our wealthy.…
During I was pursuing my bachelor’s degree, I studied good.
Beautiful is [ ] everybody likes./ Everyone wants to be success.
The music sounds very beautifully.
7) 句子成分残缺不全
We always working till late at night before taking exams. （误）
→We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams. （正）
We should read books m ay be useful to us. （误）
→We should read books which may be useful to us. （正）
8) Redundancy句子成分多余
双重比较级或最高级:
He becomes more cleverer… Changjiang is the most longest river in China.
助动词冗余: W hy am I will read for a master‘s degree?
关联词冗余: Because I want to find a good work in the future, so I choose to…
定语从句中主语或宾语重复
Pursuing one‘s study is a bitter thing, which many people can‘t bear these.
This test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you. （误）
→One test ends, but another is waiting for you. （正）
9) 主谓不一致
Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. （误）
Some think that reading should be selective. （正）
My sister go to the cinema once a week.→My sister goes to the cinema once a week.
10) 动词时态、语态的误用
I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. （误）
I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. （正）
We have little time to read some books which we interest.
→We have little time to read some books in which we are interested.
I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. （误）
→I have been studying in the college for two years. （正）
11) 名词可数与不可数的误用
Too much tests are disadvantage for students‘ stud y. （误）
Too many tests are disadvantageous to students. （正）
In modern society, people are under various pressures. （误）→pressure
12) 不及物的误用
The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. →took place
Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. →raised
13) 介词to与不定式符号的混淆
Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking. （误）
Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. （正）
All these contributed to solve the serious problem. （误）
All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. （正）
14）动宾搭配不当
We must pay attention to it and make solutions to the problem. （误）
We must pay attention and find a solution to the problem. （正）
It also may help you to make success. →It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal.
15）句子之间缺少过渡性的单词或词组
①Tom and Mike swim upstream, they leap over huge dams to reach their destination.
②Tom and Mike swim upstream, and then they leap over huge dams to reach their destination.
上面这些错误比较典型、集中，请大家务必要注意，其他的错误，如单词拼写、大小写、标点符号的误用等，可谓千姿百态，无奇不有，在此就不一一列举。
In linguistics, Non-Finite Verbs includes Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives.
Ⅰ.. Infinitive:
１．不定式的简单式：to+ 动词原形，如：I‘m glad to see you.
２．不定式的进行时：to +be +现在分词, 如：He must pretend to be sleeping.
３．不定式的被动态：to +be +过去分词The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.
4. 不定式的完成式：to +have+动词的过去分词
5.不定式的完成进行式：to +have + been+动词的现在分词
不定式现在式的被动态：to be done; 不定式完成时的被动态：to have been done
I feel it an honour ___ to speak here. A. to be asked B. to ask C. having asked D. asked
1)不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
【例如】To do that implies taking responsibility.
当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
【例如】It is important for young people to master at least two foreign languages.
It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
①It is＋名词(a pleasure/ pity/ pleasant thing/shame/ crime, one's duty, an honor...)＋不定式
It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.
It is a pity to have to go without her. / It is a glorious death to die for the people
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience...)＋不定式
It takes me three hours to learn English each day.
,如:difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...等(逻辑主语)
It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.
It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only.
④It+be+形容词常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的词. (逻辑主语)
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.
It's kind of you to help me with my English.
⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
【例如】The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, ____it more difficult.
A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make
*What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.
3)不定式作宾语: 不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：
afford, agree, apply, ask, attempt, choose, claim ,demand, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, hesitate, hate, intend, learn, like, manage, neglect, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, tend, threaten, want等。
【例如】*I want to go at once..
*My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feels tired.
*I decide to work hard and get a doctor's degree.
*She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it.
【例如】We found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
I think it important to learn English well in college.
使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等。
4) 疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who, what, which, when, where和how后加不定式构成一种特殊的不定式短语。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和双宾。如：
When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主)
I don‘t know what to do．(宾语)
The difficulty was how to cross the river．(表语)
I can tell you where to get this book. （双重宾语）
【例如】I couldn't decide which book to choose. / I can tell you where to get this book.
―wh word+不定式‖结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。
When to start the program remains undecided./ The question is how to put the plan into practice.
5)不定式作状语（目的、原因、结果状语等。注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。）
a)表示目的。或用于so as和in order之后，来强调这种目的。
【例如】To learn a foreign language well, you must make painstaking efforts.
