What Is Active Directory Replication T opology?
Updated: November 19, 2014
Applies To: Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows Server 2003 with SP2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2
What Is Active Directory Replication Topology?
In this section
?Replication Within and Between Sites
?Technologies Related to Active Directory Replication Topology
?Active Directory Replication Topology Dependencies
?Related Information
Replication of updates to Active Directory objects are transmitted between multiple domain controllers to keep replicas of directory partitions synchronized. Multiple domains are common in large organizations, as are multiple sites in disparate locations. In addition, domain Note
and forest data consistent among domain controllers that store the same directory partitions. Site objects can be configured to include a set of subnets that provide local area network (LAN) network speeds. As such, replication within sites generally occurs at high speeds between domain controllers that are on the same network segment. Similarly, site link objects can be configured to represent the wide area network (WAN) links that connect LANs. Replication between sites usually occurs over these WAN links, which might be costly in terms of bandwidth. To accommodate the differences in distance and cost of replication within a site and replication between sites, the intrasite replication topology is created to optimize speed, and the intersite replication topology is created to minimize cost.
The Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC) is a distributed application that runs on every domain controller and is responsible for creating the connections between domain controllers that collectively form the replication topology. The KCC uses Active Directory data to
determine where (from what source domain controller to what destination domain controller) to create these connections.
Replication Within and Between Sites
The KCC creates separate replication topologies to transfer Active Directory updates within a site and between all configured sites in the forest. The connections that are used for replication within sites are created automatically with no additional configuration. Intrasite replication takes advantage of LAN network speeds by providing replication as soon as changes occur, without the overhead of data compression, thus maximizing CPU efficiency. Intrasite replication connections form a ring topology with extra shortcut connections where needed to decrease latency. The fast replication of updates within sites facilitates timely updates of domain data. In deployments where large datacenters constitute hub sites for the centralization of mission-critical operations, directory consistency is critical.
Replication between sites is made possible by user-defined site and site link objects that are created in Active Directory to represent the physical LAN and WAN network infrastructure. When Active Directory sites and site links are configured, the KCC creates an intersite topology so that replication flows between domain controllers across WAN links. Intersite replication occurs according to a site link schedule so that WAN usage can be controlled, and is compressed to reduce network bandwidth requirements. Site link settings can be managed to optimize replication routing over WAN links. The connections that are created between sites form a spanning tree for each directory partition in the forest, merging where common directory partitions can be replicated over the same connection.
In remote branch locations, replication of updates from the hub sites is optimized for network availability. Thus, because intrasite replication is optimized for speed, branch locations across WAN links can be assured of receiving data from hub sites that is up-to-date and reliable; but because intersite replication is scheduled, branch sites receive this replication only at intervals that are deemed appropriate and cost-effective for remote operations. Technologies Related to Active Directory Replication Topology
The following technologies interact with Active Directory replication.
File Replication Service
File Replication service (FRS) is related to Active Directory replication because it requires the Active Directory replication topology. FRS is a multimaster replication service that is used to replicate files and folders in the system volume (SYSVOL) shared folder on domain controllers and in Distributed File System (DFS) shared folders. FRS works by detecting changes to files and folders and then replicating the updated files and folders to other replica members, which are connected in a replication topology.
FRS uses the replication topology that is generated by the KCC to replicate the SYSVOL files to all domain controllers in the domain. SYSVOL files are required by all domain controllers for Active Directory to function. For more information about FRS and how it uses the Active
Directory replicat ion topology, see ―FRS Technical Reference‖. For more information about SYSVOL, see ―Data Store Technical Reference.‖
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a packaging protocol that can be used as an alternative to the remote procedure call (RPC) replication transport. SMTP can be used to transport nondomain replication over IP networks in mail-message format. Where networks are not fully routed, e-mail is sometimes the only transport method available.
Active Directory Replication Topology Dependencies Active Directory replication topology has the following dependencies:
?Routable IP infrastructure. The replication topology is dependent upon a routable IP infrastructure from which you can map IP subnet address ranges to site objects. This
mapping generates the information that is used by client workstations to
communicate with domain controllers that are close by, when there is a choice, rather than those that are located across WAN links.
?DNS. The Domain Name System (DNS) resolves DNS names to IP addresses. Active Directory replication topology requires that DNS is properly designed and deployed so that domain controllers can correctly resolve the DNS names of replication partners.
DNS also stores service (SRV) resource records that provide site affinity information to clients searching for domain controllers, including domain controllers that are
searching for replication partners. Every domain controller registers these records so
that they can be located according to site.
?Net Logon service. Net Logon is required for DNS registrations.
?RPC. Active Directory replication requires IP connectivity and RPC to transfer updates between replication partners within sites. RPC is required for replication between two sites containing domain controllers in the same domain, but SMTP is an alternative
where RPC cannot be used and domain controllers for the same domain are all located in one site so that intersite replication of domain data is not required.
?Intersite Messaging. Intersite Messaging is required for SMTP intersite replication and for site coverage calculations. If the forest functional level is Windows 2000,
Intersite Messaging is also required for intersite topology generation.
The following diagram shows the interaction of these technologies with the replication topology, which is indicated by the two-way connections between each set of domain controllers.
Replication Topology and Dependent Technologies
How Active Directory Replication T opology Works Updated: November 19, 2014
Applies To: Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows Server 2003 with SP2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2
How Active Directory Replication Topology Works
In this section
?Active Directory KCC Architecture and Processes
?Replication Topology Physical Structure
?Performance Limits for Replication Topology Generation
?Goals of Replication Topology
?Topology-Related Objects in Active Directory
?Replication Transports
?Replication Between Sites
?KCC and Topology Generation
?Network Ports Used by Replication Topology
?Related Information
Active Directory implements a replication topology that takes advantage of the network speeds within sites, which are ideally configured to be equivalent to local area network (LAN) connectivity (network speed of 10 megabits per second [Mbps] or higher). The replication topology also minimizes the use of potentially slow or expensive wide area network (WAN) Note
(IP) subnets with the site. Each domain controller in a forest is associated with an Active Directory site. A client workstation is associated with a site according to its IP address; that is, each IP address maps to one subnet, which in turn maps to one site.
Active Directory uses sites to:
?Optimize replication for speed and bandwidth consumption between domain controllers.
?Locate the closest domain controller for client logon, services, and directory searches.
?Direct a Distributed File System (DFS) client to the server that is hosting the requested data within the site.
?Replicate the system volume (SYSVOL), a collection of folders in the file system that exists on each domain controller in a domain and is required for implementation of
Group Policy.
The ideal environment for replication topology generation is a forest that has a forest functional level of at least Windows Server 2003. In this case, replication topology generation is faster and can accommodate more sites and domains than occurs when the forest has a forest functional level of Windows 2000. When at least one domain controller in each site is running Windows Server 2003, more domain controllers in each site can be used to replicate changes between sites than when all domain controllers are running Windows 2000 Server. In addition, replication topology generation requires the following conditions: ? A Domain Name System (DNS) infrastructure that manages the name resolution for domain controllers in the forest. Active Directory–integrated DNS is assumed, wherein DNS zone data is stored in Active Directory and is replicated to all domain controllers that are DNS servers.
?All physical locations that are represented as site objects in Active Directory have LAN connectivity.
?IP connectivity is available between each site and all sites in the same forest that host operations master roles.
?Domain controllers meet the hardware requirements for Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition; Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition; and Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition.
