中国简史【英语版本十】
张铁城2017、1、7发送
A Brief History
Of China
The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
By the late 18th century the Qing dynasty was in decline. This was partly due to a rise in the population. The population of China began to outstrip its resources and the peasants grew poorer. As a result rebellions broke out. In the years
1796-1804 the White Lotus sect led a rebellion. Although that rebellion was eventually crushed it was followed by another rebellion in 1813 led by the Eight Trigrams sect. This rebellion cost 70,000 lives before it was defeated.
However by far the most serious rebellion was the Taipeng rebellion of 1850-1864, which is estimated to have cost 20 million lives. It was led by Hong
Xichuan who believed he was the Son of God and the younger brother of Jesus. He preached a mixture of some Christian beliefs and some Communism. His followers sold their property and put the money in a common fund. Land was distributed among his followers. He also banned foot binding, smoking opium and wearing the queue. His followers also destroyed Buddhist and Taoist temples. He took Nanjing in 1853 and led a long rebellion. It took the Qing more than a decade to crush it. Furthermore other rebellions broke out in China. It took another 4 years to put down bandits in the north called the Nanin. There were also rebellions by Muslims in outlying areas. These were not defeated until 1873.
In the late 19th century the Chinese government made some attempts to introduce European technology. None of them were very successful. In partnership with Chinese merchants the government opened coalmines, started a steam shipping company and opened iron works and cotton mills. They also built a telegraph network and a small network of railways.
However all these efforts at reform met with resistance from traditional Confucian scholars. Worse in 1893 the Empress Cixi took some money intended for the navy and used it to build a marble ship in the shape of a paddle steamer. China remained fundamentally unchanged in the late 19th century, unlike Japan, which changed rapidly.
In 1894 came war with Japan. A rebellion broke out in Korea in 1894 and Chinese troops were sent there. However the Japanese navy sank a Chinese troop carrier, provoking war. The Japanese army and navy quickly won stunning victories and the Chinese were forced to sign a humiliating treaty. They were forced to cede Taiwan to Japan and to allow the Japanese to build factories in China. China was also forced to pay a large sum of money. Afterwards European powers took advantage of China's weakness by forcing her to cede more territory to them.
After the shock of the Sino-Japanese war many Chinese realized that China must modernize otherwise she would be carved up between the
foreign powers. In 1898 some officials persuaded the emperor to decree a series of reforms. However the Empress Dowager (a retired empress) Cixi put a stop to it. She arrested most of the reformers and executed them on the trumped up charge that they were plotting to overthrow the government.
The Boxer Rebellion
In 1900 Chinese resentment of foreign interference boiled over into the Boxer rebellion. It began with a secret society called the Harmonious Fists. They hated Christian missionaries and foreign influence. The society grew rapidly after 1898 and friction between them and the missionaries grew. Afraid, the British sent 2,000 men to protect their nationals in Beijing.
However the Boxers cut the railway to Tianjin and the British were forced to withdraw their soldiers. Cixi decided to join the Boxers and she declared war. The foreigners in Beijing shut themselves in their buildings and the Chinese lay siege. However a force of 20,000 European soldiers marched into Beijing
and sacked it. Afterwards the Chinese were forced to pay a large sum of money to the Europeans as compensation.
The Fall of the Qing Dynasty
In 1901 the Empress Dowager, Cixi, changed her mind and decided some reform was needed after all. Primary and secondary education was changed to include western subjects. Then in 1905 the civil service entry exams, which had been used for 2,000 years, were abolished. Some attempt was made to reform the army and navy. In 1908 she agreed to make the Chinese monarchy a constitutional one. In 1909 provincial assemblies were elected. However only a limited number of men were allowed to vote and the assemblies had little power. After 1910 there was a national assembly but it too have very limited power. The limited reforms of the Qing satisfied nobody and in 1911 they were swept away by a revolution. China became a republic.
THE CHINESE REPUBLIC 1911-1949
The Revolution
In the early 20th century many people decided the only thing to do was to sweep away the old order. Leading the revolutionaries was Sun-Yat-Sen (1866-1925). He put forward 3 principles, nationalism, democracy and socialism. In 1905 he formed the Revolutionary Alliance of Tongmen Hui. Some soldiers in Wuchang with revolutionary ideals formed an organisation called the Literary Society. In 1911 they were planning revolution. However they accidentally set off a bomb. Realizing the government would now be alerted they decided to start the revolution immediately.
The revolution soon gathered pace and spread across southern China. Province after province seceded from the Qing Empire. However the Qing turned to a man named General Yaun Shikai. This man had been a regional governor but the Qing dismissed him, as they feared he was growing too powerful. Now they recalled him and gave him wide powers to crush the revolution.
However when his forces were repulsed at Nanjing the general decided to change sides. He made a deal with the revolutionaries. He would make China a republic if he could be President. Sun Yat-Sen and the other revolutionaries feared that a divided China would be easy prey for the foreign powers so they agreed to his terms. The Qing were persuaded to abdicate in February 1912. Yuan Shikai became president of China. A parliament was elected in February. The largest party were the nationalists of Kuomintang with Sun Yat-Sen at their head.
However the general had no intention of sharing power with parliament and soon made himself dictator. The Kuomintang were banned at the end of 1913 and parliament was closed in January 1914.
The Warlord Years
When General Yuan died in 1916 China descended into semi-anarchy. Central government had little power and warlords controlled the provinces. In 1916 the Japanese took over the German 'sphere of influence' in Shangdong. After the war, in 1919, it
became clear that the victorious powers intended to let Japan keep it. This news provoked 3,000 students to demonstrate in Beijing on 4 May 1919. They burned the Minister of Communication's house. Although the police moved to suppress the demonstration in Beijing similar protests took place elsewhere in China. The protest gave rise to a movement called the Fourth of May movement which rejected Confucian values and sought to modernize China. Although the Kuomintang were banned in 1913 they simply moved their base to Guangzhou and continued to operate.