11. To be a great scientist, ________ .
A. maths is very important
B. maths is more important than other subjects
C. one must understand maths
D. maths is important to be understood (选c）
b)表示结果，如在so...as to, such...as to, only to...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。【例如】No one is too old to learn.
I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train already gone.
Would you be so kind as to carry the luggage for me?
He was strong enough to lift it.
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
C)表原因 (有时只能在上下文中体会出来)：
She swept to hear the news.
用于那些表示喜怒哀乐和运气的形容词之后: You are lucky to find it.
6)不定式作宾语补语
不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补语：ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel, command, enable, encourage, expect, feel, force, find, hear, have, inform, invite, let, make, mean, notice, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, request, teach, tell, urge, watch, warn, watch等。
【例如】He asked you to call him at ten o'clock.
The note reminds me to be careful whatever I do.
I'd never allow my children to behave like that.
当不定式在let, make, have, hear, look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch, notice, perceive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补语时，不定式不带to.
【例如】Whenever something is wrong with you, please do let me know.
I will have the students write a passage about Internet.
7)不定式作定语
a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。
不定式常作下列的名词定语：attempt, ability, anything, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort, failure, intention, need, opportunity, plan, promise, pressure, right, tendency, time, way等。
不定式与其所修饰的名词可以是主谓关系或动宾关系。
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.（主谓）
The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。（主谓）Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。（动宾）
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．（动宾）
His efforts to carry out the plan were successful.
I have no intention to go to the cinema with you.
b)由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。
【例如】Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive at the office and the last man to leave.
I don't think he is the best one to do the work.
c) 不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省.
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。
She is a very nice person to work with.
d）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。
8)不带to的不定式
在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would rather ...than(宁愿……也不), had better...(最好)，can't help but...(不得不), had rather...(宁愿)，cannot but...(不得不，必然)，may/might as well...(不妨)，let alone(更不用说)。
【例如】I can't help but wish that nothing would go wrong.
You'd better return the books to the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined.
They had never seen such delicious food, let alone eat it.
倒装Inversion
英语的基本语序与汉语一样，即主语在前，谓语在后，这叫自然语序；反之，谓语的全部或一部分在主语之前，这种语法现象称之为倒装语序。倒装的原因一是语法结构需要，如疑问句、感叹句、there be 结构；二是修辞的需要。
Types of inversion
⊙按形式分:
完全倒装full inversion ----将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。部分倒装partial inversion ----只将助动词、情态动词移到主语前
⊙按作用分:
语法结构倒装和修辞倒装
①一般疑问句Are you going with your friend?
②特殊疑问句What did you do last night?
③选择疑问句Do you like swimming or skating?
④反意疑问句You don‘t know English, do you?
1. 主谓倒装(Subject-verb inversion)
又称为全部倒装（Full inversion），即把整个谓语动词放在主语之前。这类倒装主要出现于地点状语后面，said John, answered Peter等有直接引语的结构中以及表语提前的情况下。--At the far end of the room stood a tall policeman.
--―I love you,‖ wh ispered John.
--Completely different is the last story.
2. 主语/ 功能词倒装(Subject-operation inversion)
又称为部分倒装，即把功能词(助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前，动词的其余部分依然在主语之后。如果句中没有助动词或情态动词，则要加一个助动词do, does或did。例如：
--He had no money, nor did he know anyone he could borrow from.
--Only by chance did I hear that her mother had died.
--Were she alive today, she would grieve at the changes.
(Sentences beginning with neither, nor, so, etc.)在以neither, nor, so等开始的句子中
用部分倒装。
--―I didn‘t get much sleep last night.‖ ―Neither/Nor did I.‖
--He refused to apologize. Neither/Nor would he offer any explanation.
--John saw the accident and so did Mary.
--She was angry and so was I.
请比较下面两句中so和neither/nor 表达截然不同的意思。
--The corn is ripening, and so are the apples.
--The corn isn’t ripen ing, and neither/ nor are the apples.
Had I been told earlier, I could have a good preparation.
Were I you, I would have done it better.
3 。修辞倒装Sentences beginning with negative adverb expressions: hardly, never, etc。，在以否定副词如：hardly, never，seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, never, few, little, in vain, much/ even/ still less, 以及含有no/ not的词组/句型如no sooner…(than), on no account, in no circumstances, in no way, by no means, at no time, no longer, not until, nowhere，under no
等开始的句
--Seldom had I seen such confusion.
--Never in history had technology made such spectacular advances.
--Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out.
--No sooner was she back at home than she realized her mistake.
--Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it.
On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees（经理决不容忍员工粗鲁）Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much.
4 在以表示地点或方向的副词（如here, there, down, away等）开始的句子中，当表示地点
或方向的副词位于句首时，且主语为名词时，句子可用全部倒装。句中的谓语动词常常是come, lie, stand, walk, live等不及物动词或系动词be。在文学性文章中采用这类倒装主要是为了使其更加生动，而把主语置于句末则是为了使之成为信息中心。
--Down fell a dozen apples. / --Away goes my chance of winning!
--Next to it stood a pile of paper cups. / --On the very top of the hill lives a hermit隐士.
以here, there开始的倒装句在口语中尤其多见。如：
--Ah, here comes somebody – at last! / --Here comes the train.
--There goes the vicar (牧师).
―Tom is here.‖ 意思是―汤姆在这儿‖。但是―Here‘s Tom.‖意味着他刚出现或我们刚发现他。
―Tom comes here.‖他习惯于来这儿。―Here comes Tom.‖则有他正在到来或刚刚到达的含义。注意：主语是代词时，此类以地点状语开始的句子不用倒装。
--Here she comes! 她来了！/ --There he is.
--Away they went. / --Down they flew.
--Only in this way is it possible to explain their actions.
--Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard.
--Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too.
Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.
Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.
6．用于其他一些特殊句型中
6.1 用于有直接引语的句型中，如--―What do you mean?‖ asked Henry.
但是，主语是代词时不用倒装。请比较：―What do you mean?‖ he asked.
6.2 用于表示祝愿/意愿的句型
这种祈求性虚拟语气一般只用于几种相当固定的说法中。如：
--Lon g live the People‘s Republic of China!
May you be happy!
6.3表达虚拟的if从句(非真实条件从句)中的if可以省略，句子呈现倒装。例如：
--Were I Tom I would refuse. (=If I were Tom…)
--Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone. （=If I had
known …）
--Should yo u change your mind, no one would blame you. (= If you should change…)
Had I been told earlier, I could have a good preparation.
Were I you, I would have done it better.
Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.
7．表示地点状语、运动方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时，句子要全部倒装。（此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时）这些词有：here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then, thus等。
*There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.
*In each room are ten students. / Out ran Tom.
Up went the arrow into the air.
Back came my father and the supper began.
(Away he went. /Here we are. /Out they rushed.)
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes./ Away they went./ There goes the bell.
8．其它情况：如频率副词often, many a…提到句首---部分倒装
To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze.
Often had I intended to speak of it.我曾多次打算讲讲那件事。
9．as +adj. / adv. 以及“to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒装。
To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.
So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.
10. 由as 或though 引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
Patient though /as he was, he was unwilling to wait three hours.他虽有耐心，但也不愿等三小时。Child as / though he was, he had a good command of English.
Try as he might, he couldn‘t the box. 不管他想什么办法，都没法打开那个箱子。
注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 常见全部倒装举例：Then came the chairman. 接着总裁来了。/ Here is your letter. 你的信。
Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。
部分倒装的如：Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。
Attributive clause定语从句
Attributive clauses（定语从句）
The old woman is a doctor.
Attribute Antecedent
定语先行词定语从句
例1．The old woman is a doctor. （Which woman? ）
The old woman who lives next door is a doctor.
例2．I know a lot of people. （What kind of people? ）
I know a lot of people who live in London.
An Attributive Clause gives us more information about someone or something mentioned in the main clause.
The old woman who lives next door is a doctor.
Antecedent Relative Attributive Clause
请看下面例句：
(1) The girl who/that is standing there is Mary.( who, that指人，在从句中做主语）
(2) The man ( whom/who/that ) my mother saw in the street is my teacher.
(whom, who, that指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略)
(3) The book which/that tells us about the earth is interesting.
(which, that指物，在从句中做主语, 不可省略)
(4) The building (which/that) he mentioned is beautiful. (which, that指物，作宾语，可省略）
(5) She lives in a house whose windows face south. (whose指物，在从句中作windows的定语）
(6) The company will employ a person whose English is good.