?The appropriate number of domain controllers is deployed for each domain that is represented in each site.
This section covers the replication components that create the replication topology and how they work together, plus the mechanisms and rationale for routing replication traffic between domain controllers in the same site and in different sites.
Active Directory KCC Architecture and Processes
The replication topology is generated by the Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC), a replication component that runs as an application on every domain controller and communicates through the distributed Active Directory database. The KCC functions locally by reading, creating, and deleting Active Directory data. Specifically, the KCC reads configuration data and reads and writes connection objects. The KCC also writes local, nonreplicated attribute values that indicate the replication partners from which to request replication.
For most of its operation, the KCC that runs on one domain controller does not communicate directly with the KCC on any other domain controller. Rather, all KCCs use the knowledge of the common, global data that is stored in the configuration directory partition as input to the topology generation algorithm to converge on the same view of the replication topology. Each KCC uses its in-memory view of the topology to create inbound connections locally, manifesting only those results that apply to itself. The KCC communicates with other KCCs only to make a remote procedure call (RPC) request for replication error information. The KCC uses the error information to identify gaps in the replication topology. A request for replication error information occurs only between domain controllers in the same site.
Note
?The KCC uses only RPC to communicate with the directory service. The KCC does not use Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).
One domain controller in each site is selected as the Intersite Topology Generator (ISTG). To enable replication across site links, the ISTG automatically designates one or more servers to perform site-to-site replication. These servers are called bridgehead servers. A bridgehead is a point where a connection leaves or enters a site.
The ISTG creates a view of the replication topology for all sites, including existing connection objects between all domain controllers that are acting as bridgehead servers. The ISTG then creates inbound connection objects for servers in its site that it determines will act as bridgehead servers and for which connection objects do not already exist. Thus, the scope of
operation for the KCC is the local server only, and the scope of operation for the ISTG is a single site.
Each KCC has the following global knowledge about objects in the forest, which it gets by reading objects in the Sites container of the configuration directory partition and which it uses to generate a view of the replication topology:
?Sites
?Servers
?Site affiliation of each server
?Global catalog servers
?Directory partitions stored by each server
?Site links
?Site link bridges
Detailed information about these configuration components and their functionality is provided later in this section.
The following diagram shows the KCC architecture on servers in the same forest in two sites. KCC Architecture and Processes
The architecture and process components in the preceding diagram are described in the following table.
KCC Architecture and Process Components
generate connection objects on the basis of the current state of Active Directory data in the configuration directory partition. In addition to creating its view of the servers in its respective site, the KCC that operates as the ISTG in each site also creates a view of all servers in all sites in the forest. From this view, the ISTG determines the connections to create on the bridgehead servers in its own site.
Note
A connection requires two endpoints: one for the destination domain controller and
one for the source domain controller. Domain controllers creating an intrasite
topology always use themselves as the destination end point and must consider only
the endpoint for the source domain controller. The ISTG, however, must identify both
endpoints in order to create connection objects between two other servers.
Thus, the KCC creates two types of topologies: intrasite and intersite. Within a site, the KCC creates a ring topology by using all servers in the site. To create the intersite topology, the ISTG in each site uses a view of all bridgehead servers in all sites in the forest. The following diagram shows a high-level generalization of the view that the KCC sees of an intrasite ring topology and the view that the ISTG sees of the intersite topology. Lines between domain controllers within a site represent inbound and outbound connections between the servers. The lines between sites represent configured site links. Bridgehead servers are represented as BH.
KCC and ISTG Views of Intrasite and Intersite Topology
Replication Topology Physical Structure
The Active Directory replication topology can use many different components. Some components are required and others are not required but are available for optimization. The following diagram illustrates most replication topology components and their place in a sample Active Directory multisite and multidomain forest. The depiction of the intersite topology that uses multiple bridgehead servers for each domain assumes that at least one domain controller in each site is running at least Windows Server 2003. All components of this diagram and their interactions are explained in detail later in this section.
Replication Topology Physical Structure
In the preceding diagram, all servers are domain controllers. They independently use global knowledge of configuration data to generate one-way, inbound connection objects. The KCCs in a site collectively create an intrasite topology for all domain controllers in the site. The ISTGs from all sites collectively create an intersite topology. Within sites, one-way arrows indicate the
inbound connections by which each domain controller replicates changes from its partner in the ring. For intersite replication, one-way arrows represent inbound connections that are created by the ISTG of each site from bridgehead servers (BH) for the same domain (or from a global catalog server [GC] acting as a bridgehead if the domain is not present in the site) in other sites that share a site link. Domains are indicated as D1, D2, D3, and D4.
Each site in the diagram represents a physical LAN in the network, and each LAN is represented as a site object in Active Directory. Heavy solid lines between sites indicate WAN links over which two-way replication can occur, and each WAN link is represented in Active Directory as a site link object. Site link objects allow connections to be created between bridgehead servers in each site that is connected by the site link.
Not shown in the diagram is that where TCP/IP WAN links are available, replication between sites uses the RPC replication transport. RPC is always used within sites. The site link between Site A and Site D uses the SMTP protocol for the replication transport to replicate the configuration and schema directory partitions and global catalog partial, read-only directory partitions. Although the SMTP transport cannot be used to replicate writable domain directory partitions, this transport is required because a TCP/IP connection is not available between Site A and Site D. This configuration is acceptable for replication because Site D does not host domain controllers for any domains that must be replicated over the site link A-D.
By default, site links A-B and A-C are transitive (bridged), which means that replication of domain D2 is possible between Site B and Site C, although no site link connects the two sites. The cost values on site links A-B and A-C are site link settings that determine the routing preference for replication, which is based on the aggregated cost of available site links. The cost of a direct connection between Site C and Site B is the sum of costs on site links A-B and A-C. For this reason, replication between Site B and Site C is automatically routed through Site A to avoid the more expensive, transitive route. Connections are created between Site B and Site C only if replication through Site A becomes impossible due to network or bridgehead server conditions.
Performance Limits for Replication Topology Generation
Active Directory topology generation performance is limited primarily by the memory on the domain controller. KCC performance degrades at the physical memory limit. In most deployments, topology size will be limited by the amount of domain controller memory rather than CPU utilization required by the KCC.
Scaling of sites and domains is improved in Windows Server 2003 by improving the algorithm that the KCC uses to generate the intersite replication topology. Because all domain controllers must use the same algorithm to arrive at a consistent view of the replication topology, the improved algorithm has a forest functional level requirement of Windows Server 2003 or Windows Server 2003 interim.
KCC scalability was tested on domain controllers with 1.8 GHz processor speed,
512 megabytes (MB) RAM, and small computer system interface (SCSI) disks. KCC performance results at forest functional levels that are at least Windows Server 2003 are described in the following table. The times shown are for the KCC to run where all new connections are needed
(maximum) and where no new connections are needed (minimum). Because most organizations add domain controllers in increments, the minimum generation times shown are closest to the actual runtimes that can be expected in deployments of comparable sizes. The CPU and memory usage values for the Local Security Authority (LSA) process (Lsass.exe) indicate the more significant impact of memory versus percent of CPU usage when the KCC runs.
Note
Active Directory runs as part of the LSA, which manages authentication packages and authenticates users and services.
Minimum and Maximum KCC Generation Times for Domain-Site Combinations
limitations might affect performance and scalability. A limitation of note is that when FRS is deployed, a limit of 1,200 domain controllers per domain is recommended to ensure reliable recovery of SYSVOL.