In 1921 the Chinese Communist Party or CCP was founded. Communism was based on the ideas of Karl Marx (1818-1883). According to him society went through an inevitable series of stages ending in Communism. The workers, he said, would inevitably rise up against the capitalists and Capitalism would be replaced by Socialism in which the state would own industry. However the state would 'wither away' leaving a classless society or Communism.
Needless to say the promised utopia never materialized.
One of the founders of the Communist Party was Mao Tse-Tung (1893-1976). By 1935 he became head of the new party. At first the Communists decided to co-operate with the Kuomintang. For a time the two joined forces.
Meanwhile China was changing in the early 20th century. Industry was expanding rapidly (although the country remained overwhelmingly agricultural) and China saw a wave of strikes and labor unrest in the 1920s. Then in 1926 the Kuomintang decided to unite China. From their base in the south they sent an army of 150,000 men into the north. The warlords in some of the northern provinces were defeated and by the end of 1926 large parts of northern China were brought under Kuomintang control. In 1928 the Northern Expedition was renewed and in April Kuomintang forces entered Beijing. China was reunited.
Meanwhile the Kuomintang and the Communists argued. In the autumn of 1927 Mao Tse Tung led a peasant rebellion called the Autumn Harvest Uprising. However it was crushed. In December 1927 there was an uprising in Guangzhou and a Communist government was very briefly established in the city but government forces soon crushed the movement.
In 1930 the Kuomintang said that China was not ready for democracy. Instead China became a military dictatorship led by Chiang Kai Shek. In 1930 Li Lisan led another Communist rebellion but it was easily crushed. However in the countryside Mao Tse Tung adopted a much more successful policy. From his base in a mountain range he carried out guerrilla warfare. He created a well-disciplined force that conducted 'hit and run' raids and hid whenever the enemy advanced, avoiding pitched battles. His men were able to wear down and demoralize them. Guerrilla warfare proved to be extremely successful in the 20th century.
In 1934 the Kuomintang attempted to encircle the Communists. Mao decided to break out. About 90,000 soldiers escaped the trap and embarked on a long march to the north of China. This Long March became legendary although less than 20,000 of those who took part survived the march. Then in 1937 Communists and Kuomintang agreed to a temporary truce to fight the Japanese.
In 1931 the Japanese occupied Manchuria. In 1932 they created a separate state with a puppet government called Munchuko. In 1937 the Japanese invaded the rest of China. The invasion began with the 'rape of Nanjing' when tens of thousands of people in that city were murdered. Women were raped and buildings were burned. However the Japanese were unable to conquer all of China due to its sheer size.
In the 1930s some modernization occurred in the coastal cities of China. Many new railways were built and many more roads were metaled. The amount of electricity generated increased 7 times over.
Industrial output was small but it was growing. Coal mining boomed. Cotton spinning also grew. However the interior of China remained overwhelmingly agricultural. When the Japanese invaded in 1937 Chiang Kai Shek attempted to evacuate many people, especially skilled workers to the unoccupied areas of China. Industrial machinery was also evacuated west. However to finance the fighting the Kuomintang were forced to print money. The result was rampant inflation which undermined their support.
The Revolution in China
In August 1945 Russia declared war on Japan. As a result Russian troops occupied Manchuria after the Japanese surrender. When they withdrew the Communists were left in control of Manchuria. In 1946 the civil war resumed between Communists and Kuomintang. At first the Kuomintang were successful and they recaptured southern Manchuria and other parts of northern China. However the Communists turned to guerrilla warfare and
successfully harassed the Kuomintang and their lines of communication.
From the middle of 1947 the Communists were winning the war. Then in November 1948-January 1949 the Communists won a victory at Huai-Hai. They encircled an army of 300,000 Kuomintang and eventually forced them to surrender. After that the Kuomintang position swiftly collapsed. The Communists took Beijing in January 1949. In April they took Nanjing and in May Shanghai. The remaining Kuomintang then fled to Taiwan and in October Mao Tse Tung declared the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing.
MODERN CHINA
The Early Years of the Peoples Republic
Under the Communists industry was nationalized. The peasants were encouraged to pool their resources and form their small farms into
co-operatives. Any opposition to the Communist regime was ruthlessly suppressed.
In 1958 Mao launched an attempt to greatly increase output of farming and industry. It was called The Great Leap Forward. Agricultural
co-operatives were joined together to form larger units called communes. Creches and nurseries were set up so women could work.
Communes were encouraged to make steel in their own makeshift furnaces. Many peasants were forced to work on water conservation works.
However the Great Leap Forward proved to be a disaster. Most of the steel was of very poor quality and could not be used.
Worse farm output greatly declined and there was a terrible famine in China in 1959-62. Far too much labor was diverted to making steel or building projects leaving not enough for the harvests which in some areas were left to rot. Worse crops fell prey to locusts. In 1958 Mao launched a campaign to kill sparrows (because they ate grain seeds). However sparrows also ate locusts and other insects. Huge numbers of sparrows were killed and without natural
predators the number of locusts greatly increased, making the famine worse. Bad weather in 1959 and 1960 made the famine worse still.
Yet even though there was a famine and people were starving China continued to export grain. An estimated 36 million people in China died in the famine. Not all died of starvation. Starving people were executed for stealing food. It was the worst man made famine in history. However Mao was unmoved by the famine. He said 'To distribute resources evenly will only ruin the Great Leap Forward. It is better to let half the people die so that the other half can eat their fill'. Nevertheless The Great Leap Forward was a failure and it had to be abandoned. Afterwards Mao lost some of his authority.
The Cultural Revolution in China
In 1966 to reassert his authority Mao launched the Cultural Revolution. Students began to call themselves the Red Guard and they held rallies in Beijing. Soon a movement began to root out old
habits, beliefs and attitudes and cause a cultural revolution. The Red Guard began to attack intellectuals and also officials. In 1967 they forced the mayor and other officials in Shanghai to resign. The same thing happened in other cities as well. Many party officials were purged and removed from power.
During the Cultural Revolution religion was persecuted in China. Many places of worship were destroyed. (Mao like all Marxists was an atheist and he detested religion).
However in 1968 Mao realized that things were going too far. The Red Guard was disrupting industry and agriculture. Mao ordered them to disband. Mao himself died in September 1976.
