Cloze -- Passage 6
Adults who had been fed plenty of fruit when they were children are less likely to suffer from certain types of cancer, British scientists said on Wednesday.
A medical study of ____1____ 4,000 men and women showed that the more fruits the adults had eaten when they were ____2____the less likely they were to suffer from lung, bowel and breast cancer.
"This study shows that childhood fruit consumption may have a long term ____3____effect on cancer risk in adulthood," Dr. Maria Maynard of the Medical Research Council in London said.
All of the adults in the study had filled in a food ____4____during the 1930s for a research study looking into the eating habits of families in ____5____and urban areas of England and Scotland. Maynard and her colleagues studied the medical records of the group up to July 2000, by which time 483 cases of cancer had been ____6____. In addition to fewer cases of cancer, a high consumption of fruit was ____7____with a lower death rate from all causes.
Fruits are loaded with antioxidants, vitamins and other nutrients, which can help to prevent genetic ____8____that can lead to the development of cancer.
The scientists also studied the ____9____of vitamins C, E and beta carotene on cancer but they did not find any ____10____that individual antioxidants were as protective as fruit.
A) impact B) efficiency C) associated
D) insert E) protective F) furthermore
G) decent H) diagnosed I) damage
J) young K) inventory L) rural
M) nearly N) evidence O) grab
Cloze -- Passage 7
Academy Award nominees who go home empty-handed may not have a shiny Oscar to show off, but they may turn out to be the bigger winners in the game of life.
According to a study published in British Medical Journal on December 21, Oscar-winning screenwriters are more successful, more productive, and more ____1____ than losing nominees; however, they die sooner by about four years.
Because success is usually linked to better health, "this is the first ____2____ever that success is not associated with improved ____3____," says Donald Redelmeier, lead author of the study.
Researchers ____4____down information about every person who was ever nominated for an Oscar since the awards were first handed out 73 years ago.
To explain the ____5____findings, he offers two theories. The first is the "work-to-death hypothesis."
According to Redelmeier, screenwriters are more ____6____to lead unhealthy lifestyles, meaning they smoke more, exercise less, and work a lot of late-night hours, which translates into not enough sleep.
Screenwriters don't have a boss to report to, which brings into ____7____Redelmeier's second explanation, the "party-hearty hypothesis."
"When you become a successful screenwriter, you gain status without daily accountability, and as a ____8____your success may lead you to more alcohol, more parties, and more obesity," he says.
Redelmeier hopes his study will ____9____how important it is to lead a healthy lifestyle.
"The bottom line," he says, "is that greater success may ____10____lead to worse health if people fail to look after themselves."
A) longevity B) flourish C) apt
D) sometimes E) tracked F) respected
G) account H) miracle I) occupation
J) puzzling K) stress L) consequence
M) internal N) fairly O) restrained
Cloze -- Passage 8
After intensive research, scientists have concluded that politicians lie.
In a study described in Britain's Observer newspaper, Glen Newey, a political scientist at Britain's University of Strathclyde, concluded that lying is an important part of ____1____ in the modern democracy.
"Politicians need to be more honest about lying," he told the newspaper.
According to Newey, voters expect to be lied to in certain circumstances, and sometimes even ____2____it.
"Politics should be regarded as less like an exercise in producing ____3____statements and more like a poker game," he said. "And there is an expectation by a poker player that you try to ____4____them as part of the game."
Newey said lying by politicians can occasionally be ____5____justified, such as when national security is at
____6____, and the public even has a "right to be lied to" in cases where they do not expect to be told the whole truth, such as during a war.
But the main cause of lying is increased ____7____by the public into areas that the government would rather not discuss candidly. If voters only asked fewer questions, politicians would tell them fewer lies.
Bill Clinton ____8____lied about his affair with Monica Lewinsky, while earlier philandering（追逐女人的）U.S. presidents never had to lie about their ____9____, because nobody ever asked.
"When ____10____or parliamentary colleagues start to probe at that area which the government wants to keep secret, you are more likely to be pushed further and further toward the territory of lying," Newey said.
A) famously B) require C) politics
D) miserable E) intermediate F) journalists
G) representing H) affairs I) mechanism
J) truthful K) faithfully L) probing
M) deceive N) risk O) entirely
Cloze -- Passage 9
Many people wonder why some men want to live on the moon. It is ____1____ not the kind of place where most men would choose to live. But man has always moved to new areas.
Some scientists hope that continued work will be done on the moon. Many experiments will be done there more ____2____. Some large ____3____are very easy to do in a place without air. Matter can be heated to very high temperatures without ____4____change when it is in such a place. Air, dust, and clouds cannot ____5____man‘s view of space from the moon. The very high or very low temperatures and low gravity on the moon will be used for many experiments. One very important use of the moon will be to ____6____spaceship.
Man might be able to learn much about his own body by living on the moon. He would be living in a habitat that he made for himself. Man would be in control of the ____7____of life in which he lives. ____8____could be removed from the air in this community.
Gravity is the one thing that would not be under man‘s control. Some scientists believe the low gravity of the moon would be ____9____for man. The heart would not have to work so hard. The body would need less energy to move than it does on the earth. However, the human body might change during long stays on the moon. Much exercise would probably be needed to keep the body in good ____10____.
A) community B) condition C) launch
D) insight E) chemical F) mysterious
G) experiments H) probably I) healthful
J) easily K) extend L) render
M) promptly N) block O) bacteria
Cloze -- Passage 10
Most people think of sharks as huge, powerful, frightening predators, ready at any moment to use their sharp teeth to attack swimmers. There are a lot of wrong ideas about sharks.
First, there are about 350 ____1____ of shark, and not all of them are large. They range in ____2____from the dwarf shark, which can be only six inches long and can be held in the hand, to the whale shark, which can be more than 5 feet long.
The second ____3____of shark concerns its terrible teeth whose number and type can vary greatly among the different species of shark. A shark can have from one to seven ____4____of teeth at the same time, and some types of shark can have several hundred teeth in each jaw. It is true that the cruel and predatory species do have ____5____sharp teeth used to ____6____and cut their victim apart, many other types of shark, however, have teeth more ____7____to holding than to cutting.
Finally, not all sharks are predatory animals ready to ____8____out at humans. In fact, only 12 of the 350 species of shark have been known to attack humans, and a shark seldom ____9____ humans unless is made angry. The types of shark that have the worst record with humans are the tiger shark, the bull shark, and the great white shark. However, for most species of shark, even some of the largest types, there are no ____10____instances of attacks on humans.
A) attacks B) negotiate C) size
D) declaration E) remote F) known
G) misunderstanding H) notifying I) extremely
J) species K) sets L) hence
M) tear N) strike O) suitable
Careful Reading – Passage 6
Hazel asks how one can stay healthy working the hours I've been working. Here's one thing that helps: don't do it forever! My work is always more than forty hours a week, but these periods of never stopping and sleep deprivation don't go on for very long at a time. The last five weeks or so have been particularly busy, and the last two before a major vote especially so.
Most organizers, under the pressure, resort to bad coping mechanisms like overeating, smoking, or drinking too much. It's so easy to think that a quick fix like that will make you feel better, when in the long run it makes you feel worse. I found that keeping low calorie really helped me maintain my mental focus in the last days. There's something about eating just on the lighter side of what I really need that makes me calmer and sharper.
Planning is really the key. We made the appetizing muffins over the July 4th weekend, and they were really a health-saver in these last two weeks. Being able to pull a 275 calorie package of perfectly zoned yumminess out of the freezer, engineered to have 27% of the RDA (Recommended daily allowance) of everything, made grabbing healthy food in a hurry easy. I had appetizing muffins for breakfasts on most days with such toppings as hot sauce, mustard, and fat free cream cheese. I really enjoy this little bread, so I felt like I was feasting instead of feeling deprived. Since my husband packs my lunch time salad, filled with an amazing array of greens that pack a nutritional punch along with pumpkin seeds for zinc and fat and eggwhites for protein, I had lunches taken care of. And I was lucky enough to be working in a place that has a convenient Subway, so Subway salads and low carb wraps were always available. Subway can really be a blessing to the health conscious on the run.
The good news is: WE WON!!! And we won big. 272 votes for us, 128 for the other union, and only 19 for no union at all. It was a fight up until the end, including threats of violence from the other union. Don't worry, Mommies and Daddies out there. I was very careful never to be alone anywhere, I am being extra cautious. Our leaders inside the hospital were under a ton of pressure as they got attacked by both management and the other union, but so many of their co-workers were supportive that they held up beautifully. Now they finally have a chance to negotiate a contract that gets them the kind of salaries, benefits and working conditions they deserve. It's about time.
I'm off to a meeting to plan next steps... the fun never ends!