For more information about FRS limitations, see ―FRS Technical Reference.‖ For more information about the functional level requirements for the intersite topology generation algorithm, see ―Automated Intersite Topology Generation‖ later in this section. Goals of Replication Topology
The KCC generates a replication topology that achieves the following goals: ?Connect every directory partition replica that must be replicated.
?Control replication latency and cost.
?Route replication between sites.
?Effect client affinity.
By default, the replication topology is managed automatically and optimizes existing connections. However, manual connections created by an administrator are not modified or optimized.
Connect Directory Partition Replicas
The total replication topology is actually composed of several underlying topologies, one for each directory partition. In the case of the schema and configuration directory partitions, a single topology is created. The underlying topologies are merged to form the minimum number of connections that are required to replicate each directory partition between all domain controllers that store replicas. Where the connections for directory partitions are
identical between domain controllers — for example, two domain controllers store the same domain directory partition — a single connection can be used for replication of updates to the domain, schema, and configuration directory partitions.
A separate replication topology is also created for application directory partitions. However, in the same manner as schema and configuration directory partitions, application directory partitions can use the same topology as domain directory partitions. When application and domain directory partitions are common to the source and destination domain controllers, the KCC does not create a separate connection for the application directory partition.
A separate topology is not created for the partial replicas that are stored on global catalog servers. The connections that are needed by a global catalog server to replicate each partial replica of a domain are part of the topology that is created for each domain.
The routes for the following directory partitions or combinations of directory partitions are aggregated to arrive at the overall topology:
?Configuration and schema within a site.
?Each writable domain directory partition within a site.
?Each application directory partition within a site.
?Global catalog read-only, partial domain directory partitions within a site.
?Configuration and schema between sites.
?Each writable domain directory partition between sites.
?Each application directory partition between sites.
?Global catalog read-only, partial domain directory partitions between sites. Replication transport protocols determine the manner in which replication data is transferred over the network media. Your network environment and server configuration dictates the transports that you can use. For more information about transports, see ―Replication Transports‖ later in this section.
Control Replication Latency and Cost
Replication latency is inherent in a multimaster directory service. A period of replication latency begins when a directory update occurs on an originating domain controller and ends when replication of the change is received on the last domain controller in the forest that requires the change. Generally, the latency that is inherent in a WAN link is relative to a combination of the speed of the connection and the available bandwidth. Replication cost is an administrative value that can be used to indicate the latency that is associated with different replication routes between sites. A lower-cost route is preferred by the ISTG when generating the replication topology.
Site topology is the topology as represented by the physical network: the LANs and WANs that connect domain controllers in a forest. The replication topology is built to use the site
topology. The site topology is represented in Active Directory by site objects and site link objects. These objects influence Active Directory replication to achieve the best balance between replication speed and the cost of bandwidth utilization by distinguishing between replication that occurs within a site and replication that must span sites. When the KCC creates replication connections between domain controllers to generate the replication topology, it creates more connections between domain controllers in the same site than between domain controllers in different sites. The results are lower replication latency within a site and less replication bandwidth utilization between sites.
Within sites, replication is optimized for speed as follows:
?Connections between domain controllers in the same site are always arranged in a ring, with possible additional connections to reduce latency.
?Replication within a site is triggered by a change notification mechanism when an update occurs, moderated by a short, configurable delay (because groups of updates
frequently occur together).
?Data is sent uncompressed, and thus without the processing overhead of data compression.
Between sites, replication is optimized for minimal bandwidth usage (cost) as follows: ?Replication data is compressed to minimize bandwidth consumption over WAN links.
?Store-and-forward replication makes efficient use of WAN links — each update crosses an expensive link only once.
?Replication occurs at intervals that you can schedule so that use of expensive WAN links is managed.
?The intersite topology is a layering of spanning trees (one intersite connection between any two sites for each directory partition) and generally does not contain
redundant connections.
Route Replication Between Sites
The KCC uses the information in Active Directory to identify the least-cost routes for replication between sites. If a domain controller is unavailable at the time the replication topology is created, making replication through that site impossible, the next least-cost route is used. This rerouting is automatic when site links are bridged (transitive), which is the default setting.
Replication is automatically routed around network failures and offline domain controllers. Effect Client Affinity
Active Directory clients locate domain controllers according to their site affiliation. Domain controllers register SRV resource records in the DNS database that map the domain controller
to a site. When a client requests a connection to a domain controller (for example, when logging on to a domain computer), the domain controller Locator uses the site SRV resource record to locate a domain controller with good connectivity whenever possible. In this way, a client locates a domain controller within the same site, thereby avoiding communications over WAN links.
Sites can also be used by certain applications, such as DFS, to ensure that clients locate servers that are within the site or, if none is available, a server in the next closest site. If the ISTG is running Windows Server 2003 or later server operating systems, you can specify an alternate site based on connection cost if no same-site servers are available. This DFS feature, called ―site costing,‖ is new in Windows Server 2003.
For more information about the domain controller Locator, see ―DNS Support for Active Directory Technical Reference.‖ For more information about DFS site costing, see ―DFS Technical Reference.‖
Topology-Related Objects in Active Directory
Active Directory stores replication topology information in the configuration directory partition. Several configuration objects define the components that are required by the KCC to establish and implement the replication topology.
Active Directory Sites and Services is the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in that you can use to view and manage the hierarchy of objects that are used by the KCC to construct the replication topology. The hierarchy is displayed as the contents of the Sites container, which is a child object of the Configuration container. The Configuration container is not identified in the Active Directory Sites and Services UI. The Sites container contains an object for each site in the forest. In addition, Sites contains the Subnets container, which contains subnet definitions in the form of subnet objects.
The following figure shows a sample hierarchy, including two sites: Default-First-Site-Name and Site A. The selected NTDS Settings object of the server MHDC3 in the site
Default-First-Site-Name displays the inbound connections from MHDC4 in the same site and from A-DC-01 in Site A. In addition to showing that MHDC3 and MHDC4 perform intrasite replication, this configuration indicates that MHDC3 and A-DC-01 are bridgehead servers that are replicating the same domain between Site A and Default-First-Site-Name.
Sites Container Hierarchy
Site and Subnet Objects
Sites are effective because they map to specific ranges of subnet addresses, as identified in Active Directory by subnet objects. The relationship between sites and subnets is integral to Active Directory replication.
Site Objects
A site object (class site) corresponds to a set of one or more IP subnets that have LAN connectivity. Thus, by virtue of their subnet associations, domain controllers that are in the same site are well connected in terms of speed. Each site object has a child NTDS Site Settings object and a Servers container. The distinguished name of the Sites container is
CN=Sites,CN=Configuration,DC=ForestRootDomainName. The Configuration container is the topmost object in the configuration directory partition and the Sites container is the topmost object in the hierarchy of objects that are used to manage and implement Active Directory replication.
When you install Active Directory on the first domain controller in the forest, a site object named Default-First-Site-Name is created in the Sites container in Active Directory.
Subnet Objects
Subnet objects (class subnet) define network subnets in Active Directory. A network subnet is a segment of a TCP/IP network to which a set of logical IP addresses is assigned. Subnets group computers in a way that identifies their physical proximity on the network. Subnet objects in Active Directory are used to map computers to sites. Each subnet object has
a siteObject attribute that links it to a site object.
Subnet-to-Site Mapping
You associate a set of IP subnets with a site if they have high-bandwidth LAN connectivity, possibly involving hops through high-performance routers.