In 1989 a mass demonstration was held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing demanding democratic reforms. It was crushed by the Chinese army.
China's Economic Miracle
In the late 20th century China introduced a market economy. As a result China became an amazing success story. The economy grew very rapidly in the last years of the 20th century and by the mid-1990s China had become an affluent society. Consumer goods like TVs and fridges became common. In the last years of the 20th century the government switched to a market economy. Peasants in communes were given contracts. They were given a certain amount of land and agreed to grow a certain amount of crops. If they grew any excess they could sell it. In industry factories were given more autonomy. They were allowed to make their own agreements with their suppliers and their customers. If they made large profits they could pay their workers bonuses. The new slogan was 'To be rich is glorious!'. Four special economic zones were formed in the east of China. The result was a huge increase in Chinese industrial output and a great improvement in Chinese standards of living.
In 2005 there was a significant sign of China's growing economic power when Shanghai overtook
Rotterdam as the largest port in the world. China is predicted to become the world's largest economy by 2040. Today the population of China is 1.35 billion.
A timeline of China
A short history of Shanghai
A short history of Japan
A short history of Korea
A short history of Vietnam
A short history of Malaysia
A short history of Thailand
Home
北师大版小学英语教材使用 对于三年级内容来说，主要完成字母的学习，对于单词的要求教材停留在抄写层面，让学生接触适应这种新的文字和书写习惯。我不同意落后地区的学生需要简单的教材，因为从智力发展上来讲不能说发达地区的孩子就比落后地区的学生高！一套教材针对不同地区出版不同的版本可能会有困难。教师们可以根据当地的实际情况对教材进行取舍，比如过难的内容可以暂不教（当然有的家长在不知道背景的情况下可能会有意见），或者根据学生的水平确定灵活的教学要求。 孩子记单词不能采用死记硬背的方法, 要让孩子们在CONTEXT中记单词, 特别是故事和韵文歌曲, 都是有效的帮助孩子记单词的CONTEXT. 我也不同意用几个版本的教材, 但是教师在教的过程中可以有目的地删减, 不能让孩子感到内容多, 失去兴趣。 Jeremy Harmer说过,任何一节语言课都有三个要素:engage, study, activate,语言点的学习是不可避免的,只不过教师可以不同的处理方式,如果整节课都没有语言学习的时段,是不利于语言学习的,而如何让学生更多参与,激发他们的兴趣,如何设计任何使他们能自由地用所学语言进行有效交际也是对教师的挑战。 教材选用故事形式作为每个单元的主体内容，目的是让学生在情景中接触、感受、体验语言的运用。故事有简单的情节内容，涵盖了单元主要的话题、功能、词汇、结构等内容，是整个单元的主体部分。这种呈现方式是师大版小学英语教材的一个突出特点。但是，故事本身不是最终教学目的，在教学中也不作过高要求，这是因为故事中的核心内容、需要学生学习掌握的内容都安排在故事之后的各个板块内，分为词汇、发音、句型以及听说读写技能等不同板块。这些板块与故事内容密切相关，是主要的学习内容，需要安排专项学习。本套教材的故事的设计意图是提供输入，学生在插图的提示下理解故事。这一编写思路是：在语境中理解意思，然后在后面的活动中重点学习故事中的部分重点项目。 任何教材都不会要求教师严格按照某种固定的编排方式进行教学，教材是死的，人是活的，因此教师有对教材进行调整的权利，但前提是要符合学生和教学的需要。我们在阅读课教材的编排上基本原则是从阅读前准备入手，引导学生进入阅读过程，理解内容和学习语言，包括主要词汇和语法结构，然后将阅读技能与其他技能结合进行综合训练，巩固和进一步运用所学内容，以帮助学生掌握所学的内容。如果教师认为这样的教学程序学生可以适应，也节省教师的备课时间，完全可以参考这个步骤，但是教师也可以根据情况自行调整顺序。每一课的内容都是相联系的，如果学生前面掌握的快，教师就可以把更多的时间留给后面的语言输出活动，但是一定要保证学生比较好地掌握才能够使后面的教学比较顺利。 对于词汇量的问题，希望老师可以对学生分级别要求，不是所有列在词汇表中的词汇都是要学生能写能用的，而是根据学生自身的程度和爱好分不同层次的。词汇表中的黑体单词才是要求所有学生都要掌握的课标词汇。 对于听力的问题，教材中还是有一些简单的听力材料的。另外，对于听力，不要要求学生一次、两次就完全听懂。每次听都要带着不同的目的和要求，只要达到了这个要求就可以了。有些听力材料可能要听三四遍，课下学生也还要听。老师说的办法，将听力材料打印出来，也是一种办法，但不是所有听力内容，所有学生都适用。另外，在哪一步发给学生也是值得考虑的问题。 在小学阶段不过分强调语法教学，让学生多接触不同的表达方式和语言现象，为今后的教学做铺垫。教材中黑板的语法是对所学内容的一个总结，整个单元都围绕这些的重点进行活动的设计，所以不必过多地考虑如何教上面的内容，教师可以利用黑板帮助学生总结和归纳所学的内容。如果时间有余，可以给学生提供情景，让学生自编一些对话等，复习和巩固这些单元学习的重点内容。
中国简史读后感 本文是关于读后感的，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 中国简史读后感 在一次偶然的机会，我接触到了《中国哲学简史》这本书。按照我平常的习惯，这本书我也只是敬而远之，“哲学”一词太深奥，不是我这种凡人可以读的。但是就那次偶然间我发现书中的哲学并没有阐述我所想的类似于“我是谁”、“我从哪里来”这种哲学问题，而是我们生活中就能接触到的关于如何经营幸福人生的话题。《中国哲学简史》以一种极通俗的语言向我们展示了古代那些大思想家们的哲学思想，略读便可让我醍醐灌顶。 我很喜欢的郦波教授在《给大学新生的十条寄语》上的一句话：有用没用，学点哲学！我知道哲学是个好东西，它可以洗涤自己的内心，但直到我接触了《中国哲学简史》我才发现，哲学有时候就像是我们吃饭睡觉一样必不可少。冯友兰在这本书的自序中提到：“着小史者，意在通俗，不易展其学，而其识其才，较之学术巨着尤为重要。”全书中冯友兰大师也用极其通俗的语言为我们展示了春秋战国时儒、墨、道、法等不同学派的哲学主张，并由古至今写到了几百年后的佛教、新儒学以及西方哲学。 冯友兰在书中对春秋战国的各大哲学家所提出的哲学思想大部分都是我们所熟知的，比如他在讲述儒家思想时，讲述了孔子的仁义、忠恕：“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”以及“夫子之道，忠恕而已