1. In order to stay healthy while working busily, the author suggests that __________.
A. we should work no more than forty hours a week
B. we should try to get rid of the working pressure
C. we should try to avoid sleep deprivation and fast food
D. we should stop working and make up for sleep at times
2. The author keeps low calorie by __________.
A. excluding greasy food from her diet
B. eating less than necessary
C. taking up a nutritious recipe
D. having no more than three meals a day
3. What did the author eat for supper?
A. Salad and low carb wraps bought in the Subway.
B. Appetizing muffins with diverse toppings.
C. Green salad with pumpkin seeds and eggwhites.
D. A nutritional punch prepared by her husband.
4. Being an organizer, the author works for __________.
A. an election committee
B. a charity fund
C. a labor union
D. a hospital management
5. ―Mommies and Daddies out there‖ were worried __________.
A. about the author‘s personal safety
B. that the author‘s union would fail in the election
C. about the opposition in the hospital
D. that the author couldn‘t get through the pressure
Careful Reading – Passage 7
Climbing to the top of my nearest hill in San Francisco, my purpose is not to enjoy the view but to experience a bit of fresh air and nature. Some birds dwell in these urban islands of trees, bushes and soil. So few people are
there, but they are happy, relaxed and friendly (unless insane and out to rob). I find the view of San Francisco Bay and the metropolis most disturbing, seeing in all directions the industrial activity and oil-fueled trade of questionable imported products. Massive port facilities dwarf the human scale of sustainable import/export. A very small number of sailboats for pleasure can't quite offer a vision of renewable-energy travel and exchange. Passenger planes take off, military jets show off their ear-splitting capabilities, all against the backdrop of polluted air that is warming in general thanks to commercial activity and the mindless consumption by the individual. The hills are full of roads and energy-wasting houses. It's not like this everywhere; the hills around Kyoto are pitch black at night, for they consist of forest, trails and small, outdoor temples.
Seven million people surround me in this metropolitan area. Those among them who really care whether Barry Bonds used steroids to hit baseballs, or what pregnant celebrity has checked into a drug rehabilitation facility, are not likely to be trying to live lightly on the planet. Normal citizens under the spell of mass media want to consume, and be given answers and easy fixes. Such citizens, I suspect, would argue about the color-coordination of the shoes and handbag of the person in front of them in the line, like sheep, to the slaughterhouse. For they are already there in line, as they want to know badly what's on cable TV and what's in the freezer to eat. They may get what they want tonight, and again, and again, but it will come to an abrupt end, and will people pick up a shovel to plant food or pick up the gun to take others' food? That depends on the area affected, the culture (urban U.S. or otherwise), and population size.
Why should I be disturbed by what I see now, when all is basically calm? Or feel uneasy as I stroll about in the safety of my comfortable home? Is not San Francisco and the surrounding area a great city, with many wonderful people and activities to appreciate? What about the noble struggles of valiant, compromised hard-working people, or the dysfunctional and disabled folk who are really kind? The social injustice that is still pervasive, in our boastful age of scientific and technological power, is outrageous and occupies many of the best hearts and minds in the world who live in our very midst. Much of what ails people, it is thought, is that they do not have enough cheap, affordable energy or material things that are supposed to both satisfy and uplift. More public funds for health care, through an end to costly, imperialist wars, would be the ticket to a healthy society, in the eyes of more and more.
Except, that selfless aspiration is becoming clouded with the uncertainty and fright growing around our awakening to climate change. In the buzzing Bay Area and every other large and small city, we are behaving as if there is no threat to the climate and thus our future survival as a species. Just looking around at the unceasing traffic, it is clear that basic, radical but easy solutions are being kept on the shelf or buried. Tiny changes, usually just initiatives that don't threaten the current life style (e.g., different engines), are called "green." Green this and green that. But the big "greening" will be the rediscovery of community and working with others as if our survival depends on our collaboration as equals. Our bosses and political leaders have been as useful in the needed transition as -- to borrow an expression from my late father – tits on a bull.
1. What do the ―few people‖ do on top of the hill?
A. They are the rich residents of the city.
B. They are there to enjoy the natural beauty.
C. They are attracted by the view of San Francisco Bay
D. They attack the tourists and rob them.
2. In the aspect of sustainable energy, the author favors __________ most.
A. oil-fueled trade
B. massive port facilities
C. sailboats
D. passenger planes
3. What does the author feel about the hills around Kyoto?
A. They are worth appreciating.
B. They are not well-lit at night.
C. They provide us with the best living environment.
D. They have scenes different from all the other hills.
4. According to the author, the people who care whether Barry Bonds used steroids to hit baseballs are likely to __________.
A. look at others with a critical eye
B. live a comparatively lavish life
C. value environment protection
D. disregard their health conditions
5. According to the third paragraph, the author was most disturbed by __________.
A. the struggles of the hard-working people
B. the public fund for health care
C. the lack of affordable energy or materials
D. the outrageous social injustice
6. The problems the author concerns can be solved __________.
A. by our bosses and political leaders
B. by the collaboration of communities
C. with basic, radical but easy solutions
D. with genuinely ―green‖ initiatives
Careful Reading – Passage 8
Growing up as an Asian in Britain is much more than a question of facing discrimination and trying to find a decent job –especially for a girl. She has to keep a delicate balance between two cultures: her own (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, etc.) and the British.
Seetha Crishna has written a booklet called Girls of Asian Origin in Britain. In it the girls she is most concerned with are those who are definitely different because they have gone through the British educational system and have therefore emerged with an identity which is distinct from that of their parents.
―They speak English with regional English accents, they look comfortable in Western clothes, and they do not necessarily choose to work in a factory.‖But they are unmistakably Asian and they are still held by their Asian cultural roots. At home, an Asian girl may find herself conforming to the traditions and values of her parents, while at school she develops the attitudes and appetites of her British contemporaries.
As a result, Seetha Crishna found girls existing at two levels – and inclined to question both. ―But unless they can successfully accept both, they will swing constantly from one level to the other, feeling trapped between the two – at considerable cost to their own confidence and happiness.‖
For teenage girls, the main difficulty is to match the social life which their parents expect them to live with that enjoyed by their schoolmates. ―If an Asian girls is invited out to a party or to a film by someone her mother has not met, that person must come and meet her mother before permission is given – or refused. If a group of girls plan to go to the cinema, parents want them to be accompanied by brothers or male cousins, or even by an older relative or a trusted adult friend of the family.‖
Friends are girl friends. ―Friends of the opposite sex simply do not exist, except for a brother‘s male friends, who fall into the category of brothers.‖In South Asia, all this is taken for granted and all girls are subject to the same rule. But in Britain an Asian girl can immediately see the difference between her own life and that of her English schoolmates, and this makes it seem unjust and unfair. Some parents are aware that this puts a strain on their daughters and are therefore prepared to turn a blind eye if the code is sometimes broken. But above all they are anxious to ―protect‖ the girls.
1. Seetha Crishna is most concerned about girls of _________.
A. East Asian origin
B. South Asian origin
C. British origin
D. non-British origin
2. What is Not true about the Asian British parents?
A. They speak English with their homeland accent.
B. They make their living in Britain by working in a factory.
C. They have never had any education in Britain.
D. They preserve their native traditions and value at home.
3. Seetha Crishna found that the girls are easily trapped between __________.
A. their Asian home and British school
B. the parent‘s culture and traditions
C. the Asian and the British values
D. their confidence and happiness
4. The Asian British teenage girls have the greatest problem with __________.
A. the expectation of their parents
B. the British education system
C. their interaction with friends
D. their after-school activities
5. The parents‘ primary concern is __________.
A. whether their daughters have girl friends only
B. whether their daughters are treated fairly in Britain
C. to maintain the code of behavior in their daughters
D. to ensure their daughters against any dangers
Careful Reading – Passage 9
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It‘s not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of question. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibits certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as ―nature/nur ture‖.
Those who support the ―nature‖ side of the conflict believe that out personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factor. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Proponents of the ―nurture‖ theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. Behaviorists see humans as being whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test. This leads some ―nature‖proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically interior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.
Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.
1. The author is mainly concerned about solving the problem __________.
A. why our personalities and behaviors differ
B. what makes different stages of intelligence
C. how social scientists form different theories
D. what causes the ―nature/nurture‖ controversy
2. The word ―proponents‖ can best be replaced by __________.
A. approaches
B. advocates
C. principles
D. characters
3. Which of the following statement may be supported by the ―nature‖ school?
A. We are born with certain personalities and behaviors.
B. Environment has nothing to do with our personalities.
C. Abilities and characteristics are revealed by behaviors.
D. Only extreme behaviors are determined by instinct.
4. What can we learn about the behaviorists?
A. They believe human beings are mechanical.
B. They compare our behaviors to the machines.
C. They suggest that we react to the environment as the machines do.
D. They uphold that the mechanistic theory can be applied on us as well.
5. The ―nature‖ theorists believe that the blacks‘ low scores __________.
A. are the result of the educational disadvantages
B. are a manifestation of the blacks‘ poor intelligence
C. have nothing to do with their true intelligence
D. have nothing to do with factors other than heredity
Careful Reading – Passage 10
Archaeologists using DNA testing said they have identified a mummy discovered more than a century ago as Queen Hatshepsut, Egypt's most powerful female pharaoh.