Note
?LAN connectivity assumes high-speed, inexpensive bandwidth that allows similar and reliable network performance, regardless of which two computers in the site are
communicating. This quality of connectivity does not indicate that all servers in the site must be on the same network segment or that hop counts between all servers must be identical. Rather, it is the measure by which you know that if a large amount of data
needs to be copied from one server to another, it does not matter which servers are
involved. If you find that you are concerned about such situations, consider creating
another site.
When you create subnet objects in Active Directory, you associate them with site objects so that IP addresses can be localized according to sites. During the process of domain controller location, subnet information is used to find a domain controller in the same site as, or the site closest to, the client computer. The Net Logon service on a domain controller is able to identify the site of a client by mapping the client’s IP address to a subnet object in Active Directory. Likewise, when a domain controller is installed, its server object is created in the site that contains the subnet that maps to its IP address.
You can use Active Directory Sites and Services to define subnets, and then create a site and associate the subnets with the site. By default, only members of the Enterprise Admins group have the right to create new sites, although this right can be delegated.
In a default Active Directory installation, there is no default subnet object, so potentially a computer can be in the forest but have an IP subnet that is not contained in any site. For private networks, you can specify the network addresses that are provided by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). By definition, that range covers all of the subnets for the organization. However, where several class B or class C addresses are assigned, there would necessarily be multiple subnet objects that all mapped to the same default site.
To accommodate this situation, use the following subnets:
?For class B addresses, subnet 128.0.0.0/2 covers all class B addresses.
?For class C addresses, subnet 192.0.0.0/3 covers all class C addresses.
Note
?The Active Directory Sites and Services MMC snap-in neither checks nor enforces IP address mapping when you move a server object to a different site. You must manually change the IP address on the domain controller to ensure proper mapping of the IP
address to a subnet in the appropriate site.
Server Objects
Server objects (class server) represent server computers, including domain controllers, in the configuration directory partition. When you install Active Directory, the installation process creates a server object in the Servers container within the site to which the IP address of the domain controller maps. There is one server object for each domain controller in the site.
A server object is distinct from the computer object that represents the computer as a security principal. These objects are in separate directory partitions and have separate globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). The computer object represents the domain controller in the domain directory partition; the server object represents the domain controller in the configuration directory partition. The server object contains a reference to the associated computer object. The server object for the first domain controller in the forest is created in the
Default-First-Site-Name site. When you install Active Directory on subsequent servers, if no other sites are defined, server objects are created in Default-First-Site-Name. If other sites have been defined and subnet objects have been associated with these sites, server objects are created as follows:
?If additional sites have been defined in Active Directory and the IP address of the installation computer matches an existing subnet in a defined site, the domain
controller is added to that site.
?If additional sites have been defined in Active Directory and the new domain controller's IP address does not match an existing subnet in one of the defined sites,
the new domain controller's server object is created in the site of the source domain
controller from which the new domain controller receives its initial replication. When Active Directory is removed from a server, its NTDS Settings object is deleted from Active Directory, but its server object remains because the server object might contain objects other than NTDS Settings. For example, when Microsoft Operations Manager or Message Queuing is running on a domain controller, these applications create child objects beneath the server object.
NTDS Settings Objects
The NTDS Settings object (class nTDSDSA) represents an instantiation of Active Directory on that server and distinguishes a domain controller from other types of servers in the site or from decommissioned domain controllers. For a specific server object, the NTDS Settings object contains the individual connection objects that represent the inbound connections from other domain controllers in the forest that are currently available to send changes to this domain controller.
Note
?The NTDS Settings object should not be manually deleted.
The hasMasterNCs multivalued attribute (where ―NC‖ stands for ―naming context,‖ a synonym for ―directory partition‖) of an NTDS Settings object contains the distinguished names for the set of writable (non-global-catalog) directory partitions that are located on that domain controller, as follows:
?DC=Configuration,DC=ForestRootDomainName
?DC=Schema,DC=Configuration,DC=ForestRootDomainName
?DC=DomainName,DC=ForestRootDomainName
The msDSHasMasterNCs attribute is new attribute introduced in Windows Server 2003, and this attribute of the NTDS Settings object contains values for the above-named directory partitions as well as any application directory partitions that are stored by the domain controller. Therefore, on domain controllers that are DNS servers and use Active
Directory–integrated DNS zones, the following values appear in addition to the default directory partitions:
?DC=ForestDNSZones,DC=ForestRootDomainName (domain controllers in the forest root domain only)
?DC=DomainDNSZones,DC=DomainName,DC=ForestRootDomainName (all domain controllers)
Applications that need to retrieve the list of all directory partitions that are hosted by a domain controller can be updated or written to use the msDSHasMasterNCs attribute. Applications that need to retrieve only domain directory partitions can continue to use
the hasMasterNCs attribute.
For more information about these attributes, see Active Directory in the Microsoft Platform SDK on MSDN.
Connection Objects
A connection object (class nTDSConnection) defines a one-way, inbound route from one domain controller (the source) to the domain controller that stores the connection object (the destination). The KCC uses information in cross-reference objects to create the appropriate connection objects, which enable domain controllers that store the same directory partitions to replicate with each other. The KCC creates connections for every server object in the Sites container that has an NTDS Settings object.