矣”。但同时，冯友兰也讲述了孔子作为一个教育家，其所认为的教育家的基本任务——向弟子们解释古代文化遗产。例如在解释“三年之丧”这个古老的礼治时，孔子说：“子生三年，然后免于父母之怀。夫三年之丧，天下之通丧也。”换句话说，儿子的一生，至少头三年完全依赖父母，因此父母死后，他应当以同样长的时间服丧，表示感恩。孝应该是老辈们传承下来的最重要的文化遗产，冯友兰先生对其进行了进一步的诠释，用简单的文字告诉了我们如何行孝。 而在冯友兰这长篇巨着中，最令我印象深刻便是它讲述庄子思想时提出的相对幸福的观点。以前我对于庄子只知道他是一位行文幽默荒诞，做事潇洒无章的隐士，但通过冯友兰先生对庄子的文章的深刻剖析，我意识到庄子并不是我曾接触到，认识到的的那个潇洒自在，夸张无奇的人。冯友兰对于庄子的《逍遥游》一篇提出了如何获得相对幸福的方法，他在书中说：“万物自然本性不同，其自然能力也各不相同。可是有一点是共同的，就是他们充分而自由地发挥其自然能力的时候，它们都是同等的幸福……所以万物的自然本性没有绝对的同，也不必有绝对的同。”就像《庄子？骈拇》中说：“凫兢虽短，续之则忧。鹤胫虽长，断之则悲。故性长非所断，性短非所续，无所去忧也。” 在世界上还没有见过第二本这样的书。”《中国哲学简史》在有限的篇幅里融入了冯友兰对中国哲学的理解，是史与思的结晶，充满了人生的睿智与哲人的洞见。我很喜欢这本书中的最后一句话：“人必须先说很多话，然后保持静默。”
小学英语知识点小结（北师大版）全册 一年级上册 人物：Mocky Ann Ken Uncle Booky Unit1 Hello 字母：A,B 单词：hello Ann Ken Mocky Uncle Booky a an am apple ant banana balloon monkey 句子：Hello！Hi！ I’m.... What’s your name? My name’s .... Stand up. Sit down. Unit2 About me 字母：C,D 单词：girl boy teacher please cat crocodile dog duck 句子：Ann is a girl. Touch your nose,please. Please sit down. Thank you. Unit3 At school 字母：E,F 单词：bag chair book pencil egg elephant fish frog this 句子：What’s this? It’s a .... Is it a ...? Yes./No. Take out your...,please. Unit4 Color 字母：G,H 单词：color yellow blue red green brown gift girl hat hammer 句子：What color? It’s.... Draw an apple. Color it red,please. Unit 5 Numbers 字母：I,J 单词：train one two three four five car doll ball teddy bear insect ice cream
1．第一位女诗人是：蔡琰（文姬） 2. 第一部纪传体通史：史记 3. 第一部词典是：尔雅 4. 第一部大百科全书是：永乐大典 5. 第一部诗歌总集是：诗经 6. 第一部文选：昭明文选 7. 第一部字典：说文解字 8. 第一部神话集：山海经 9. 第一部文言志人小说集：世说新语 10. 第一部文言志怪小说集：搜神记11. 第一部语录体著作：论语 12. 第一部编年体史书是：春秋 13. 第一部断代史：汉书 14. 第一部兵书：孙子兵法 15. 文章西汉两司马：司马迁。司马相如 16. 乐府双璧：木兰词孔雀东南飞，加上《秦妇吟》为乐府三绝 17. 史学双璧：史记资治通鉴 18. 二拍：初刻拍案惊奇二刻拍案惊奇（凌蒙初） 19. 大李杜：李白杜甫小李杜：李商隐杜牧21. 三不朽：立德立功立言 20. 中国现代文坛的双子星座：鲁迅郭沫若22. 三代：夏商周 23. 《春秋》三传：左传公羊传谷梁传 24. 三王：夏禹商汤周公 25. 三山：蓬莱方丈瀛洲 26. 三教：儒释道 27. 三公：周时，司马司徒司空 西汉，丞相太尉御史大夫清明，太师太傅太保 28. 三曹：曹操曹丕曹植 29. 公安三袁：袁宗道袁宏道袁中道 30. 江南三大古楼：湖南岳阳楼武昌黄鹤楼南昌滕王阁 31. 岁寒三友：松竹梅 32. 三辅：左冯翊右扶风京兆尹 33. 科考三元：乡试，会试，殿试和自的第一名（解元，会元，状元） 34. 殿试三鼎甲：状元榜眼探花 35. 中国三大国粹：京剧中医中国画 36. 三言：喻世明言警世通言醒世恒言（冯梦龙） 37. 儒家经典三礼：周礼仪礼礼记 38. 三吏：新安吏石壕吏潼关吏 39. 三别：新婚别垂老别无家别 40. 郭沫若“女神”三部曲：女神之再生湘果棠棣之花 41. 茅盾“蚀”三部曲：幻灭动摇追求 农村三部曲：春蚕秋收残冬 42. 巴金“爱情”三部曲：雾雨电 “激流”三部曲：家春秋43. 第一部国别史：国语 44. 第一部记录谋臣策士门客言行的专集：国策战国策 45. 第一部专记个人言行的历史散文：晏子春秋 46. 第一位伟大的爱国诗人：屈原 47. 第一首长篇叙事诗：孔雀东南飞（357句，1785字） 48. 第一部文学批评专著：《典论〃论文》（曹丕） 49. 第一位田园诗人：东晋，陶渊明 50. 第一部文学理论和评论专著：南北朝梁人刘勰的《文心雕龙》 51. 第一部诗歌理论和评论专著：南北朝梁人钟嵘的《诗品》 52. 第一部科普作品，以笔记体写成的综合性学术著作：北宋的沈括的《梦溪笔谈》 53. 第一部日记体游记：明代的徐宏祖的《徐霞客游记》 54. 第一位女词人，亦称“一代词宗”：李清照 1. 我国第一部长篇讽刺小说：儒林外史 2. 我国第一部介绍进化论的译作：严复译的赫胥黎的《天演论》，他是一个由不懂外，却成了翻译家的人。 3. 我国第一部个人创作的文言短篇小说集：聊斋志异 4. 我国新文学史上第一篇短篇小说是：狂人日记 5. 第一位开拓“童话园地”的作家是：叶圣陶 6. 我国第一部浪漫主义神话小说：西游记 7. 第一篇报告文学作品是：（夏衍）包身工 8. 新中国第一位获得“人民艺术家”称号的作家：老舍 .其作品是；龙须沟 9. 先秦时期的两大显学是：儒墨 10. 儒家两大代表人物是：孔丘和孟子，分别被尊至圣和亚圣。 11. 唐代开元，天宝年间，有两大词派，：以高适，岑参为代表的边塞诗以王维，孟在为代表