The discovery has not been independently reviewed by other experts.
The mummy was discovered in 1903 in the Valley of the Kings, but it was left in place until two months ago. Archaeologists then took the mummy to the Cairo Museum for testing, said Egypt's antiquities chief Zahi Hawass.
Hawass has been searching for the queen for about a year, setting up a DNA lab in the basement of the Cairo Museum. The study was funded by The Discovery Channel, which is set to air an exclusive documentary on the find in July.
Hawass said the key clue was a molar. It was found in a jar bearing the queen's emblem and containing some of her well-preserved organs. The tooth fit a gap in the mummy's jaw. Hawass' team is still conducting DNA testing that they hope could help confirm the find.
"We are 100 percent certain" that the mummy is that of Hatshepsut, Hawass told The Associated Press.
Hatshepsut ruled Egypt in the 15th century B.C. and was known for dressing like a man and wearing a false beard. When her reign ended, all traces of her disappeared. Her 22-year rule ended in 1453 B.C. and was the longest among ancient Egyptian queens.
The mummy identified as Hatshepsut died in her 50s, Hawass said. He said she was obese and probably had diabetes and liver cancer. When the mummy was discovered, the left hand was positioned against her chest, which is a traditional sign of royalty in ancient Egypt.
But other Egyptologists are not as certain that the mummy is Hatshepsut.
Molecular biologist Scott Woodward, director of the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation in Salt Lake City, was cautious about the announcement.
"It's a very difficult process to obtain DNA from a mummy," Woodward said. "To make a claim as to a relationship, you need other individuals from which you have obtained DNA, to make a comparison between the DNA sequences."
Such DNA material would typically come from parents or grandparents. With female mummies, the most common type of DNA to look for is the mitochondrial DNA that reveals maternal lineage, Woodward said.
Molecular geneticist Yehia Zakaria Gad, who is part of Hawass' team, said DNA samples were taken from the mummy's pelvis and femur, so that more genetic tests can be run that compare the mummy to the queen's grandmother, Amos Nefreteri, who was previously identified. Gad said preliminary results are "very encouraging."
Molecular biologist Paul Evans of the Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, said the discovery would be remarkable if the mummy is indeed Hatshepsut.
"Hatshepsut is an individual who has a unique place in Egypt's history. To have her identified is on the same magnitude as King Tut's discovery," Evans said.
Hatshepsut is believed to have stolen the throne from her young stepson, Thutmose III.
Hatshepsut's funerary temple is located in ancient Thebes on the west bank of the Nile in Luxor, a multi-column sandstone temple built to serve as tribute to her power.
But after her death, her name was erased from the records in what is believed to have been her stepson's revenge.
She was one of the most prolific builder pharaohs of ancient Egypt, commissioning hundreds of projects throughout both Upper and Lower Egypt. Almost every major museum in the world today has a collection of Hatshepsut statues.
1. What did Hawass reveal about his team‘s research of the mummy?
A. They began to be interested in the mummy about a year ago.
B. They have confirmed the mummy as Hatshepsut.
C. They unearthed the mummy only two month ago.
D. They keep the mummy in the basemen of the Cairo Museum.
2. The Discovery Channel is most probably going to publicize the finding of Hawass‘ team __________.
A. on a TV program
B. in a magazine article
C. at a historical seminar
D. as a research report
3. The molar found in a jar is actually __________.
A. the symbol of the royal family
B. one of the internal organs
C. one of the mummy‘s teeth
D. the coffin in which the mummy lay
4. It is believed that all traces of Hatshepsut disappeared after her reign because __________.
A. she was the only female pharaoh in history
B. she was famous for her merciless rule
C. of the secret location of her burial temple
D. of her stepson‘s retaliation against her
5. Other Egyptologists would most likely to agree that __________.
A. the mummy was a queen
B. Hatshepsut possibly died of fatal diseases
C. DNA testing is unreliable
D. Hatshepsut‘s relations are nowhere to find
6. Hearing about Hawass‘ identification the mummy as Hatshepsut, Paul Evans is __________.
A. encouraged
C. cautious
D. arbitrary
B. proud
Passage 6
Keep our seas clean
By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world‘s population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US$12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.
Pollution & the sea—like oil and water
One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result. In the case of the Exxon Valdez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989, biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified 15 years after the event. The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than 100 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry.
Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources (including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges).
Land based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for 12 percent. Dawn of the dead: Creeping Dead Zones
The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous ―blooms‖ of algae (藻类) in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to ―creeping dead zones‖ (CDZ), where
oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial
pollution also contributes to these dead zones.
Gone fission (裂变)
Radioactive (放射性的) pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK. Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.
Heavy metal
Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant: the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and erosion (腐蚀).
The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63,000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3000 accounting for 90 percent of
the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to 1000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They‘re resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms (all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children.
POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally.
Are you eating fish ?n‘ POPs tonight?
Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as farmed and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans. Pollution superhighway—North and Baltic Seas
The No rth and Baltic Seas also contain some of the world‘s busiest shipping lanes. 200,000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous (half the goods carried at sea can be described as dangerous) and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution.
In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with 70,000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic.
Solutions
Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation.
Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH (Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen.
1. Which of the following is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution?
A. Toxic discharge.
B. Oil pollution.
C. Ocean mining.
D. Ship wrecks
2. About one-third of the pollutants entering the sea come from __________.
A. land based sources
B. atmospheric inputs
C. transport on sea
D. marine agriculture
3. Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of _________.
A. water
B. organic nutrients
C. oxygen
D. air
4. The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by __________.
A. oil tank leakage
B. sewage discharges
C. radioactive elements
D. nuclear power stations
5. How many synthetic chemicals can be classified as POPs?
A. 63,000.
B. 4500.
C. 3000.
D. 1000.
6. Hormone disruption in marine life is the result of __________.
A. tissues of living organisms
B. breakdown of heavy metal
C. reproductive problems
D. accumulation of POPs
7. Which of following is true about the Inuit people?
A. They live in a tropical region.
B. Their life is closely related to polar bears.
C. They are free from the influence of POPs.
D. They depend on fat-rich marine life for food.
8. In warm and mild regions, farmed fish and shellfish are also affected by POPs because they __________.
9. As long as 2890 km of coastline had been polluted by the oil spill of __________.
10. The regulation of marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region is based on __________.
Passage 7
Euro
On January 1, 2002 twelve countries (namely Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland) in Europe woke up to a brand new currency and over the following two months would see their national currencies phased out forever. In the most ambitious currency change the world has ever seen, more than 14.5 billion notes and 56 billion coins were distributed around the 12 participating countries and major public awareness campaigns were undertaken to ensure that the transition runs as smoothly as possible.
The Origins of the Euro
Since the end of World War II European currencies had been loosely linked to the United States dollar in a system set up at the Bretton Woods Conference, which aimed to iron out wild exchange rate fluctuations (外汇汇率波动) following the abandonment of the gold standard. This system was already under pressure from the decline of British cur rency and the United States‘ involvement in the Vietnam War, but when OPEC restricted oil supplies in response to the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the resulting rise in oil prices finally caused the collapse of the Bretton Woods System. In 1979 the European Community (now the European Union) nations of the European Monetary System established an Exchange Rate Mechanism, whereby member states agreed to limit the fluctuations of their national currencies within a fixed band. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty proposed a single currency between these nations—the United Kingdom, Denmark, and later Sweden chose out of these plans—and established the rules for joining, which included targets for inflation, interest rates, and budget deficits (赤字). The participating countries deci ded on the name ―euro‖ at a summit in Madrid in 1995, and the currency was launched on January 1, 1999. For the first two years of its existence, the euro would only be traded electronically by banks, foreign exchange dealers, and stock markets leading up to the full launch of the paper and coin currency in 2002.
What‘s It Worth?
When the euro was launched in 1999, it was worth US$1.17 or 71 British pence. However, the weakness of the euro-zone economies compared with that of the United States, combined with the inexperience of the European Central Bank in dealing with the international markets, has meant that since its launch the value of the euro has declined significantly. In December 2001, it was worth little more than 89 cents or 63 pence, a 20 per cent drop on its initial value. This has meant that the countries of the euro-zone have been able to export goods at a cheaper price, but it has not visibly improved their economies as would have been expected. Indeed, in the short term there may be inflationary pressure as shops round up their prices to fit the new currency.
How Will It Affect Me?
One of the major headaches for participating countries has been the change of public telephones, vending machines, and shopping trolleys to accept euro coins. Although a change process has been carried out since before 1999, there are reports that some countries are not ready for the euro. The notes and coins of the 12 national currencies ceased to be legal by the last day of February, although most banks would continue to exchange the currency notes for several years.
Future of the Euro
Those members of the European Union who chose not to join the single currency may well do so in the next few years. Although Denmark voted ―no‖ in a referendum in Septemb er 2000, it is thought that the Danish government will hold a second referendum soon. In the United Kingdom, Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown has established five economic tests that will determine when the pound may be replaced by the euro, and the government will probably hold a referendum before 2005. And the plans to extend the European Union to Central and Eastern Europe in the next decade will mean countries such as Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary may
one day choose to join the euro.