(whose在从句中指人，作定语)
whose即可指人，也可指物，是所有格，在从句中作定语，指物时可与of which互换。但应注意与冠词的位置关系。如：
the cover of which
This is the book is blue.
whose cover
总结：定从也称形容词性从句，在整个句子中起定语作用。定从分为限定性和非限定性两种。
定语从句主要考点是关系代词，尤其是that, as, 介词+which的用法。. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表物;
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
when, where, why, how。
1) 先行词是人时，关系代词用who, whom, that，在从句中作主语或宾语：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例：Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
3) 先行词是事时，用which / that，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，
例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
（which / that在句中作宾语）
4）关系代词: as引导限制性定语从句时，常用于the same…as…; such…as…;as…as…; so…as…中的as 是一种固定结构, 和…一样…。as引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。如：I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
It‘s the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
①We should have such a dictionary as he is using.
②This is such a book as was given to me.
③Take as many as you want. ④Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
1）关系代词as与which引导非限定性定语从句的用法区别
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. (as常带有―正如‖的意思。)
用法区别：
①as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。如：As we all know, he never smokes. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
She has married again, as [which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了，这似乎很自然。
She has married again, which delighted us. 她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。(不用as)
③非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时用as。
She succeeded in her doing the research work, as we expected.
④引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换：
I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。2）关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和who 都可以指人，其用法区别：
a)在引导非限定性定语从句时The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (错)
b) 介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.
This is the house in which Lu Xun lived.
c) 多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.
④在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that; 但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
如果which在从句中作―不及物动词＋介词‖的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉。
（3）. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语或宾语。
（4）. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句, when引导定语从句表时间
that引导.
*By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
*I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
D. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.
1）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. it
2）. I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。
非限制性定语从句不能用why引导。要用for which代替why。如：
3）I had told them the reason why I didn't attend the meeting. 我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句“the reason why...”是常见搭配。)
补充：一.先行词对定语从句中的动词的制约。
1. I, who am your friend, will help you certainly.
2. He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.
在定语从句的习惯使用中，one of后面的名词是复数，这个复数名词制约后面的定语从句的谓语动词，因而know不作加s. 而在one of 前面有the或the only时，后面引导的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式。如：
3. He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.
而在现代英语中我们也可见到在one of 加名词复数的后面定语从句作单数动词的情况：
4. This is one of those novels which begins with an idea.
然而在测试中我们还是按习惯用复数动词为宜。
二.主句和从句的时态可以不一致
5. Tom, who is my friend , came to see me yesterday.
在定从中，据需要可用一般现在时态，如who is my friend这个从句中，就要用现在时。
1. Attributive clause (Ⅱ)
1.1 Complicated Attributive Clause
Containing more than one attributive clauses,
even used together with nominal clauses.
1.2 Split Attributive Clause
e.g. Therefore, nothing seems good or normal
that does not accord with the requirements of
the free market.
因此，只有符合自由市场要求的食物才会是好的或正常的。
3.Attributive clause with “parenthesis”
所谓带有‖插入语―的定从，即指在定从的关系词后紧跟一个―主谓结构‖，但这个―主谓结构‖并非从句的主谓语，而是表达个人观点的插入语。
又如：He got full score in the exam, which I thought was incredible.
4. 并列定从
指两个或两个以上的定从通过并列连词and, but, or 等连接，共同修饰同一个先行词。如：Greater expense does not always equal better gift. I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money but that I didn‘t need or want.
礼物并不总是价格越高就越贵重。我倒是希望……而不是花费很多却不是我所需要或想要的。
5. 双层定语从句
特点：一个先行词首先被一个限定性定语从句修饰；然后，这个‖先行词+限定性定从―再被另外一个限定性定从修饰。
如：He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages.
分析：这个定从处于不同的层次上。
第一层的先行词:the only person；
第二层的先行词:the only person that we know
动名词的用法
A gerund ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Since a gerund functions as a noun, it can act as: subject, object, complement, and predicative.
动名词由动词 + ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
1．作主语Gerund as subject:
如1）*Teaching students in a primary school is rather tiring.
2）Seeing is believing. / Learning without practice is no good.
动名词作主语的句型
1）Doing...+ v.
Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。/ Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没有用。/ It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。It is a waste of time trying to explain．
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光说没用。/ It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good playing chess after supper．/ It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表―不可能‖)
There is no telling what he is going to do．说出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)
There is no use crying over spilt milk．
6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing
这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time等.
如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我们执行计划有困难。
7)feel like + 名词感觉像,― 想要‖ =would like to +原形动词
I feel like a newborn baby．我感觉像个新生的婴儿。/ Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗? / I don't feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想读书。
动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如:
①It's +no good (no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doi ng…
It's no good reading without thinking.