小学英语五年级（上册） 全册备课 对新课标理解： 现在的社会是向着全球化，社会化发展的，将来的地球不管是哪一个角落都是一我们地球林的一个村民，那么语言就成了一个统一交流的媒介，尤其是英语的重要性在这一进程中日益突出。 本次对于课程标准的重新更定是一次符合社会发展进程和基础教育进程的改革。重点是要改革英语课程的教学，过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授，忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养倾向，强调课程应从学生的学习兴趣、生活体验和认知水平出，倡导学生体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的必学途径，发展学生的综合语言运用能力，使语言学习的过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度，主动思维和大胆实践，提高跨文化意识和形成自主学习能力的过程。 做到这些要求，首先需要的就是学生浓厚的对英语学习的兴趣，那怎么样培养学生学习兴趣就成了一个基础话题，这一问题要面向全体学生，特别是要关注学生的个别差异引起的情感问题。帮助学生建立成就感和自信心。 在教学中注意创设能引导学生主动参与的教学环境，激发学生的学习积极性。使每个学生都能得到充分的发展。在这一过程中教学模式的转变起到了一定的作用，一定要从以老师为中心的教学模式身以学生为中心的教学模式转变。强调学生的参与和体验，强调采用多种形式的教学活动。比如可以利用我们学校已有的良好电教资源，听原版录音带练习发音，也可以利用网络找一些贴近课堂学习的情境对话或小动画，以更直接的方式引导学生学习英语，对英语产生浓厚的兴趣。 利用听、说促进学生写单词，写短语，写句子，写对话，不能反其道而行，又造成以往我们说的“哑吧英语”。 总的来说，新课标对发展学生自我主观能动性起到了很积极的作用。素质教育在其中深有体现。并且由升学教育向终身教育的转变等等都是很好的突破。在这一新课标的指导下，希望在英语教学中可以达到更好的效果。 Teaching contents: 本册书共六个单元，其中五个单元是精读课文，一个复习单元,而且每个单元都有听、说、读、写等多项练习。书后有分类清晰的词汇表，更有利于教师的教和学生的学。 Teaching Aims:
北师大版小学英语教材 一年级上册 人物：Mocky Ann Ken Uncle Booky Unit1 Hello 字母：A,B 单词：hello Ann Ken Mocky Uncle Booky a an am apple ant banana balloon monkey 句子：Hello！Hi！ I’m.... What’s your name? My name’s .... Stand up. Sit down. Unit2 About me 字母：C,D 单词：girl boy teacher please cat crocodile dog duck 句子：Ann is a girl. Touch your nose,please. Please sit down. Thank you. Unit3 At school 字母：E,F 单词：bag chair book pencil egg elephant fish frog this 句子：What’s this? It’s a .... Is it a ...? Yes./No. Take out your...,please. Unit4 Color 字母：G,H 单词：color yellow blue red green brown gift girl hat hammer 句子：What color? It’s.... Draw an apple. Color it red,please. Unit 5 Numbers 字母：I,J 单词：train one two three four five car doll ball teddy bear insect ice cream
小学英语北师大版1—5年级词汇分类统计表 ◆Q uestions疑问词: what什么、who谁、whose谁的、where在哪里、which哪一个、why为什么、 when什么时候、how怎样、 how old多大、how many多少、how much多少钱、what class哪个班、what grade哪个年级、what row哪排、what colour什么颜色、what day星期几 ◆Persons人称: I我，you你，he他，she她，it它，we我们，they他们，my我的，your 你的；你们的，his他的，her她的，its它的，our我们的，their 他们 ◆B e动词：am 、is、are was were ◆有：has、have、there is(are) has got have got ◆Colors颜色: blue蓝、yellow黄、red红、green绿、brown棕、purple紫、orange橙、pink粉、black黑 white白gray灰 ◆Animals动物: animal bird、cat dog、duck、fish、horse、monkey、panda、sheep、tiger pig fish ant、frog mouse、lion、rabbit、、fox goat、snake、cow、bear、、bee、giraffe、turtle、butterfly、deer、zebra、whale.、rat、rooster、shark、kangaroo、crocodile、elephant ◆Numbers数字:基数词：one、two、three、four、five、six、seven、eight、nine、ten、eleven、twelve、thirteen、fourteen、fifteen、sixteen、seventeen、eighteen、nineteen、twenty、thirty、forty、fifty、sixty、seventy、eighty、ninety、forty-five、one hundred 序数词：first、second、third、fourth、fifth、sixth, seventh、eighth、ninth、tenth ◆Clothes服装: clothes coat、ap dress、pants shirt、T-shirt、sweater、socks、shoes、shorts jacket、skirt、jeans、vest、trousers、hat、 ◆Food and drink饮食: cake、chicken、candy egg、food ice cream juice milk、noodles rice、soup、tea、water、bar、corn cookies French fries、honey、hamburger、hot dog、jam、pizza、pie、sandwich、salad、 ◆Fruit水果: a pple、banana, juice pear、peach orange watermelon、lemon、pineapple、grape、strawberry、cherry ◆Family members家庭成员:grandfather、grandmother、father、mother、brother、sister、aunt、uncle、friend parents、cousin、dad(daddy)daughter、son、 ◆Actions动作: am/ is—was 、are—were ask begin bring(brought) buy call clean climb close come (came ) cook cry dance do ( did ) draw ( drew ) drink ( drank ) eat find( found ) fly ( flew ) get ( got ) give ( gave ) go ( went ) feel ( felt ) hurt know ( knew ) look love let like listen live help hear ( heard ) have ( had ) hurt make (made ) meet (met ) open please play put read rain ride (rode ) run(ran) study sit (sat) sing(sang) say(said) sleep(slept) speak(spoke) snow stand stop study swim ( swam ) talk tell (told) take(took) travel try turn think(thought) use visit work write worry wear (wore) walk want watch wash wait spend (spent) show litter、happen leave ( left) touch move keep ( kept ) welcome、cough learn ( learnt ) stay knock、hurt lose ( lost ) pass catch、carry、skate teach( taught) collect paint sell(sold) close hit--hit 、sit—sat ◆Subjects科目: subject Chinese、math、music、P.E.、English、art、science ◆Places and rooms地点与房间: place bed house、classroom bedroom、home house kitchen room