So what does it look like?
Notes: Known as ―euros‖ there are seven notes designed by the Austrian artist Robert Kalina. The designs show the ―seven ages‖ of European development, with windows and gateways on the front, and bridges on the back. There has been some concern that the larger denomination notes—a 500 note is worth approximately ￡315 at the current exchange rate—will be rich pickings for counterfeiters, especially in the early days as people get used to the new currency. The ECB is relying on an assortment of security measures to protect the currency, from the look and feel of the paper to holograms and incandescent strips.
Coins: There are eight coins designed by the Belgian artist Luc Luycx. All euro coins are round, but have differences in composition, weight, thickness, and milling to ensure that the blind can easily distinguish between them. On the front there is a European design, common to all coins, and on the back a ―national‖ design from the central bank of issue. For instance, German coins will have the German eagle on the higher denominations (币值单位), the Brandenburg Gate on the middle denominations, and an oak twig on the lower denominations. Despite these ―national identities‖, all coins can be spent throughout the euro-zone regardless of their origin.
The use of the euro in the world
Certain parts of the euro area are located outside the European continent, such as the four French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, French Guyana, Martinique and Réunion), as well as Madeira, the Canary Islands etc.
The euro also circulates outside the European Union: Monaco, the Vatican City and San Marino have each concluded monetary agreements with the Community.
These agreements notably allow them to issue limited quantities of euro coins with their own national sides, while they use the same banknotes as the euro area.
The agreements continue the existing tradition between France and Monaco, and between Italy and San Marino and Italy and the Vatican, which had previously allowed these countries to issue their own coins in the respective currencies.
Benefits of the single currency
(1) Practical benefits for citizens: traveling with the euro
Citizens can travel more easily within the euro area without the trouble of changing currencies every time they cross a border, and are better able to compare prices since they can use their own currency anywhere in the euro area.
Traveling outside the euro area is also easier since the euro is an international currency and therefore widely accepted in many places outside the euro area, particularly in tourist destinations.
(2) Europe‘s role in the world: advantages for Europe‘s international role
Having a single currency and an economic and monetary union strengthens Europe‘s role in international forums and organizations like the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
As a world currency, the euro is taking on an important role as an international investment and reserve currency. The euro has already become a major currency in which to borrow money: issues of international securities denominated in euro now rival dollar issues.
Use of the euro in international trade is also expanding, reflecting Europe‘s weight in the world economy. A single currency makes Europe a strong partner to trade with and facilitates access to a genuine single market for foreign companies, who will benefit from lower costs of doing business in Europe.
The option of pricing goods and commodities in euro (such as oil and metals for example) will become more attractive over time.
1. The exchange rate was no longer measured in terms of gold __________.
A. after the First World War
B. after the Second World War
C. after the establishment of the EEC
D. after the establishment of the OPEC
2. The name of the new currency ―euro‖ was determined at a meeting in __________.
A. France
B. London
C. Maldrid
D. Munich
3. In the first two years when the euro was first launched, it was only used __________.
A. by banks
B. in the form of paper
C. as an electronical currency
D. in oil trade
4. What happened to the value of the euro two years after it was launched?
A. The value has dropped by about 20 percent.
B. The value has dropped by about 89 cents
C. The value has risen by about 10 percent.
D. The value has risen by about 63 pence.
5. The participating countries found it difficult to change __________ to accept euro coins.
A. groceries
B. casinos
C. cash machines
D. vending machines
6. It has been planned that, in the next decade, Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary would __________.
A. hold referendums
B. join the European Union
C. open their tourist market
D. give up their own currencies
7. On the front of the euro coins, we can find __________.
A. windows and gateways
B. bridges and rivers
C. a European design
D. a ―national‖ design
8. The four French overseas departments, as well as Madeira, the Canary Islands, which are situated __________, are included in the euro area.
9. For tourists in the euro area, the single currency enables them to avoid the problem of __________.
10. Europe‘s importance in the world economy is reflected by __________ in international trade.
Passage 8
World Expo 2005 Aichi, Japan: Nature‘s Wisdom
The inspiration for EXPO 2005 is the marvelous mechanism of nature and the power of life. Learning from the world‘s vast collection of wisdom and methods of interaction with nature found around the globe, we hope to bring the world together for the creation of a global society allowing the multitude of cultures and civilizations to coexist together.
1. Why ―Nature‘s Wisdom‖?
Overcoming double challenges: Japan‘s experience
Looking back at the history of Japan, one can see that Japan has faced double challenges—in focusing on economic development while at the same time preserving its precious natural environment. In spite of the fact that Japan lacks vast open spaces and abundant mineral resources, it has achieved industrial development and prosperity without destroying its natural environment. This has been possible not only through the diligence of the Japanese people themselves, but also through the application of traditional wisdom, as well as by the research and development of technology. Our ancestors aimed to benefit from nature without harming it, and they developed ways of maintaining a mutually dependent and beneficial relationship with nature. In the course of this process, it was essential to acquire deep insight and knowledge of nature‘s characteristics, and to invent models for utilizing nature‘s resources in a sustainable manner, while making a positive contribution to nature itself. This kind of exercise has long been a part of the Japanese culture and way of life. In addition, through exchange with other countries and regions, Japan has developed a vast storehouse of knowledge on nature and its utilization, in areas ranging from food and clothing to housing. These efforts were made not just to introduce foreign knowledge as it is, but to adapt the knowledge so it blended with the Japanese culture and natural environment; this consequently led to the development of a new lifestyle while maintaining the Japanese cultural identity.
Technology: the key to finding answers
In order to create a new interface between nature and life in the 21st century, the global community needs to invent a new way of life—one which agrees with the remaining natural environment at the global level. This is why Japan has decided to host Expo 2005 with the main theme of ―Nature‘s Wisdom‖. Japan intends to make this exposition a laboratory for addressing global issues and to experiment with reestablishing the relationship between human beings and nature. Technology will play a crucial role in these efforts. Technology is a means of enhancing industrial development, and therefore is often considered as inherently eco-destructive. However, the history of Japan is evidence that this is not the truth. On the contrary, technology is the key to finding answers to global
issues and identifying a new dimension in the development of humanity.
On one hand, technology is a crucial medium for bringing the richness of nature into our lives. As just one example, consider new energy sources, such as solar and wind power, which can hardly be utilized in modern society without the aid of technology. The more technology advances, the more costs decrease. Theses benefits can be widely distributed.
Seen from another aspect, technology has enormous potential to minimize the possible negative effects on the environment brought about by improvements in living standards and global population growth. Furthermore there is also huge potential for it to contribute to the preservation of nature, by applying it to efforts to maintain bio-diversity, and repair damage to the environment.
Culture: defining the future of technology
In this regard, establishment of more harmonious interaction between nature and human life may be feasible through technological progress. However, technology alone cannot solve the global issues we are facing. It is the will of the peoples of the world, and their ways of life, that determine the kinds of technology to be invested in and utilized, and in which ways. It should be kept in mind that our way of life is closely related to our customs, traditions, and culture. Introducing new technology often has a broad impact on our cultural life in various ways. In some cases it helps us create a new style of culture and enriches our cultural diversity. Other times, it may lead to the deterioration (退化) of old traditions and cultural values.
Therefore, not only do nature and technology need to go hand in hand, but technology and cultural life also need to coexist in a harmonious and creative way. It is obvious that the preservation of nature cannot be pursued country by country, as nature knows no borders.
It can only be promoted and achieved collectively, through efforts on a global scale. In fact, this is also true for culture, as no one culture has been or will be completely independent of other cultures: to a greater or lesser degree, every culture has been influenced by other cultures in its formation and development. This exchange and interaction between different cultures greatly contributes to the enrichment of cultures on a global level.
2. What will you see at EXPO 2005?
Experience Nature‘s Wisdom
EXPO 2005 represents a determined effort by Japan to develop new models of life for the 21st century. It is an ambitious attempt to rediscover ―Nature‘s Wisdom‖—science and technology inherent in our surroundings that together cultivate a sound balance between human life and the environment. It is also an amazing showcase of the most advanced technologies, which give us solutions to numerous global issues and enable the sustainable development of the world economy.
Visitors will experience ―Nature‘s Wisdom‖ in the following three contexts:
(1) Rediscovering Nature
Learning more about how the earth works is something we should do first. You will feel the dynamism of our planet at the 360-degree Earth Vision. You will see an ancient giant elephant just discovered from the frozen soil of Russia, which is a harsh reminder of the true meaning of global warming. The Expo site itself is located in unspoiled natural surroundings, where you will feel the magical forces of breathing trees and flowers.