The connection object is a child of the replication destination’s NTDS Settings object, and the connection object references the replication source domain controller in
the fromServer attribute on the connection object — that is, it represents the inbound half of a connection. The connection object contains a replication schedule and specifies a replication transport. The connection object schedule is derived from the site link schedule for
1) With the rapid improvement in.../growing awareness of..., more and more.../sth.... 1 随着…的飞速发展/越来越多的关注，越来越… (e.g. With the considerable improvement in building industry, more and more structures are being erected to set the people's minds at ease.) 例：随着建筑业的大力推进，人们对建立越来越多的房屋建筑感到宽心。 2) Recently, sth./the problem of...has been brought to popular attention/ has become the focus of public concern. 2 近来，某事/某问题引起了人们的普遍关注/成了公众关注的焦点。 (e.g. Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.) 例：近来失业问题引起了人们的普遍关注，各级政府已把它列为首要议程。 3) One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that... 3 我们面临的一个普遍问题是… /一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题 是… (e.g. One of the universal issues that draw (cause) growing concern is whether it is wise of man to have invented the automobile.) 例：一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题是，发明汽车是否为人 4) In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in.. . 4 在过去的几年里，…经历了突飞猛进/迅猛增长/下降。 (e.g. In the past ten years, there has been a sharp decline in the number of species.) 例：在过去的几年里，物种数量骤然下降。 5) Nowadays, more/most important/dangerous for our society is... 5 如今对我们社会更（最）为重要的（危险的）事情是… (e.g. Nowadays, most dangerous for our society is the tendency to take advantage of each other in political circles.) 例：对我们社会最为危险的事情是政界倾向于互相利用。 6) According to the information given in the table/graph, we can find that... 6 根据图表资料，我们可以发现… 7) As can be seen from the table/graph/figure, there is a marked increase /decline/favorable (an unfavorable) change in... 7 根据图表（数字）显示，…明显增长（下降）/发生了有利（不利）变化。 8) As we can see from the table/graph/figure above, drastic/considerable/ great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...(年份)to...( 年份) 8 据上面图表（数字）所示，从某年到某年某方面发生了剧烈的（相当大的；巨大的）变化。
《数字电子技术》课程标准 一、课程简介 （一）课程性质 《数字电子技术》基础课程是电气工程及其自动化专业本科生在电子技术方面入门性质的技术基础课，具有自身的体系和很强的实践性。本课程通过对常用电子器件、数字电路及其系统的分析和设计的学习，使学生获得数字电子技术方面的基本知识、基本理论和基本技能，为深入学习数字电子技术及其在专业中的应用打好基础。本课程在第三学期开设，其前导课程是《高等数学》、《电路原理》、《模拟电子技术》，后续课程是《单片机接口技术》、《电气控制与PLC》等。 （二）课程任务 本课程的主要任务是使学生掌握数字电路与系统的工作原理和分析设计方法；学会使用标准的集成电路和高密度可编程逻辑器件，掌握数字系统的基本设计方法，为进一步学习各种超大规模集成电路的系统设计打下基础。 二、课程目标和能力培养 （一）总体目标
使学生掌握数字电子技术的基本原理、基本理论、基本知识，具有较强的实验技能，对学生进行电子设计能力训练，为学习后续专业课程准备必要的知识，并为今后从事有关实际工作奠定必要的基础。在学习中认识电子技术对现代科学技术重大影响和各种应用，了解并适当涉及正在发展的学科前沿。 （二）具体目标 1.知识目标 掌握常用计数进制和常用BCD码； 掌握逻辑函数及其化简； 掌握TTL门电路、CMOS门电路的特点和常用参数； 理解常用组合逻辑电路的原理，掌握其功能； 理解JK触发器和D触发器的工作原理，掌握其逻辑功能； 理解常用时序逻辑电路的原理，掌握其功能； 掌握555集成定时器的工作原理和逻辑功能。 2.能力目标 能正确使用各种类型的集成门电路，并能利用集成门电路制作 成一定功能的组合逻辑电路； 能正确使用常用的中规模组合逻辑电路； 会使用触发器、寄存器、移位寄存器和常用的中规模集成计数 器； 能借助于仪器仪表，对小型数字系统的故障进行检测和维修； 3.素质目标
精品课程 课程标准
《数字电路》课程标准 一、课程名称 数字电路 二、适用对象 三年制中职电子技术应用专业学生 三、课时 72 四、学分 4 五、课程性质 本课程是中等职业学校电子技术应用专业的一门专业基础教学与训练项目课程。其任务是：使学生掌握后续学校和工作中必须的数字电路知识，培养学生解决数字电路实际问题的能力，为学生从事相关职业岗位工作打下专业技能基础；对学生进行职业意识培养和职业道德教育，提高学生的综合素质与职业能力，增强学生适应职业变化的能力，为学生职业生涯的发展奠定基础。 六、设计思路 该课程重点是培养学生的实际分析和设计能力，着重对学生分析问题能力的塑造。课程实施的主要依据是根据后续工作和学习来进行教学过程设计；“以职业能力为重点”进行教学目标确定。其总体设计思路是让学生在实验过程中推导新知识，并构建相关理论知识，发展职业能力。课程内容突出对学生基础能力的训练，以巩固和强化为主。
七、课程目标 本课程培养学生对于数字电路的基本理论和基本知识的掌握；理解组合逻辑电路的基本原理和电路的设计；掌握简单组合逻辑电路、集成逻辑门电路、触发器、时序逻辑电路、脉冲波形的产生电路。在分析设计过程中，可以对电路仿真，同时可培养学生的实用技能软件使用能力，电工焊接等技能，提高学生的理论和实践能力，为以后的实验、实训课程打下坚实的基础。 根据课程性质和任务，本课程突出以下知识和态度的培养： 1.知识目标 （1）掌握数制的相互转换和常用编码； （2）熟悉基本的逻辑门电路和集成逻辑门电路的应用； （3）熟悉组合逻辑电路的应用； （4）掌握基本RS触发器和常用集成触发器的应用和工作特点； （5）熟悉计数器和寄存器的结构，工作特点和应用； （6）熟悉555集成块的机构特点和工作过程，了解施密特触发器、多谐振荡器、单稳态触发器的特点。 （7）能够根据要求对数字应用电路进行设计和软件仿真。 2.素质目标 （1）严格遵守行业职业道德； （2）具有艰苦奋斗，自主创业、开拓创新精神； （3）掌握数字电子技术基础知识； （4）具有较强的学习能力、信息处理能力和应变能力； （5）树立良好的安全文明生产意识和爱护设备设施的责任意识； （6）培养学生爱岗敬业，认真负责，精益求精的职业道德情操； （7）具有发现问题、分析问题和归纳总结问题的能力，运用各种多媒体进行自学，发现和获取新知识的能力，能针对具体情况提出独到的见解。