《中国简史》读后感 欧阳学文 （内蒙古人民出版社吕思勉著） 培根说过：“读史使人明智”。我不是颇有研究的史学家，更不是文笔辛辣的评论家，相对于《中国简史》这本宏大的书，我显得太多于稚嫩，读不出它的缺失与不足，仅仅是读出了个皮毛，更加领会了—“读史使人明智”—这句话的经典。读《中国简史》我收获颇多。 原始时期人猿一步步进化发展，由四肢行走到直立行走，其间的神奇是说不清道不明的自然秘密。由元谋人到智人，他们的生理结构在发生变化，心理与行为上亦是如此。燧人氏“钻木取火，炮生为熟”，采集果实，打渔狩猎，群居洞穴，一切都是为了最基本的生存。再后来，生产资料渐渐丰富，他们也有了美的意识，粗糙的泥陶制品上开始有了最简朴的印记。各种丰富多彩的文化令我眼界大开，河姆渡文化，大汶口文化，黄河流域的仰韶文化，长江流域的新石器文化……令我不禁啧啧称奇，这是具有真实触感的人类进步。还有那些在我们记忆中根深蒂固的
传说，蚩尤貔貅，仓颉造文字，伶伦作乐器，嫘祖养蚕纺织，大挠作天干地支，大禹治水，尧禅让……这些神秘的传说为一切都带上了迷幻色彩，使历史不至于枯燥无味。看着这些传说，我觉得无比自豪，我们都知道我们是炎黄子孙！ 启建立了夏朝，“天下为公”的原始氏族社会瓦解了，子承父位的天下私有制登上了历史的舞台。自此，宿命般的朝代更替开始了。吕思勉先生按照时间顺序依次描写了各个朝代的兴衰。名说典故，文化发展，历史名人，将我们带入了一个神奇的世界！商汤灭夏桀，武王伐纣，春秋战国，秦的一统天下更是具有跨时代的意义，民风随和的魏晋南北朝，雍容华贵的隋唐……，政治斗争，时代更迭，仿佛看到了战火纷飞，旌旗摇摆，士兵坚毅的脸庞，王者睥睨天下的气魄，自然还有成王败寇的残酷，“兴，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦”的悲哀。历史不仅仅是时间的推移，更是文化的发展，文明的进步。司母戊鼎，四羊方尊，那斑驳的青铜器，端庄厚重，纹饰华美，反映的不仅仅是青铜文化特有的华贵稳重，那背后的高超技术更是值得我们后
北师大版小学英语四年级上册全册教案北京师范大学出版社小学英语四年级教案 全册备课 对新课标理解: 现在的社会是向着全球化，社会化发展的英语逐渐的成为我们生活中不可缺少的一部分，越来越被人重视，作为教育发展的重要环节，作为迎接未来世界的一把钥匙。 新课标强调课程应从学生的学习兴趣、生活体验和认知水平出，倡导学生体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的必学途径，发展学生的综合语言运用能力，使语言学习的过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度，主动思维和大胆实践，提高跨文化意识和形成自主学习能力的过程。 做到这些要求，首先需要的就是学生浓厚的对英语学习的兴趣，那怎么样培养学生学习兴趣就成了一个基础话题，这一问题要面向全体学生，特别是要关注学生的个别差异引起的情感问题。帮助学生建立成就感和自信心。 在教学中注意创设能引导学生主动参与的教学环境，激发学生的学习积极性。使每个学生都能得到充分的发展。在这一过程中教学模式的转变起到了一定的作用，一定要从以老师为中心的教学模式身以学生为中心的教学模式转变。强调学生的参与和体验，强调采用多种形式的教学活动。比如可以利用我们学校已有的良好电教资源，听原版录音带练习发音，也可以利用网络找一些贴近课堂学习的情境对话或小动画，以更直接的方式引导学生学习英语，对英语产生浓厚的兴趣。 总的来说，新课标对发展学生自我主观能动性起到了很积极的作用。素质教育在其中深有体现。并且由升学教育向终身教育的转变等等都是很好的突破。在这一新课标的指导下，希望在英语教学中可以达到更好的效果。 Teaching Aims:
知识技能: 1、 Listening: 充分利用学校的电教资源，在发展学生自主学习的基调上，让学生可以接触到更多、更直观的学习方式，比如听录音，看小动画等等。掌握部分日常用语，如:能听懂询问名子的问及回答，或问是谁的语句。辨别词中的字母的不同读法。 2、 Speaking: 根据本册书的教学要求，作为基本的主导方向，指导学生在教师为学生设计的教学情境中，能够正确运用问名子，问是谁，问是什么等等的语句，并能对所提问的句子做出适当的回答。 3、 Reading: 正确，流利的朗读和使用课文对话，正确读出与课文或练习中相关的单词，认读字母和带有此字母的单词。 4、 Writing: 以听、说、读的基础上，培养学生写的能力。正确描、写英语中的字母，能够摹仿老师的板书写简单的字母、单词和句子。 过程方法: 1、发挥老师的指导做用的同时，充分发挥学生的自我主观调动意识，且提高他 2、们自主学习的能力，但要注意教师在教的过程中，对学生思想的指导方向， 不能一味的任学生自己发展。三年级的学生在上课时有些时候上课意识并不强烈，这要求教师不能只是教授新知而以，在很大程度上是要引导学生的行为和思维。
（北师大版）《小学英语》（一年级起点）三册下 《Unit 9 Hot soup》Lesson 5 四川省成都市温江区永宁小学赖秀琴 四川省成都市温江区教育研究培训中心卫发昌 一、教学目标 1. 能熟练运用fresh, sweet, sour, hot，cold等描述事物特征的词汇来 描绘事物的特征。 2. 能正确认读：Is it (hot)?Yes,it is./ No,it isn’t. 3. 能按要求运用所学语言知识进行简单的游戏。 4. 能根据事物或相应的图片对词汇：fresh,sweet,sour,hot,cold,等词汇 建立正确的联想。 5. 能积极与他人合作，积极运用所学语言知识进行交流，增强学习 英语的兴趣，体验学习成功的乐趣。培养学生良好的听的习惯。 二、教材分析 本课时是《小学英语》（一年级起点）三年级下册Unit 9 的第５课时教学(page 34,page 29)。第一课时内容为：pages26-27第二课时为：page28,page31,第四课时为page30,page35,第五课时为page 34,page 29，第六课时为page32,page36,第七课时为page33,page37是在通过前面四课时的学习，学生基本掌握了用英语描述事物特征的基础上进行的教学。本课时的教学主要是让学生在玩演中继续运用核心句子和词汇，增强学生学习英语的兴趣。教材的重点是：运用核心句子：Is it (hot)? Yes it is. No it isn’t.进行游戏；能根据事物或图片对事物的特征作出正确判断。教材的难点：正确认读句型和词汇。 本课试图通过复习所学的描述事物特征的词引入词汇的认读教学，然后过渡到核心句型的认读教学，解决学生在认读上的难度。而后通过巩固练习词汇和句型，认读游戏中所要运用的一些词汇和句型，并在这里对游戏的内容进行拓展。学生通过有趣的玩演活动运用所学语言知识，在游戏中体验学习英语的乐趣，体验学习成功的乐趣，增强学习英语的兴趣，乐于用英语进行交流。培养学生在玩的过程中仔细倾听的习惯，从而对别人的提问做出正确的判断。教学中教师要注意游戏的示范和游戏的组织，促使学生自觉运用英语进行游戏。