(2) An Eco-Friendly Life with Nature‘s Wisdom
The history of humankind has been one of learning from nature‘s wisdom, and there are many examples of ancient wisdom which show how humankind and nature can coexist in harmony. Combined nicely with modern technologies, such traditional wisdom will grab the spotlight again: The outer shell of the Japan Pavilion (馆) is made of bamboo, which has long been used as a natural sunshade in Japanese communities. Recycled water will fall on the roof of the pavilion, which is another traditional method to significantly lower the temperature inside. Of course, you will also see state-of-the-art eco-technologies everywhere around the Expo site: Fuel cell buses, which will carry visitors to and from the site, produce no carbon dioxide or harmful pollutants. The tableware used at food courts will consist of earth-friendly utensils made mainly of biomass, waste derived from plants and other recyclable organic matters. All of the electricity supplied to the Japan Pavilions will be generated through an on-site new energy system, in which even the garbage from visitors is converted into fuel.
(3) Visit the Future with Nature‘s Wisdom
By fully exploiting the infinite potential of science and technology, we can travel forward in time to see earth-friendly communities of the future. You will see a variety of robots moving all around the site; some of them will be talking to you like a friend, some of them will be cleaning up the site, and some of them will be playing trumpets. A band of three intelligent buses will move automatically—without any human driver on board—and a smart futuristic vehicle for individual personal use will also be introduced to the public. The Expo‘s ―ubiquitous‖ (无处不在的) information technology environment, filled with advanced mobile communication technologies, will assist visitors in traveling efficiency within the site.
EXPO 2005 intends to create new models for the future of our children and grandchildren, since it is they who will soon be at the forefront of integrating nature, technology, and culture. It is an ideal opportunity to enable
them to experi ence all the wonder of Nature‘s Wisdom. Education and entertainment, in particular, are important for young children. To satisfy their curiosity to the greatest extent possible, EXPO 2005 will offer exciting and amusing programs in collaboration with world-famous animation film producers.
1. Focusing on economic development while at the same time preserving its precious natural environment are the two challenges Japan has been facing.
2. It is generally believed that technology helps improve industrial development but destroys the eco-system.
3. Technology helps improve our cultural diversity and the old cultural values.
4. The preservation of nature can only be achieved collectively by the whole world.
5. Japan has developed new fashions of life for the 21st century and will show them
in EXPO 2005.
6. The site of EXPO 2005 is located in unspoiled natural surroundings so as to remind the visitors of the influence of global warming.
7. The electricity supplied to most Japanese communities is generated by water power.
8. Realizing the idea of benefiting from nature without harming it, our ancestors developed ways of maintaining a __________ relationship with nature.
9. Via technology, the richness of nature can be brought into our lives simply because when technology advances better, ___________.
10. The Earth Vision is a section in the Expo where visitors can feel __________.
Passage 9
Pub-talk
Pub-talk, the most popular activity in all pubs, is a native dialect with its own distinctive grammar. There are very few restrictions on what you can talk about in pubs: pub etiquette (礼节) is concerned mainly with the form of your conversation, not the content.
The greeting ritual
When a regular enters the pub, you will often hear friendly greetings from other regulars, the publican and bar staff (“Evening, Joe‖, ―Alright, Joe?”, ―Wotcha, Joe‖, ―Usual is it, Joe?”, etc.). The regular responds to each greeting, usually addressing the greeter by name or nickname (“Evening, Doc‖, ―Alright, there, Lofty?”, ―Wotcha, Bill‖ ―Usual, thanks, Pauline‖, etc.). No one is conscious of obeying a rule or following a formula, yet you will hear the same greeting ritual in every pub in the country.
Pub etiquette does not limit the actual words to be used in this exchange—and you may hear some inventive and peculiar variations. The words may not even
be particularly polite: a regular may be greeted with ―Back again, Joe?—haven‘t you got a home to go to?”or ―Ah, just in time to buy your round, Joe？”
How to join in
When you first enter a pub, don‘t just order a drink—start by saying ―Good evening‖ or ―Good morning‖, with a friendly nod and a smile, to the bar staff and the regulars at the bar counter. For most natives, this will start an automatic greeting-response, even if it is only a nod. Don‘t worry if the initial response is somewhat reserved. By greeting before ordering, you have communicated friendly intentions. Although this does not make you an ?instant regular‘, it will be noticed, and your subsequent attempts to initiate contact will be received more favorably.
The pub-argument
You may well hear a lot of arguments in pubs—arguing is the most popular pastime of regular pub-goers—and some may seem to be quite heated. But pub-arguments are not like arguments in the real world. They are conducted in accordance with a strict code of etiquette: You should not take things too seriously.
The etiquette of pub-arguments reflects the principles governing all social interaction in the pub: equality, interaction, the pursuit of intimacy and a non-aggression agreement. Any student of human relations will recognize these principles as the essential foundation of all social bonding, and social bonding is what pub-arguments are all about.
Rule number one: The pub-argument is an enjoyable game—no strong views or deeply held convictions are necessary to engage in a lively dispute. Pub regulars will often start an argument about anything, just for the fun of it.
A bored regular will often deliberately spark off an argument by making an outrageous or extreme statement, and then sit back and wait for the inevitable cries of ―Rubbish？”—or something less polite. The initiator will then hotly defend his statements (which he secretly knows to be indefensible), and counter-attack by accusing his opponents of stupidity, ignorance or worse. The exchange may continue in this fashion for some time, although the attacks and counter-attacks will often drift away from the original issue, moving on to other contentious subjects
and eventually focusing almost entirely on the personal qualities of the participants. You may notice, however, that opponents continue to buy each other drinks throughout the match.
By the end, everyone may have forgotten what the argument was supposed to be about. No-one ever wins, no-one ever surrenders. When participants become bored or tired, the accepted formula for ending the argument is to finish a sentence with ―—and anyway, it‘s your round‖. Opponents remain the best of mates, and a good time has been had by all.
How to join in
Do not try to join in arguments taki ng place at tables: only those which occur at the bar counter are ―public‖ arguments. Even at the bar counter, watch for the ―open‖ body-language which signals that others are welcome to participate. Involvement of the bar staff or publican is another sign that the argument is public rather than personal. Body-language and facial expressions are also your best guide to the level of ―seriousness‖ of the dispute. Heated and even insulting words may be used, but in most pub-arguments the relaxed posture and expressions of the participants reveal the lack of any real hostility. Once you have established that the argument is both public and non-hostile, feel free to add your comments and opinions—but remember that this is a game, and do not expect to be taken seriously. Also remember that round-buying is the most effective non-aggression signal. If you unknowingly cause offence, or find yourself in any trouble, buy a round of drinks for your companions. The phrase ―I think it must be my round‖ should get you out o f almost any difficulty.
Free-association
Listen carefully, and you will realize that most pub-talk is also a form of free-association. In the pub, the naturally reserved and cautious natives give voice to whatever passing thought happens to occur to them. You will notice that pub-conversations rarely progress in any kind of logical manner; they do not stick to the point, nor do they reach a conclusion.
Pub-talk moves in a mysterious way—mostly in apparently random sideways leaps. A remark about the weather starts a prediction as to which horse will win the big race at Cheltenham, which starts an argument about the merits of the National Lottery, which leads to a discussion of the latest political scandal, which is interrupted by another regular demanding assistance with a crossword clue, one element of which leads to a comment about a recent fatal traffic accident in the neighborhood, which somehow turns into a discussion about the barman‘s new haircut and so on. There is a vague logic in some of the connections, but most changes of subject are started by participants ―free-associating”with a random word or phrase.
How to join in
Having established that the conversation is ―public‖ (taking place at the bar counter, open body-language, etc.), you just say whatever happens to come into your head in connection with the current topic of conversation. Pub humor
Jokes, puns, teasing, wit, and backchat (回嘴) are all essential ingredients of pub-talk. In fact, you will notice that most pub-talk has an undercurrent of humor, never far below the surface.
Most pub humor is quite subtle—occasionally to the point of obscurity—and some participants have a command of irony that would impress Jane Austen.
Rule number two: Be prepared to laugh at yourself, as you will almost certainly be teased.
Like Austen‘s Mr Bennet, pub regulars are disposed to find the faults and mistakes of others amusing, rather than distressing. A boastful person will often be encouraged to explain his favorite topic (“Oh, did you really?”―Do tell us about it？”) purely so that the audience may laugh at his self-importance. If you are inclined to take yourself a bit too seriously, to mention your high-powered job more often than is strictly necessary, or to derive too much enjoyment from the sound of your own voice—beware？Any over-obvious attempts to impress the natives will have the opposite effect.
But if you are teased about your failings, do not be upset or offended. Teasing is a sign that you are liked, in spite of your faults. Among regulars, everyone is subjected to at least some teasing—even the most kind and popular person will be found to have some quality worth laughing at. If the natives did not like you, they would not tease you, but would simply ignore and avoid you. How to join in
As a newcomer, it is best to show that you can laugh at yourself before making fun of your new acquaintances. You may not be able to match the dry wit and quick response of native pub-goers, but as a foreigner, you do have two advantages. First, British pub-goers tend to regard all foreigners as instinctively funny. If you are prepared to laugh at yourself, all of your apparent disadvantages such as language difficulties, unfamiliarity with native customs, ignorance about British beer etc. are potential sources of amusement. Second, regulars may well be bored with each other‘s familiar jokes, and will welcome any fresh material you can offer.