北语14秋《高级英语I》导学资料一 Unit1, Unit2& Unit3 一、本阶段学习内容概述 各位同学，大家好，本课程第一阶段学习的主要内容为Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence中包括课前练习（Warm-up）、单词和词组（New words and phrases）、课文（Text）、课后练习（Exercises）及补充阅读（Supplementary readings）中的指定内容。 课前练习：大家应先了解课前练习的要求，根据已有的知识思考其中问题，或者利用网络与同学开展一些讨论，争取在阅读课文前了解文章主要论述的问题，有利于更好的了解作者的思想观点和思维过程，从而了解文章所反映的思想文化，这样既能提高阅读理解能力又能获取知识和信息。 单词和词组:名词、动词和形容词是词汇练习和记忆中的重要部分。Unit 1、2、3中所列出的新单词绝大部分都是这三类，因此，大家一定要掌握好新单词。要开发利用多种方法记单词，如联想法、音节法、构词法等。单词和词组基本上给出了英语直接释义，可以培养大家英语思维的习惯。如果在阅读释义后还有疑问，一定要查阅英语词典，寻找一些相关的解释来加深对单词的理解和记忆。许多词的释义中给出了若干同义词或近义词，能帮助大家迅速扩大词汇量，同时，课后练习的词汇（Vocabulary Study）部分又给出了一些相关的练习，大家可以在学习完单词和词组后，乘热打铁，立即做词汇练习的第一小题（选择填空）和第二小题（找出意义相近的替代词）这样可以及时巩固所学单词，大概了解这些词的用法，为正确阅读课文打下基础，也能使得练习题做起来不是那么难。 （特别说明：高级英语阶段的学习，提高词汇量和词汇运用能力是一个很大，并且很重要，同时又是比较难的问题，这是我们必须面对的问题，所以，请大家务必花时间多熟悉单词。所谓的磨刀不误砍材功，先熟悉单词和短语，才能流畅的阅读文章。更关键的是，单词和短语在考试中所占比例不少！） 课文：每单元有一篇课文（Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence）。在掌握单词和词组之后，阅读课后注释，学习课文的背景资料、作者介绍和相关内容，如人物、事件、地点等的解释，这能帮助大家准确快速的理解文章的内容。在课件资源的帮助下，认真学习课文，包括课文中常用词语和句型的用法。文章比较长，大家一定要有耐心和毅力，坚持就是胜利。在学习完整篇文章后，及时完成课文理解（Comprehension Check）的练习。其中第一小题是根据课文内容选择最佳答案，第二小题是将部分文中的句子用英语注释。只要认真学习了课件资料，相信能很快准确地完成。同时也考察大家对课文理解的程度，督促大家很好的阅读课文。 课后练习：共有四个大题。 1.课文理解（Comprehension Check）：有两个题型。在借助课件学习完课文之后，大家可以先自己做这一部分的练习，然后再看课件，对正答案的同时，再重温课文的大意。 2.词汇（Vocabulary Study）：有两个题型。在学完课文和单词后，大家可以自己先做这一部分的词汇练习，不会做得可以看课件，并牢固掌握，对于补充的单词也要掌握。这样有利于快速扩充词汇量。 3.翻译（Translation）：有的单元是汉译英，有的单元是英译汉。都是一段与课文内容相近的短文。先认真思考，仔细看文章，如果有一定的难度，可以参考课件的解说，然后再组织语言完成翻译练习。
高级英语写作1-10课翻译
The Delicate Art of the Forest 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚印是再也没法找到了。无论你还是我，都猜不出，怎么会
英语专业(高级翻译)简介 ·日期：2007-06-07 ·点击次数： 1446 培养目标：本专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础，较强的语言交际能力和跨文化交际能力，掌握多方面的翻译知识和技巧，能熟练地运用英、汉语在外事、外交、经贸、文化、科技等部门从事口译、笔译的专门人才。 知识能力 要求：1．语音、语调准确，清楚自然。 2．词法、句法、章法(包括遣词造句与谋篇布局)规范、表达得体。 3．认知词汇10000~12000，且能正确而熟练地使用其中的5000~6000个单词及其最常用的搭配。 4．听、说、读、写、译技能熟练，具有较强的英语综合运用能力。毕业时达到英语专业八级水平。 听的能力：听懂真实交际场合中各种英语会话；听懂英 语国家广播电台以及电视台(如VOA, BBC, CNN)有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科技 等方面的新闻、现场报道、专题报道、综合 评述以及与此类题材相关的演讲和演讲后 的问答；听懂电视时事报道和电视短剧中的 对话。语速为每分钟150~180个单词，理解 准确率不低于60%。 说的能力：能就国内外重大问题与外宾进行流利而得体 的交流；能系统、深入、连贯地发表自己的 见解。 读的能力：能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、 英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和 文学作品；能分析上述题材文章的思想观 点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。能在
5分钟内速读1600词左右的文章，掌握文章 的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。 写的能力：能写各类体裁的文章，做到内容充实，语言 通顺，用词恰当，表达得体。写作速度为30 分钟300~400个单词。能撰写长度为 5000~6000个单词的毕业论文，要求思路清 晰、内容充实、语言通顺。 译的能力：1)笔译：能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报 刊上的文章、文学、科技、文化、经贸方面 的原文译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的 文章、一般文学作品、科技、文化、经贸方 面的原文译成英语，速度为每小时250~300 个单词。译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。 2)口译：掌握连续或同步口译所需的技巧及基 本要求，能担任外经外贸、外事、外交、国 际文化、科技交流活动的口译和国际会议的 同声传译任务。 5．具有宽广的英语专业知识和相关学科知识。英语专业知识包括文学、语言学和对象国社会与文化的知识。相关学科的知识涉及教育学、教育心理学、语言习得理论、英语教学法、英语测试理论与实践、课程设置等领域。6．具有获取知识的能力、运用知识的能力、分析问题的能力、独立提出见解的能力和创新的能力。 7．熟悉中、英两种文字计算机基本技术并能实际应用。 主干课程：基础英语、高级英语、散文选读、英语泛读、英语口语、基础英语写作、高级英语写作、英汉/汉英口译、英汉笔译、英语视听说、英语报刊选读、英美文学，同声传译、连续传译、经贸法律翻译等。 修业年4年
《数字电子技术实验》课程简介 一、课程基本信息 课程代码：0807234002 课程名称：数字电子技术实验 英文名称：Experiment of Digital Electronic Technique 学分：1 总学时：1周 讲课学时：0 实验学时：0 上机学时：0 课外学时：0 适用对象：电气工程及其自动化、自动化、测控技术与仪器、机械电子工程、建筑电气与智能化、能源与动力工程、车辆工程等专业 先修课程：电路原理、数字电子技术 开课单位：工业中心 二、课程内容与教学目标 《数字电子技术实验》课程的主要实验内容为：门电路逻辑功能测试及其EDA软件；一位大小比较器、全加器的设计；数据选择器和译码器的应用；集成计数器的设计及EDA 实现；集成移位寄存器译码显示综合设计；脉冲产生、计数、显示综合电路。通过本课程应达到以下基本要求： 要求学生熟练地使用数字电路中的各种测量仪器仪表和实验设备，掌握数字电路中常用集成芯片的测试方法及实验数据数据分析方法，加深和巩固对所学理论知识的认识和理解，熟悉仿真软件的使用。 在基本技能具备的前提下，完成数字电路的设计性实验。学生自己根据所学知识及设计性实验要求，根据实验室现有元器件确定实验方案，设计实验线路，选择实验方法和步骤，选用仪器设备，提出实验预案，独立操作完成设计性实验。设计性实验主要培养学生查阅文献、确定实验方法、选择仪器设备等方面的能力。 三、对教学方式、实践环节、学生自主学习的基本要求 《数字电子技术实验》课程采用教师讲解、演示和现场指导等方式进行实验教学。 学生自主学习时数应不少于10学时，基本要求： 1、认真阅读实验指导书，做好预习。 2、掌握常用实验仪器设备、仪表的操作方法。 3、掌握实验原理、步骤和方法。
数字电子技术基础课程教学大纲 英文名称：Digital Electronic Technology Fundamentals 课程编码：04119630 学时：64/12 学分：4 课程性质：专业基础课课程类别：理论课 先修课程：高等数学、普通物理、电路理论、模拟电子技术基础 开课学期：第4学期 适用专业：自动化、电气工程及其自动化、工业自动化仪表 一、课程教学目标 通过本课程的理论教学和实验训练，能够运用数字电子技术的基本概念、基本理论与分析方法和设计方法，解决较复杂的数字电路系统相关的工程问题，使学生具备下列能力： 1、使用逻辑代数解决逻辑问题； 2、正确使用数字集成电路； 3、分析和设计数字逻辑电路； 4、正确使用数字逻辑电路系统的辅助电路。 二、课程教学目标与毕业要求的对应关系 三、课程的基本内容 3.1 理论教学 1、数字逻辑基础（支撑教学目标1） 教学目标：使学生掌握逻辑代数的三种基本运算、三项基本定理、基本公式和常用公式。了解二进制的算术运算与逻辑运算的不同之处。掌握逻辑函数的四种表示方法（真值表法、逻辑式法、卡诺图法及逻辑图法）及其相互之间的转换。理解最小项的概念及其在逻辑函数表示中的应用。掌握逻辑函数的公式化简法和图形化简法。掌握约束项的概念及其在逻辑函数化简中的应用。