北师大版小学三年级上册英语 单词： don’t left左边 right右边 again再；又 litter乱丢；乱扔 very good很 好 thank you谢谢 touch触；摸 move动；移动 money钱；货币 worry担心； 着急 cry哭；喊 parking停车 food食物；食品 smoking吸烟 camera照相机toy玩具 train火车 how much多少 altogether全部；总 the robot机器人change零钱；零头 Stop thief抓贼！ Will done干得好! eleven 11 twelve 12 thirteen 13 fourteen 14 fifteen 15 sixteen 16 seventeen 17 eighteen 18 nineteen 19 twenty 20 study书房 whose谁的 CD光盘 video录像带television电视 sorry对不起 walkman随身听 cassette盒式磁带 radio无线电；收音机 diskman CD播放机 table桌子 computer电脑 keyboard键盘（计算机） mouse鼠标 knock敲 door门 Welcome欢迎 living room客厅 bedroom 卧室 sleeping睡觉 bathroom洗手间 washing洗 here这里 river河流into进；入 kitchen厨房 cooking烹饪；做饭 studying学习 playing玩耍eating吃；食用 drinking喝；饮 painting画画；粉刷 Teachers’Day教师节playground运动场；操场 their他们的 office办公室 our我们的 school学校great极好的；棒的 math数学 English英语 music音乐 art美术 Chinese汉语；中文 P.E体育 Christmas圣诞节 Merry Christmas圣诞节快乐！ Party晚会；聚 会 gift礼物；礼品 parents家长；父母 open打开 句型： Don’t t ouch。不要摸、Do n’t wa lk。不要走D on’t li tte r 。不要乱丢No pa rki ng 不要停车No f ood不准吃东西N o sm oki ng 不要吸烟No ca mer as不要照相How mu ch is t he bal l？It’s el eve n Yuan。 How much ar e t hey？Th ey are ni net een Yua n。Her e is th e m one y. He re is your ch ang e. Whos e r adi o is thi s ？I t’s B obb y’s Wh ose wa lkm an is th is ? I t’s D ann y’s. Whos e C Ds ar e t hes e ? The y’re Ken’s . Wh ose p enc ils ar e tho se ? The y are An n’s .Wha t is he doi ng ?He i s sle epi ng .W hat i s she d oin g ? She is wa shi ng . What a re you d oin g ？I am ea tin g. Thi s is the l ivi ng ro om.Th is is t he kit che n. This is th e ba th r oom. This is b edr oom . Are t hes e ou r/y our/th eir b ooks？Yes ,th ey are. Are th ese ou r/y our/th eir bo oks? N o ,the y a ren’t. 北师大版小学三年级下册英语 单词： Rest aur ant餐厅m enu菜单l ike喜欢c hic ken鸡肉n ood le面条ve get abl es蔬菜frui t水果 f oo d食物 h ot d og热狗 Fr enc h fr ies炸薯条fri ed r ice炒米饭hamb urg er汉堡包c or n玉米ta l l高t re e树bi g大的pe aco c k孔雀sm al l小的youn g年轻tu rtle乌龟bad坏的goo d好的sh ort矮的；短的ol d年老的wom an 妇女man男人fat胖的th in瘦的long长的ani mal动物hu ngry饿，饥饿thir sty渴mi lk牛奶c old凉；凉的so up汤bowl碗f avo rite最喜欢的h ot
北师大版英语四年级（上）单元测试AB卷 Unit One A卷 听力部分(20分) 一、听录音，写单词。（5分） 1、2、3、4、5、 二、听录音，标序号。（5分） vet hurt do nurs go home （）( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 三、根据你所听到的句子判断正（T）误(F) （5分） 1、How much is it? ( ) 2、Don’t walk! ( ) 3、Here’s your money. ( ) 4、No smoking. ( ) 5、I am Mocky. ( ) 四、听录音，在你所听到的单词或字母后面的括号里打“√”。（5分） 1、food ( ) 2、smock ( ) 3、walk ( ) 4、touch ( ) 5、litter ( ) 笔试部分（80分） 一、英汉互译。（10分） 1、触摸： 2、食物： 3、相机： 4、No smocking. 5、Don’t litter. 二、将单词写在正确的类别栏里。（10分） lion, pen, egg, school, goose, noodles, dog ,notebook, ice-cream, book
1、动物类________ _________ __________- 2、文具类________ _________ __________- 3、食品类________ _________ __________ 三、根据问句，选择合适的答句。(将合适的序号填在横线上) （15分） 1. How are you, Helen? __________ 2. Look at her coat. _________ 3. Good morning, Gao Shan.. __________ 4. Go to bed now. _________ 5. Let’s go to the park. _________ 四、选词填空。（10分） 1. ________ am a student. (I, My, Me) 2. ________ is thin. (she, She, Her) 3. ________ friend is tall. (I, We, My) 4. ________ name is Sam. (He, his, His) 5. ______schoolbag is heavy. (Your, your, You)
北师大版小学英语各年级知识点汇总5 四年级上语音知识：元音字母在开、闭音节中的发音；th 在不同单词中的不同发音；字母组合wh, ar, ir, ur,在单词中的发音； Unit 7 Structures: Today is Monday. Do you go to school every day? We go to school on Monday, Tuesday…What do you do on Monday? What does he/she do on Friday? What day is it today? Words: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday day week every diary tomorrow English class swimming music class shopping birthday party visit holiday go play Unit 8 Structures: What time is it? It’s four o’clock. We’re late. It’s time for…It’s time to … Words: early late time o’clock hurry Unit 9 Structures: When do you eat breakfast? Ann always eats breakfast in the morning.