1. The passage mainly compares four kinds of pub talks.
2. When pub regulars greet each other, they only say friendly and very polite words.
3. When you enter a pub and greet the natives, most of them respond to you with a nod.
4. A pub-argument does not end until one party defeats the other.
5. When a pub staff takes part in a pub-argument, it is a sign that the argument is a public one.
6. When free association is involed, pub talks may have logically vague connections.
7. If the other pub regulars make fun of you, it indicates that they like you.
8. The etiquette of pub-arguments is that pub-goers should not __________.
9. You can begin to talk in free association after you are sure that __________.
10. All of your obvious disadvantages as a foreigner will become sources of amusement when __________.
Passage 10
How Advertisement Is Done?
The language of the advertiser
When we choose a word we do more than give information; we also express our feelings about whatever we‘re describing. Words point to facts but often link these to attitudes at the same time; they can also affect the beliefs and attitudes of other people.
These two remarks are much the same—or are they? What‘s the speaker‘s feeling towards the same dog in each case? And how would the different descriptions affect the listeners?
Here comes that pet.
Here comes that dog.
The fact that words can work like this is important and valuable, for it adds a richness to our communication with one another. Advertisers make use of it in a number of ways.
Brand names
The manufacturer needs a name that will do more than just label: he wants a name that brings suitable associations as well—the ideas that the word brings to the mind will help sell the product.
If all were available at the same price, which coat or suit would you choose from this range of shades—Dark Tan, Brown, Mud Brown?
Which of these shades of eye-show—Black Diamond, Black, Coaldust?
Key words
Because words have these associations, the advertiser is very careful about the way he describes his product and what it will do. Almost every advertisement has certain key words (sometimes, but not always, in bold or large letters, or beginning with a capital letter) that are intended to be persuasive, while at the same time appearing to be informative. It‘s difficult enough simply to describe what a thing is and how in words, especially in a few words, but the writers who write for the advertisements also try to include feelings, associations and attitudes.
Some words seem to have been so successful in selling that the advertisers use them almost as if they were magic key to a certain sale. How often, for instance, have you come across the word ―golden‖ in advertisements? Association of ideas
One thing reminds us of another—especially if we often see them together. These reminders (called ―associations‖) are sometimes more imaginary than real: for many people a robin suggests Christmas, for others silver candlesticks suggest wealth.
The tricks of the advertising business we have so far described are all examples of the advertiser encouraging us to associate products with those things he thinks we really want—a good job, nice clothes, a sport car, a beautiful girlfriend—perhaps most of all a feeling of importance. The ―image‖ of a product is based on these associations, and the advertise r often creates a ―good image‖ by showing us someone who uses his product and who leads the kind of life we should like to lead. We buy not just the product but the sense of importance that goes with it. We drink Coca-Cola not just for the taste, but because we would like to be thought of as being as gay as the energetic people who drink it in the ads.
How scientific is the science?
In this age of moon flights, heart transplants and wonder drugs, we are all impressed by science. If an advertiser links his claim with a scientific fact, there is even a chance we can be blinded by science. The question is simply whether the impressive air of the new discovery or the ―man-made miracle‖ is being used to help or just to deceive us.
Guilty?
Another method of persuasion is to call up guilty feelings, for example to imply that any mother who really loves her children uses a certain product. If Mr. Gray does not use it, she might start to think of herself as a bad mother who does not love her family. So she might go and buy that particular product, rather than go on feeling guilty.
―Before and after‖
Some products are advertised as having a remarkable and immediate effect. We are shown the situation before
using the product and this is contrasted with the situation that follows its use. Have you noticed anything about these advertisements? Taking a tablet for a headache in such advertisements can have truly remarkable results. For not only has the headache gone, the person concerned has often had a new hair-do, required a new set of clothes and sometimes even moved into a more modern, better furnished house. What splendid value for a few pence？选
Experts?
We are often encouraged to believe nowadays that, because someone has been successful in one field, he should be regarded as an authority in other fields. How true is this likely to be?
The advertiser knows that there are certain people whom we admire because they are famous sportsmen, actors or signers, and he believes that if we discover that a certain well-known personality uses his product, we will want to use it too. This is why so many advertisements feature famous people. But does a man who is a famous sportsman know more about these things than anyone else? And does he even use the product he praises?
The next time you see any advertisements which feature well-known people, consider in which of them you think the person concerned should be regarded as an authority and those where he clearly is not.
―Keeping up with the Joneses‖
Another way in which an advertiser may try to make us want his product is by suggesting that most people, or the ―best‖ people, already use it and that we will no doubt want to follow them.
How important is this when you think about it? No one likes to be inferior to others, but are we really inferior just because we have not got all the things others have?
Furthermore, do we really want to be like other people? Is it really desirable to behave just like others? Repetition
If you keep talking about something for long enough, finally people will pay attention to you. How many advertisements have you seen that are based on this rule?
If we hear the name of a product many times a day, we are much more likely to find that this is the name that comes into our head when the shopkeeper asks ―What brand?”We usually like to choose things for ourselves, but if the advertiser plants a name in our heads on this way, he has helped to make the choice for us.
Are you an unpaid advertiser?
One of the ways in which an advertiser can make sure that the name of his product is heard by people far more often than he can afford to have it advertised on television, is to write a jingle or slogan that people, especially children, will sing and repeat. In this way, some advertising slogans have become part of everyday speech and we repeat them without realizing that we are unpaid advertisers.
Spotting the tactics
We‘ve looked at a number of the techniques which help to increase the attractiveness of their products: the careful choice of brand name, and the words used to describe the product; the way of life with which it is associated in the advertisement; the suggestion that a family is not really a happy one without it; the ―before-and-after”method; the advice from a famous person; repetition; the suggestion that the product has noble or scientific connections; and jingles. Usually any single advertisement will use a combination of these methods.
Go through any magazine and try and pick out those advertisements which rely very much on one of the above approaches.
1. The author would most probably think that the words ―dog‖ and ―pet‖ __________.
A. convey the same meaning
B. express similar feelings
C. arouse different feelings in listeners
D. derive from different countries
2. When a manufacturer considers a brand name for his product, he wants the brand name to __________.
A. be easy to remember
B. bring suitable associations
C. manifest the quality of the product
D. be related to the price of the product
3. Which of the following words has been classified as a ―magic word‖ by the author?
A. ―Golden‖.
B. ―Ideal‖.
C. ―Shiny‖.
D. ―Wise‖.
4. When people think of a robin, they will also think of __________.
A. Thanksgiving.
B. Easter
C. Halloween
D. Christmas
5. Coca-Cola has always reminded consumers of __________.
A. an energetic image
B. a fashionable image
C. a successful brand name
D. a transnational company
6. By calling up guilty feelings, the advertisement can achieve its goal of being __________.
A. informative
B. persuasive
C. expressive
D. exclusive
7. A tablet for a headache has typically been advertised as __________.
A. a cheaper cure than all the others
B. a better cure than all the others
C. producing an instatnt influence
D. having a long-lasting effect
8. When someone is famous or successful in one field, we tend to regard him as ___________ in other fields too.
9. In order to enable the name of their products to be heard by people as often as possible, advertisers must write __________ that can be sung or repeated by people.