本章主要内容： （1）数字信号与数字电路 （2）逻辑代数 （3）逻辑函数及其表示方法 （4）逻辑函数的化简 2、逻辑门电路（支撑教学目标2） 教学目标：使学生了解门电路的定义及分类方法。二极管、三极管的开关特性，及分立元件组成的与、或、非门的工作原理。理解TTL反相器的工作原理，掌握其静态特性，了解动态特性。了解其它类型TTL门的工作原理及TTL集成门的系列分类。 本章主要内容： （1）半导体二极管门电路 （2）半导体三极管门电路 （3）TTL集成门电路 3、组合逻辑电路（支撑教学目标3） 教学目标：使学生掌握组合逻辑电路的设计与分析方法。理解常用组合逻辑电路，即编码器、译码器和数据选择器的基本概念、工作原理及应用。掌握译码器和数据选择器在组合电路设计中的应用。 本章主要内容： （1）概述 （2）组合逻辑电路的分析与设计 （3）常用组合逻辑电路 （4）用中规模集成电路设计组合逻辑电路 4、触发器（支撑教学目标3） 教学目标：使学生理解触发器的定义。掌握基本SR触发器、同步触发器、主从触发器、边沿触发的触发器的动作特点。掌握触发器的各种逻辑功能（DFF,JKFF,SRFF,TFF,T’FF）。掌握触发器逻辑功能与触发方式的区别。掌握画触发器工作波形的方法。 本章主要内容： （1）概述 （2）基本SR触发器（SR锁存器）和同步触发器（电平触发） （3）主从触发器（脉冲触发）和边沿触发器（边沿触发） （4）触发器的逻辑功能及描述方法 5、时序逻辑电路（支撑教学目标3） 教学目标：使学生掌握时序逻辑电路的定义及同步时序电路的分析与设计方法。了解异步时序电路的概念。理解时序电路各方程组（输出方程组、驱动方程组、状态方程组），状态转换表、状态转换图及时序图在分析和设计时序电路中的重要作用。了解常用时序电路（计数器、移位寄存器）的组成及工作原理及其应用。 本章主要内容： （1）时序电路的基本概念
北京理工大学翻硕(MTI)考研应用文写 作复习方法及指导 有无目标是成功者与平庸者的根本差别。凯程北京理工大学翻译硕士老师给大家详细讲解所遇到的问题。特别申明，以下信息绝对准确，凯程就是王牌的北京理工大学翻译硕士考研机构！ 一、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研复习指导 1．基础英语： 基础英语选择题考的特别细致，没有专门的教材，还是重在平时积累，凯程老师在讲课过程中特别重视对于考生基础知识的积累。凯程老师会对考生的阅读理解进行系统的训练。阅读理解也是偏政治，凯程老师会重点训练同学的答题速度，培养同学们阅读答题技巧，针对作文这方面，凯程老师也会对考生进行一系列的训练，让同学们勤加练习，多做模拟作文。 2．翻译英语： 翻译硕士基础这门课是需要下功夫的，英汉词条互译的部分完全需要你的积累，主要是词汇量和分析抓取能力。凯程老师会对学生的这两个方面进行很完善的训练。 凯程老师总结了以下提升翻译技巧的方法，供考研学子参考。 词组互译：大多考的都很常见，所以多看看中英文的报纸还是有好处的。 英汉：对文章的背景有一定的了解是最好的，如果没有，就需要体现出自身的翻译素养。翻译也要注意文风，语气之类的，要符合原文的风格。 凯程老师也很重视答题技巧，在此凯程名师友情提示大家，最好在开头就能让老师看到你的亮点，不管怎样至少留下个好印象。不管风格怎么变，翻译功底扎实，成绩都不会太差。所以还是提高自己翻译水平，才能以不变应万变。 3．百科： 先说说名词解释。这道题考得知识面很全，可能涉及到天文、地理、历史、法律、政治、中外文学、中外文化、音乐、翻译专有名词等，准备起来比较棘手，但是凯程老师会给学生准备好知识库，方便学生复习。百科的准备，一要广泛，二要抓重点，尤其要重视学校的参考书目，同时凯程也会提供凯程自己的教材及讲义来帮助大家。 接下来是应用文写作。其实这个根本不用担心，常出的无非是那几个：倡议书、广告、感谢信、求职信、计划书、说明书等，到12月份再看也不晚。但要注意一点，防止眼高手低，貌似很简单，真到写的时候却写不出来，所以还是需要练习的，凯程老师会在学生复习过程中对应用文的写作进行系统的训练。另外，考试的时候也要注意格式、合理性，如果再加上点文采，无异于锦上添花。 最后说说大作文。这个让很多同学担心，害怕到考场上无素材可写，或者语言生硬，拼凑一篇，毕竟大学四年，写作文的机会很少，早没有手感了。所以，凯程老师会针对这种情况，让考生从复习开始时，就进行写作训练，同时也会为考生准备好素材。 最后，注意考场上字体工整，不要乱涂乱画，最好打上横线，因为答题纸一般是白纸。 二、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研的复习方法解读 （一）、参考书的阅读方法 （1）目录法：先通读各本参考书的目录，对于知识体系有着初步了解，了解书的内在逻辑结构，然后再去深入研读书的内容。 （2）体系法：为自己所学的知识建立起框架，否则知识内容浩繁，容易遗忘，最好能
数字电子技术课程教学大纲（试行） 课程名称：数字电子技术 英文名称：Digital Electronic Technique 学时数：45 其中实验学时数：15 课外学时数：14 适用专业：2006级电气自动化技术 1.大纲制定参考依据 （1）教高［2006］16号关于全面提高高等职业教育教学质量的若干意见。 （2）科技学院《2006级电气自动化技术专业教学计划说明》。 （3）2006年科技学院关于编制与修订高职课程教学大纲的要求。 2. 课程的性质、目的和任务 数字电子技术是电气自动化技术专业的重要专业技术基础课。是培养硬件应用能力的工程类课程，是电气技术训练的基本入门课程，构建学生电子技术的基本理论、基本技能和培养学生应用与创新能力。一方面为后续专业知识技术的学习奠定基础，另一方面培养训练学生电子技术方面的实践技能。它直接涉及学生的专业培养质量和职业能力。既是学生在今后较长时间赖以吸收新知识和自我完善发展及接受终身教育的专业基础课程。又是培养技术技能型人才的专业技术基础课程。
在教学过程中要注重理论联系实际，加强实践环节，重视工程观点，着重于电子元器件和基本电子电路的实际应用能力训练。将理论教学与实践教学有机融为一体。改变传统的“一支粉笔，一本书，一块黑板，一讲到底”的理论教学模式。改革教学模式、教学方法，以培养学生能力为核心、为主线。处理好近期的专业“必需够用”和将来的发展“迁移可用”的关系， 通过本课程的教学，使学生获得必要的数字电子技术方面的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能。培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。锻炼学生的工程实践能力。 3. 课程教学容与知、技、能点及教学基本要求 针对专业需要优化整合教学容，建立“能力包”化的教学容模块。本课程体系按照能力模块划分为六个模块。
T h e D e l i c a t e A r t o f t h e F o r e s t 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚
《数字电子技术基础》课程教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 二、课程的性质与和教学目的 数字电子技术基础课程是计算机科学与技术专业非常重要的专业基础课，具有自身的体系和很强的实践性，在专业教学计划中具有举足轻重的地位。对于网络工程专业的新生在入学伊始全面了解计算机的专业领域知识，了解计算机在各方面最新发展及应用会有很大的帮助。本课程的任务是：通过对常用电子器件、数字电路及其系统的分析和设计的学习，使学生获得数字电子技术方面的基本知识、基本理论和基本技能，为深入学习测控技术及其在专业中的应用打下基础。通过这门课程的学习，可以使计算机科学与技术专业的学生一进入大学就能够对自己今后要学习的主要知识、专业方向有一个基本了解，为后续课程构建一个基本知识框架，使学生对以后的专业学习能够做到心中有数，为以后学习和掌握专业知识提供必要的专业指导。 三、教学内容和基本要求 主要本课程包括：逻辑代数的基础知识、门电路、组合逻辑电路、触发器、时序逻辑电路、脉冲产生与整形电路、A/D与D/A转换电路等。 第一章绪论 1）了解数字电路及其常用芯片、对电子设计自动化技术进行简介。 2）了解数字电子技术基础课程。 第二章数制和码制 1）掌握二进制、十六进制数及其与十进制数的相互转换。 2）掌握8421编码，了解其他常用编码。 第三章逻辑代数基础 1）掌握逻辑代数中的基本定律和定理。 2）掌握逻辑关系的描述方法及其相互转换。 3）掌握逻辑函数的卡诺图化简方法。 第四章门电路 1）了解半导体二极管、晶体管和MOS管的开关特性。 2）了解TTL、CMOS门电路的组成和工作原理。 3）掌握典型TTL、CMOS门电路的逻辑功能、特性、主要参数和使用方法。 4）了解ECL等其它逻辑门电路的特点。 第五章组合逻辑电路
In return作为（对某物）的付款或回报What do we give them in return. Conceive of 想像、认为 I laughed to myself at the men and the ladies. Who never conceived of us billion-dollar Babies（俚语：人）。 对于那些认为我们从不会成为腰缠万贯的巨富的先生和女士们，我们总是暗自嘲笑他们。 Scores of很多 Scores of young people. Strike sb. as … 给某人留下印象 These conclusion strike me as reasonable. 我认为他们的话是合情合理的 Drop out 脱离传统社会 Ever since自从 In hopes of 怀着…希望 Every since civilization began，certain individuals（人）have tried to run away from it in hopes of finding a simpler，more pastoral，and more peaceful life Support oneself自食其力 Run out of没有，用完，耗尽 Our planet is running out of noble savages and unsullied landscapes. 我们地球上高尚的野蛮人和未玷污的地方越来越少 the other way （round）相反 come off 成功 These are the ones whose revolutions did not come off. In need of 需要 It dawns on a familiar，workaday place，still in need of groceries and sewage disposal. 它洒在一个司空见惯，平凡庸碌的地方，一个仍然无法摆脱食品杂货，污水处理的地方。 In short supply供应不足，短缺 Break down瓦解，崩溃 Broke down our resolve. 丧失了我们的决心 Out of work失业 dawn on sb. 逐渐明白 It dawned on us rather suddenly that the number of passengers on the small spaceship we inhabit is doubling about every forty years. Come down （from…）（to…）从一处来到另一处 Eat sth. up 吃光 In profusion 大量地 She had magnificent blonde hair，in profusion. Take a shot猜测 As a point of departure 起点 As doctors often do I take a trial shot at it as a point of departure. 作为医生我经常根据猜测可能出现的总是进行提问 as yet到现在为止 As yet,no man has set foot on Mars. 到目前为止还没有人登上火星。 Get somewhere 有进展，取得一些成就 If only 只要 If only they wouldn‘t use the word “hurt” I might be able to get somewhere. Up to sb.取决于某人