What does he/she do in the morning? He/She often goes to the store. Words: always usually often sometimes never breakfast lunch dinner in the morning afternoon at night when get up go to bed eat sleep OK home Unit 10 Structures: Let’s go to a movie. What time does it start? Do you have enough money? We go by bus Shall we go swimming? Words: movie start enough money spend amusement park dinosaur watch take bus come home by Unit 11 Structures: What are we going to do today? We’re going to visit Uncle Jack. It’s going to be a fine/ cold/ hot/ windy/ rainy day. It’s going to be sunny. She/He is going to …I’m/ We’re going to … What’s the weather like? It’s windy. Words: weather rain cloud cloudy wind windy rainy sun sunny fine hot warm cold cool
北师大版小学英语各年级知识点汇总 Grade Two Unit 1 Structures: Hello! What’s your name? My name’s …I’m … Words: hello what’s your name my children is good morning Unit 2 Structures: This is …How are you ? I’m fine, thank you. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too. Show me a pencil. Stand up. Sit down. Open your books. Words: pencil sharpener pencil box ruler eraser book pencil pen Unit 3 Structures: Who’s this/ that? This/ That is (not) …She/ He is from … Words: who’s that who Britain Canada America China Unit 4 Structures: Who’s that? That’s / This is my … Words: father mother brother sister uncle aunt
grandfather grandmother family me Unit 5 Structures: He’s my father. That’s his boat. How old is he? He’s … She’s my mother. That is her car. Words: he she your her his boat room computer lemon mom dad 语法知识：能够用物主代词表达物品的归属。 二年级上语音：体会字母在单词中的发音（元音字母在闭音节中的发音） Unit 7 Structures: What’s this/ that? It’s a … Is it a …? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. Words: it’s banana nut it pear yes no strawberry orange peach watermelon kiwi fruit pineapple grapes Unit 8 Structures: What are these/ those? They’re … Are these/ those …? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. Words: are these they’re tomatoes those beans mushrooms they cabbages aren’t onions
（北师大版）六年级英语毕业试卷 一、判断下列单词划线部分的发音是否相同，用“√”，“×”，表示在括号内。（）1. five thin （）2. use usually （）3. lake wait （）4. phone bottle （）5. me he （）6. lot note （）7. over old （）8. tree eat （）9. slow down （）10. horse work 二、用直线连接下列英文单词和对应的中文意思。 1. 2. busy 电影院 a bottle of 打开 cinema 电话next time 寻找 phone 忙碌的turn on 在家里 tomorrow 音乐at home 下次 music 明天look for 一瓶 三、选择填空，将答案的标号填入括号内。 （）1. I’ve got a toothache. I’m going to see the _______. A. park B. doctor C. teacher D. hospital （）2. －May I ______ your bike? －Sure. A. ride B. riding C. read D. to ride （）3. －Whose ruler is it? －Maybe it’s ______. A. Peter B. Peters C. Mary’s D. Peters’ （）4. I want to see a film. I’m going to the _____. A. cinema B. school C. museum D. bank （）5. －_____ will you do this Sunday? －I’l l play football. A. What B. When C. Where D. How （）6. －What is she doing? －She _______. A. has a cold B. will dance C. is dancing D. usually goes swimming （）7. Mrs Arthur can _______ piano. A. played the B. played C. plays the D. play the （）8. －_____ does your father do? －He’s an engineer. A. Who B. What C. Which D. How old （）9. My father ______ a new car. He ______ it very much. A. have, like B. has, likes C. has, like D. have, likes （）10. What time will he _______ back tomorrow? A. be B. is C. am D. are 四、从B栏中选出适合A栏的答语： A B （）1. What will your dad do next week? a. He is a doctor.