10. This passage introduces various ways of making appealing __________.
大学英语泛读教程第一册参考答案 （高等教育出版社，2010年3月版） Unit 1 Chapter 1 A family sees America Together (P. 2—17) G. Blank Filling (P 11) 1. describing 2. journal 3. sign 4. websites 5. miss H. Translation (P. 12) 1. By using computers and the Internet 2. if we are friendly and helpful to others 3. learn about our country and (our) people 4. enjoyed his trip in Europe 5. on the day that/when they left Chapter two F. Word forms (p. 27) 1. a. solves (v.) b. solutions (n.) 2. a. education (n.) b. educate (v. ) 3. a. locate (v.) b. locations (n.) 4. a. construction (n.) b. construct (v.) 5. a. organization (n.) b. organizes (v.) G. Blank Filling (p. 28) 1. habitat 2. community 3. endangered 4. solution 5. For instance
●Twenty Minutes’ Reading on P18-21 ●Translate the following passage into Chinese Trading error dims Everbright's prospects The record 523 million yuan ($85 million) fine may seem big, but Everbright Securities Co's troubles are far from over. The company is facing claims estimated at 2.7 billion yuan by investors alleged to have been misled by the company's deliberate withholding of information about its 7.2 billion yuan trading mistake. But lawyers said potential claimants may need more information from the China Securities Regulatory Commission investigation to pin Everbright down. According to the Securities Law of China, the principal should shoulder responsibility if insider trading incurs any losses. But Liu Mingjun, director of the capital market department of Beijing Celue Law Firm, told Xinhua News Agency that there is a lack of detailed interpretation and regulations in the Securities Law. In the United States, investors who can prove they suffered a loss as a result of insider trading would bring a civil claim against the broker responsible for it, said Gene Buttrill, capital markets practice partner at the global law firm Jones Day. So far, the commission has only handed down the penalty with a note saying that investors who felt cheated can seek redress through litigation. It has not disclosed details of its investigation that showed how Everbright stonewalled the stock exchange on Aug 16, allowing itself time to engage in insider trading to cover its potential losses. Following Everbright's former president Xu Haoming's resignation on Aug 22, Yang Chizhong, assistant executive, and Mei Jian, secretary of the board of directors, resigned on Saturday. Xu and Yang, together with Shen Shiguang, general manager of the accounting department, and Yang Jianbo, general manager of the strategic department, were fined by the commission and banned from any work involving the stock exchange. Buttrill of Jones Day said insider trading cases in the US carry both criminal and civil penalties. "For serious cases, jail sentences are often appropriate," he added. The share price of Everbright Securities plummeted 8.54 percent to close at 9.21 yuan on Monday, while the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index
英语泛读教程（第2册）参考答案 Unit One Comprehension Points 1.Every year at the same time the stars were in the same place in the sky. 2.They are the planets. 3.He thought that … (Page 2, parag. 12) 4.The idea was that the stars and the sun did not turn around the earth. Instead, it was the earth that was turning. The sun and the stars were not really moving. 5.Because they would upset the whole science of astronomy and cause cruel persecution by the Church. 6.Content/details. https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a10653364.html,mon. 8.Because radio telescopes find out new stars by picking up radio waves from them. 9.It means the group of stars that our earth is a member of. 10.The implication is that probably by then the earth has already been melted. 11.Every three days it gets very dim. It stays dim for a few hours, then it gets bright again. 12.Because a comet isn’t solid. It is thin like a cloud. Its tail is nothing but glowing gas. And its head is made of small pieces that could not hurt the earth. Exercises I. True or false 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. F II. 1.略。 2.Four stages. Childhood, manhood, old age, and the last stage. 3.The very hottest ones are blue. Those not quite so hot are white, and those less hot than the white ones are yellow and red. 4.略。 5.They help sailors to find their way and they help us to tell time. Unit Two Comprehension Points 1.It means to function properly. 2.电气史上最伟大的人物之一迈克尔·法拉第写了一篇报告，介绍了一种叫做gutta percha 的类似橡胶的物质，这种物质是从生在在马来西亚的一种树上提取出来的。 3.It means to bring out of the water on to the land. 4.To lay a cable under the Atlantic. 5.To become weaker. 6.第一个it指的是the telegraph failed，第二个it指的是it ever worked，第三个it指的是 the cable. 7.Because a big ship can’t carry the end of the cable on to the shore, it will get stranded.
Unit 4 Food(饮食)--- A Food Tour of the United States Task 1: Discussion 1.Do you know some information about regional feature of Chinese food and some specialties in each region? 2.Do you know what the features of American food are? Do you know how many distinct regions are there in U.S? What are they? (the Northeast; the South; the Mountain States; the Southwest states; and ?) 3.* Why American food is regional in character? (The U.S has a large area. Each place has their unique geographical and climatic condition, so it produces unique food materials, such as the Northeast which borders sea, river and lake is rich in seafood and the Mountain states produce wild games. The similar rule can also be applied in self-cultivation, running a company and governing a country: to find out our own unique talent, our strength; the more loca/nationall, the more international.) Reading- skill questions about the text: 1.What’s text-type? (narration, description, exposition, or argumentation) 2.What’s th e topic and main idea of the text? (Reading skill: distinguish /obtain main idea and discourse topic quickly and efficiently) Topic: food Main idea: American cooking is regional in character./ one feature of American cooking is variety. 3.Which is the topic sentence in Para.1, sentence 1 or sentence 2? Why? 4.Para2.: guess the meaning of the unfamiliar word “ hearty” in “Mixed in an iron pot and …….” (hearty: [attrib]large; eg. eat a hearty breakfast 丰盛的；have a hearty appetite 胃口很好) Task 2 1.Analyzing different types of reading comprehension questions: Q1: testing skimming skills--- to obtain main idea quickly and efficiently Reading strategy/solution: 文体判断为说明文，顾第一段为重要 Q2-8: testing scanning skills--- to find some key words or phrases; figures, percentages quickly Homework: discussion Why do many people want to go into business for themselves rather than work for an already existing organization? What’s the attraction? To be a manager or leader of a company, what are some of the qualities do you think he or she should have? Reading skill testing: 1．He put his milk in a pouch made from a sheep stomach and set off across the desert. What is the meaning of the word “Pouch”? (C) A. milk B. desert C. a container D. a stomach 2．The movement of his camel, the desert heat, and the chemicals in the pouch made the milk separate into curd and whey. The thick part, or curd , was the first cheese. What is the meaning of the word “curd”? A. the camel B. the thick part of the milk C. desert heat D. milk
06三级泛读课网络测试题目及答案注意：只开放两天，请学生们尽快查看。 第4课 1. The author wrote the essay in order to tell the reader _____. A. her struggle for civil rights B .her miserable childhood C. the life of the socially inferior black people in the 1960s D. the great impact the Civil Rights Movement had on her mind 2. What do we learn about Alice Walker’s childhood? A. She lived in the shadow of the white people. B. She was paralyzed and had to stay in bed all the time. C. She desired for exciting things to happen in her life. D. She was deeply attracted by the soap operas. 3. In what way was Alice Walker alive six years ago? A. She was cured of her serious illnesses. B. She achieved equality with the white people. C. She became a firm believer in Dr. King’s ideas. D. She was awakened to knowing her existence. 4. Why did Walker feel her mind and body were strangers? A. Because the color of her body didn’t allow thought and spirit. B. Because she lived as a number or a shadow. C. Because she was ashamed of her outer contours. D. Because she was ignorant of her existence. 5. Walker’s mother was persuaded by the soap operas that _____.
READING COURSE Book 4 Unit 2 Exploration Section A Word Pretest 1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.C 11.A Reading Comprehension 1.B 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.B Vocabulary Building Idioms 1. has a green thumb 2. is a breeze 3. has two left feet 4. has a golden touch 5. has a nose for 6. is easy as pie General Vocabulary Exercise 1. illegality 2. ambitiously 3. discriminative 4. persistent 5. resistance 6. Contamination 7. invalid 8. fantastically 9. specifically 10. have amused 11. magical 12. ignorant 13. survive 14. explored 15. intimidate 16. bulky 17. pilgrimage 18. galaxy 19. transformation 20. alienated Analogies 1.B 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.B 8.B Cloze until Most reached from ice combined and deep over includes in Section B 1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.B Section C 1.T 2.T 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.T 11.T 12.T Unit 4 Cigarettes