It is no use arguing with him.
如： Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）Smoking is prohibited here.
To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）
2．作表语。Gerund as predicatives (表示抽象的一般性的行为)
如：My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。
My job is to teach you English this term. 我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。
My cat's favorite activity is sleeping.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
3．作宾语。如：Gerund as object
He is fond of playing football. / I like swimming.
They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.)
The police arrested him for speeding. (The gerund is speeding.)
①admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel，
like，finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，risk，suggest，can‘t help，can‘t stand（无法忍受）等后用动名词作宾语.
②forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作
宾语，但意义上有区别。
Let‘s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。）
Let‘s go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。）
I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里） / I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次。）
Stop speaking. （不要讲话。） / He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话。）
I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来。）
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. （误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时
③在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词做宾语，如果后面有名词或代词
作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
We don‘t allow smoking here.
We don‘t allow students to smoke.
④动词need，require，want做―需要‖解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形
式做宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。
The window needs/ requires/ wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
⑤在短语devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be(kept) busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem(in) have a good/wonderful
/hard time(in)，there‘s no use/good/need，feel/seem like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如： I look forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥在love，hate，prefer，like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。
⑦start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。但start和begin 在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；It started to snow.
当start或begin以-ing形式出现时，当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时。
如： He is beginning to cook dinner./ I began to understand what he meant.
⑧在should(would) like/love等后须用不定式。
．作定语一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：He has a reading room.
a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台/ a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：
boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机
A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s)
Finding a needle in a haystack(干草堆)（大海捞针）would be easier than what we're trying to do.
I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity.
Being the boss made Jeff feel uneasy.
1、动名词带上自己的逻辑主语，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。
初中英语语法专题课件 初中英语语法专题课件 一. 知识归纳、分析与总结 1. 名词的定义 名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： Honey蜂蜜.weather天气.newspaper报纸 worker 工人desk 桌子 hospital 医院 time 时间 honesty 诚实 water水. money钱.etc. 2. 名词的分类 名词分为专有名词和普通名词 普通名词：表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。 例如teacher 老师 tea 茶 student 学生 专有名词：表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 名词又可分为可数名词（Countable Nouns）和不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。 可数名词有单,复数之分,表示一个或多个。
a book 一本书 some books 两本书 不可数名词：不分单,复数；抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 sand 沙 sugar 糖earth.泥土 milk牛奶 . 有少数名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 我们猜您可能喜欢以下文章：雅思写作高分模板：雅思议论文新说之词汇篇雅思写作题目小作文必要的表达方式日语口语学习资料：标准日语句型学习（9）日语常用口语：《标日》初级的语法知识总结（1）日语口语练习：标准日语句型学习（7）日语口语：服装缝纫专用术语盘点日语口语常用教程：与看电视有关的词汇日语口语教材：标准日语句型学习（6）12年gre词汇表：词根cludgre词汇精选：词根juven 初中英语语法:英语中考语法(一)名词专题复习(1) glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件 3. 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。 书包在桌子里边。 I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。
初中英语语法专题课件 一. 知识归纳、分析与总结 1. 名词的定义 名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： Honey蜂蜜.weather天气.newspaper报纸 worker 工人desk 桌子 hospital 医院 time 时间 honesty 诚实 water水. money 钱.etc. 2. 名词的分类 名词分为专有名词和普通名词 普通名词：表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。 例如teacher 老师 tea 茶 student 学生 专有名词：表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 名词又可分为可数名词（Countable Nouns）和不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。 可数名词有单,复数之分,表示一个或多个。 a book 一本书 some books 两本书 不可数名词：不分单,复数；抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 sand 沙 sugar 糖earth.泥土 milk牛奶 .
有少数名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 我们猜您可能喜欢以下文章：雅思写作高分模板：雅思议论文新说之词汇篇雅思写作题目小作文必要的表达方式日语口语学习资料：标准日语句型学习（9）日语常用口语：《标日》初级的语法知识总结（1）日语口语练习：标准日语句型学习（7）日语口语：服装缝纫专用术语盘点日语口语常用教程：与看电视有关的词汇日语口语教材：标准日语句型学习（6）12年gre词汇表：词根cludgre词汇精选：词根juven 初中英语语法:英语中考语法(一)名词专题复习(1) glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件 3. 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。 书包在桌子里边。 I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 This is a good book. book 作表语。 这是一本好书。 We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。 我们选他为我们的班长。