《高级英语》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明 1．课程的性质与目的 《高级英语》是一门训练学生综合英语技能尤其是阅读理解、语法修辞与写作能力的课程。课程通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料，包括涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品，培养学生对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与独立思考的能力，拓宽学生的人文学科知识和科技知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性，加深学生对社会和人生的理解，帮助学生继续打好语言基本功，牢固掌握英语专业知识，巩固和提高学生的英语语言技能以及综合运用英语进行交际的能力。 2．教学要求和任务 1）要求学生能读懂难度相当于美国Times 或New York Times的社论和政论文；能读懂难度相当于The Great Gatsby的文学原著，难度相当于The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 的历史传记；语言能力较高的学生要求能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品。要求在理解的基础上分析文章的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。 2）选材涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品，体裁多样。学生阅读后能够进行说、写、译方面的表达：能够比较系统地口头描述所阅读材料的概要，能够比较流畅和准确地跟同学交流自己的思想和观点；能够写出故事梗概、读书报告等，还能够撰写课程论文以及正式的书信等，要求内容充实、语言正确，表达得体，具有一定的思想深度；能够运用翻译理论和技巧对所阅读的材料进行英汉互译，译文忠实原文，语言通顺。 3）学生能够熟练使用各种英英词典、大型百科全书，独立解决语言问题和部分知识方面的疑难问题，能够有效地通过计算机网络查阅资料，获取知识，独立从事某些简单课题研究。 4）学生能够加深对当代英语的不同侧面，西方社会和文化等的认识，能够在扩大知识面的同时习得语言，提高文化素养。 二、学生在选读本课程之前应具有的语言知识和能力 1) 具有比较扎实的语言基本知识，掌握一定的听、说、读、写、译技能以及各项技能的综合运用能力； 2）大量阅读英语简易读物，基本看懂英语原著，具有较好的语言理解能力、分析能力、综合能力与概括能力；具有一定的思维能力和语言学习过程中的发现问题和解决问题等创新能力； 3）具有课外自主收集相关阅读材料进行拓展性学习的能力； 4）具有英汉语言和英汉文化差异的敏感性，掌握一定的跨文化交际能力。 三、采用的教材和学生应读的参考书 目前使用的教材是李观仪主编的A New English Cours e Book 5 — 6 (revised edition) {《新编英语教程》5、6册。学生在修读本课程期间还须完成以下读物的学习： A、词汇类
高级英语句子例句品读 句子的分类概要 ▲简单句 ●简单句的五种基本句型 ★1.主语+系动词+表语（s+v+p） I’m a teacher ./ This shirt is mine ./ It sounds like a song . / The cake tastes delicious . My wish is to become a doctor . / She is eighty . / Mary’s face turned red . The weather is becoming warmer and warmer . ★2.主语+不及物动词（s+vi.） They are talking . / You must go now . / The bus stopped . / I am eating . ★3.主语+及物动词+宾语（s+vt.+o） She is watching TV. / I’ve found my key to the bike . He wants a cup of tea . / She missed us very much . ★4.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（s+vt.+o+c） His father asked him to go to bed at once . / We found the book on the table . Let him out . / We called him Xiao Liu . / I’ll have my hair cut after school . I’ll set you free. / I saw him go into the room . / Let’s sing an English song . Don’t make him laugh any longer . ★5.主语+及物动词+双宾语(直接宾语/间接宾语) Pass me that book , please . / He teaches us English . He gave his new book to me . / She is writing a letter to her boy friend . She showed her new shirt to us . / My father bought a new pen for me . Our teacher is singing an English song for us . / Get some chalk for me , please . He often asks me questions . / He often asks questions of me . ●陈述句 She is a nurse . / He is very happy . / I have been to Beijing . They are planting trees near the river . / He is not a nurse . / I have not a dog . / They cannot speak Japanese . / We will not go skating with him . He will not go there . / They don’t live here . / He doesn’t go home now . She didn’t meet her mother at the gate . / I have never been to Guangzhou . I know nothing about it . / He has no brothers or sisters . He can hardly speak an English word . / I could hardly believe him . No one knows what they talked about . / Nothing is in this bottle . 另外：（翻译下列句子） Neither of them knows French . / Neither John nor Mary is here . Both of them didn’t attend the meeting . None of these answers is / are right . / Nobody agrees with what you said . Not many people like music . / Not every girl likes singing and dancing . All these books are not mine . / All that gliters is not gold . I don’t think it will be very cold today . / We don’t believe that he can do it . He cannot read and write .= He can read but he cannot write . He is not rich and kind . = He is rich but he is not kind .