Unit 1 I. Reading for information 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C II. Translation 1. 但是只要说上几句话，他的口音就很容易被辨认出来。 2. 他不会轻易发火，有一颗金子般的心，你很少能从他的嘴里听到攻击和批评别人的话。 3. 常言道：善行胜于善言。父亲的身教对我的影响远远超过了他的言传。 4. 面对生活的沧桑，大布鲁诺怎么能不提高嗓门，怎么能保持心气平和？难道力气这么大的人不该脾气也大吗？ 5. 体育明星和歌星|、影星的确能够鼓舞人心，但是“英雄”这个头衔还是应该留给像我父亲 那样，为了自己所爱的人孜孜不卷地工作的人。 III. Summary 1.hard work, pays off 2.Big Bruno, strong in stature, a gentle spirit 3.most patient, slow to get angry, a heart of gold, a lot of friends 4. a role model, a true friend, a treasure 5.hero, does good, loves everyone, doesn’t expect anything, in return, work tirelessly, the good race I. Skimming question 1 A II. Skimming question 2 A teacher should … 1. be pleasant live and attractive 2. have a genuine capacity for sympathy 3. be both intellectually and morally honest 4. be mentally alert 5. be capable of infinite patience 6. have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning III. Scanning question 1 4
大学英语专业泛读教程第 二册参考答案 Last revision on 21 December 2020
Unit 1 Text： B. 1. b 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. c 7. d 8. d Fast Reading： 12 c Home Reading： Unit 2 Text： B. C. Reading Skills Fast Reading：
Home Reading： Ｕnit3 Text: A. c B. C. Fast Reading: Home Reading: 7. d 8. d 9. a 10. d Ｕnit4 Text： Dealing with Homonyms 1.counsel ( advice / We counseled them patience and hard work. ) council ( committee / The state council issued a new decreed. ) 2 complement ( supplement / The two tools complement each other. ) compliment ( praise / A book was sent to him with compliments. )
3 elicit ( obtain / They tried to elicit answers from her. ) illicit ( unlawful / Beware of illicit dealings. ) 4 principal ( main / The principal task is to get his consent. ) principle ( rule / He is a man of principle ) 5. stationary ( fixed / Stationary targets are easy to aim at. ) stationery ( writing materials / They bought three pens at the stationery counter. ) 6. aisle ( doorway / She walked along the aisle in the church. ) isle ( small island / There are some isles not far away from the continent. ) 7. canvas ( picture / The painter put his canvas on the wall. ) canvass ( seek votes / They claimed to have canvassed half of the votes. ) 8. discrete ( particular / On the table are some discrete pages from a book. ) discreet ( careful / He is always discreet. ) Fast Reading： 1，c ， Home Reading： Ｕnit 5 Text: A. c B. l. b 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. d 6. b 8. a 9. b 10. c D. l. a 2. b 3, a 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. b 10. d Fast Reading: l. d 2. d 3.'d 4. d 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. d 9. d 10. c 12. d 13. c 14. c 15. d Home Reading: 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. d Ｕnit 6 Text:
英语泛读教程3第三版（刘乃银版）答案 Unit 1 Text: A. c B. bdabb ddc D. addad cdb Fast Reading: dbdda abaad cbbdc Home Reading: dacdd aab Unit 2 Text: A. b B. ddbcd cca D. badda caac Fast Reading: dbbdc bdbdb cddbd Home Reading: cbdcc dbbd Unit 3 Text: A. d B. badab bdddc D. bddba cbcaa Fast Reading: cbbba ccdda ccdad Home Reading: dbcbd dbdb Unit 4 Text: A. c B. ddbcd dc D. abdbb addad Fast Reading: dbccd bdadd badcd Home Reading: dadac bcd Unit 5 Text: A. c B. abdaa dcbd D. dbabb dabcb da Fast Reading: caabd cbddc cdbab Home Reading: bccdb dc Unit 6 Text: A. b B. cbcab ddad D. badaa cbaac Fast Reading: cabcd aadcb ccdab Home Reading: ccdcd abc Unit 7 Text: A. d B. acbda dcaac D. abaac daccd ad Fast Reading: daada cddbc bdcdb Home Reading: cbadb cddbc Unit 8 Text: A. c B. cddcc dccb D. abdac aaa Fast Reading: ccacd bbdad babdd Home Reading: dbdbc cbcd Unit 9 Text: A. c B. bccbc dbba D. dcbab dacba c Fast Reading: dcbca bccbc bcddd Home Reading: dcdca bd Unit 10 Text:A. c B. cdccd bacac D. dcdbc acadc bd Fast Reading: dbdcc dccdb bddca Home Reading: cadcb acbb Unit 11 Text: A. d B. adacc dcb D. abacb dcaab adc Fast Reading: dcdab ccbda ccbca
Text 1 Words that Work Miracles 1.FFTTFFFT 2.DBDAAC (P4) 3.translate the following sentences into Chinese (P5) 1)Yet we must bask in the warmth of approval now and then or lose our self-confidence. 可是我们都要时常享受到热情地赞美，否则我们就会失去自信。 2)When we are proud of our self-image,we feel confident and free to be ourselves. 当我们对自身的形象感到骄傲时，会有自信心，感觉很自在。 3)A new minister called to a church jokingly referred to as "the refrigerator",decided against criticizing his congregation for its coolness toward strangers.Instead,he beban welcoming visitors from the pulpit and telling his flock how friendly they were. 一位牧师到一座教堂上任，这座教堂被开玩笑地称作“冰箱”，他没有批评教堂的教徒们对陌生人冷漠，而是站在讲坛上欢迎来访者，并对大家说他们是多么的友善。 4)Coming home after a hard day's work ,the man who sees the faces of his children pressed against the window,watching for him,can water his soul with their silent but golden opinion. 经过一天的劳累，一位父亲回到家，看到孩子们把小脸贴在玻璃窗上等他回家，这无声然而珍贵的赞美滋润了他的心田。 1.fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.change the form where necessary. (P6) 1.live with 2.add to 3.take for granted 4.live up to 5.now and then 6.boil down to 7.decide against 8.once in a while 2.translate the following sentences into english ,using the words given in brackets.(p6) 1.你应该多吃点，不然你会把自己弄出病来。 You should eat more ,or you will get out of the disease to . 2.虽然哈里尽量让人觉得语气平和，但她显然生气了。 Although Harry try his best to sound calm ,obvious angry. 3.她立刻指出那不是她的错。 she was quick to pointed out that it is not her fault 4.弟弟住在离家很远的地方，我们渴望得到他的消息。 brother lies far away from home,we are hungry for the news of him. 5.如果你们有什么不懂的地方，请随意打断我。 if you have what not understand place ,please fell free to interrupt me. TEXT4 To Face Life with Courage 1.FTFTT FTT(P33) 2.DDCCCD(P34) 3.translate the following sentences into Chinese(P35)
Text a 第一自然段 Disappointed 失望的; 沮丧的，失意的 When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and frustrated.出问题时，我们大家自然都感到失望和沮丧。 She will be disappointed if her feelings are not returned. 如果她的感情得不到回报，她会感到非常失望。 Curse 诅咒; 咒骂; 使苦恼，使困苦; 把（某人）逐出教门 He shot her an angry look and a curse. 他生气地看了她一眼，骂了一句。 He cursed himself for having been so careless. 他骂自己怎么那么不小心。 Maybe there is a curse on my family... 可能我的家族受到了诅咒。 Disputed 有争议的 辩论，争论（dispute的过去式和过去分词）; 争夺; 阻止; 就…进行辩论Russia and Ukraine have been disputing the ownership of the fleet...
俄罗斯和乌克兰一直在争夺舰队的所有权。 Fishermen from Bristol disputed fishing rights with the Danes. 布里斯托尔的渔民与丹麦人争夺捕鱼权。 ...a disputed border region. 有争议的边境地区 referee 裁判员; 证明人; 公断人; （专业性强的文章的）审阅人 be appointed to 被任命为 An independent regulator will be appointed to ensure fair competition. 将会指定一个独立的管理机构来保证公平竞争。 Who will be appointed to the chairmanship when Mr. Bell leaves ？ 贝尔先生离职以后,谁会被派来担任主席? 第二自然段 Tournament 锦标赛，联赛; 中世纪的骑士比武; 锦标赛 a sporting competition in which contestants play a series of games to decide the winner Jarvis took the wooden spoon in the first tournament. 贾维斯在第一次锦标赛上垫底。 She had been videoing the highlights of the tournament.
Unit 1 University Student Life Section A Word Pretest 1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. A 8. B Reading Comprehension l. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. F Vocabulary Building Word Match rationally in a way based on reason rather than emotions established accepted; recognized various different panic sudden fear consolidate s trengthen assignment homework biological of living things flexible not fixed strenuous stressful; requiring effort and energy master overall recreation way of spending free time estimate calculate roughly routine regular; usual priority first concern relaxation rest 1. flexible 2. established 3. panic 4. strenuous 5. priority 6. routine 7. Rationally 8. recreations Suffix 1. familiarize 2. visualize 3. merely 4. idealize 5. finalize 6. necessarily 7. physically 8. highly Cloze favorable their respected professors authority role expect need several changes Section B 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. D Section C l. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A
泛读1答案Unit3-4 Key to Lesson7 1.1)T2)T3)F4)F5)T6)F7)F8)T 2.1)D2)A3)B4)C5)C 3.1）她的那条腿疼得厉害，她如释重负地坐了下来。 2）她也有过显赫的时候。 3）警察制服的后背没什么好看的，可是要移动一下又太费劲了。 4）没想到那根拐杖正好卡在那令人羡慕的双腿膝盖之间，他大叫一声重重地摔倒在地上。 least7)in 7)behind, 7) relative8)lightened/has lightened9)will leak10)tightly 2.1）灯2）光，光线3）见解，看法，眼光4）供消遣的，轻松的5） 照亮6）使容光焕发7）轻装地8）明亮的9）浅的10）瘾不大的3.1)Those who expect to have a good command of English within a few months should bear in mind that there is no short cut in language learning. 2)It’s a great idea to stay overnight at your house,but I had better talk it over with my parents in case they don’t agree. 3)He advised me to made sure that the second-had car was in good condition
before I made a decision to buy it. 4)If you don’t cut in half the numbers of the courses you’re going to take next semester,I’m sure you will be weighed down. 5)As for my house in the countryside,I only live there every summer.I don’t intend to move in for good. Key to Lesson9 1.1)F2)T3)F4)F5)T6)T7)F8)T 2.1)C2)C3)D4)B5)D 3.1)谁能没这个差错，尤其是清晨头一件事。 2）你怎么胆敢这样闯入我的房间！ 6)burst could have been so morning. into a your orders. Key to Lesson10 Comprehension of the text. 1.1)T2)T3)T4)F5)F6)F7)T8)T9)F10)T 2.1)D2)A3)C4)B5)C6)A7)D 3.1)必须把大批牛群赶到需要它们的城镇去。 2）牲口不能走得太快，如果赶紧它们，就会掉膘，到了市场就值不了多少钱了。