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大学英语B复习指导(3)

大学英语B复习指导(3)

Ⅲ.词汇和语法结构

一、词汇部分

词汇和短语虽然主要功在平时,但临考前的准备也必不可少。该部分的考查主要涉及近义词、近形词辨析,词的搭配及惯用法等。在学习这部分时,最常遇到的问题便是词汇不足。一般认为背单词是件既吃力,又往往成效不彰的苦差事。实际上,若能采用适当的方法,是可以缩短扩大词汇量所需的时间,并且提高记忆单词的质量的。下面将简单介绍几种单词记忆法,大家可借助这些方法复习《大学英语》统考用书后词汇表中的B级词汇。

(一)结合记忆法

将比较生疏,不常用的单词放入一定的语言环境—句子中,结合句意来记忆单词。遇到此单词时,若词义忘记,则可通过回忆所在句子的意思来记忆单词。如:

critical adj.

①批评(性)的,吹毛求疵的

I don't like people who are too critical about everything.

我不喜欢对每件事都太吹毛疵的人。

②紧要的,关键的;危急的

His condition is reported as being very critical. 据报告他的情况非常危急。

通过此法来掌握词汇,既有助于记住单词本身的拼写、拼读,又可同时熟悉词的词义、词性、用法和搭配,比孤立地背记单词效果要好。

(二)同类记忆法

将同类词汇收集在一起,同时记忆。注意,同类词汇与同义词不同:同义词是指意思相同,而同类词是指基本属性相同、具体意义不同的一类词汇。如:

headmaster和principal是同义词,意思为―中小学校长‖;

bachelor(学士)、master(硕士),doctor (博士)三个词都表示学位授予的情况,―但具体级别不同,所以这三个词是一组同类词汇。

联系上下层级来记忆,例如:

living things (生物)--- > animal;

plant(植物)-→ pine (松树)-→ trunk(树干);

leaf

root

branch

“pine”一词上可联系到“plant”和“living things”,下可联系到“trunk,leaf,root,branch”。

这样,将同类词汇放在一起记忆,当遇到其中一个词时,头脑中出现的就是一组词,效率大大提高了。

(三)比较记忆法

把同义词或形似词放在一起,加以区别、说明来掌握单词的方法。记忆的过程是一组组,一对对单词同时记忆。这种记忆方法可以记住单词拼写的同时,还掌握了词与词的区别和各自特殊的用法,清楚地区分平时极易混淆的单词。如:

admit和confess是同义词,均表示―承认‖。但confess,含有―坦白、忏悔‖的意思,而admit却无此意。admit除含有―承认‖之意外,还含有―允许,接纳‖的意思。

acquire、inquire、require是三个形似词,但意思却完全不同:acquire(取得,获得)。inquire(打听,查询)、require(需要,要求,命令)。

(四)构词法记忆法

通过掌握构词法来记忆单词。英语主要有三种构词法:

①转化,即由一个词类转化为另一个词类。如:

picture(n.)画-picture(v.)描绘;water(n.)水—water(v.)浇水

②派生,即演过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词,如:

happy--unhappy(加前缀)happiness(加后缀)

③合成,即由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如:

wood(木)+cut(刻-- woodcut(木刻);pea(豌豆)+nuts(坚果)-- peanut(花生)

这种记忆法可以将具有同一基本意义的不同词性或具有相反意义的一系列单词同时记忆,使不同单词的词义、词性不易混淆。

二、语法部分

统考语法部分主要涉及到连接词、动词形式与时态、主谓语一致、虚拟语气等内容,为方便考生对语法知识的复习,现将考试重点涉及内容总结如下:

(一)名词

A. 知识要点

名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单、复数之分。

1.不可数名词只用单数形式。如果要表示数量多少,需在其前面加量词来表达。如:a piece of news (一条新闻);two pieces of advice(两条建议)

2.名词所有格的构成是名词加“’s”,如:Mary’s room;如原词已有复数词尾-s,则只加“’”,如:the students’ hall, 通常用于有生命的存在物的名词;名词所有格也可以由介词of加名词构成,通常用于无生命的存在物的名词, 如:the window of the classroom.

B.例题讲解

What a beautiful house! Especially there are many ______.

A. furniture

B. furnitures

C. pieces of furniture

D. pieces of furnitures

解析:此题考查名词的单复数。Furniture 为不可数名词,后面不能加s。很多家具用many pieces of furniture,因此答案为C。

(二)冠词

A. 知识要点

冠词是一种虚词,用在名词前面,说明名词是特指还是泛指。冠词分不定冠词和定冠词。

1. 不定冠词: a / an表示―一‖、―某一‖概念,用于单数可数名词前。a用在辅音开头的词前,an用在元音开头的词前。如:

an English teacher/ a second year一位老师/又一年;

2. 定冠词:the表示“特指的一个或一些”。通常用在形容词最高级及序数词前,或世界上独一无二的事物前;也用于乐器名词前。如:

the best season最好的季节/the first lady第一夫人/the earth 地球/play the piano 弹钢琴;

3. 不使用冠词的情况:在三餐饭、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称之前。在某些惯用词中也不用冠词,以具体名词表示抽象概念。如:

have lunch吃午饭/ play basketball打篮球/ go to school上学

B.例题讲解

1)______ girl dressed ______ black is her sister Rose. (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 34)

A. A; in

B. A; on

C. The; on

D. The; in

解析:D. 介词in可表示“穿(戴)”的意思。此外,特指“穿黑色衣服的女孩”,用定冠词the.

2)He is fond of playing _______ piano while his brother is interested in listening to _______ music. (《大学英语》(B)Test 5, 36)

A. /; the

B. /; /

C. the; /

D. the; the

解析:C. 演奏的乐器名词前+the。Music为不可数名词,其前不用可用a/an,而题意“对音乐感兴趣”并没有特指哪种音乐,也不可用the.

3)He goes to ______ church every Sunday. ______ church he usually goes to has seating for over a thousand.

A. a, the

B. /, The

C. The, the

D. /, a

解析:B. go to church“做礼拜”是惯用法,不用冠词。“他常去的教堂”表特指,前加the。

(三)代词

代词用于指代。包括:人称、物主、反身、疑问、不定代词等。

1.many, few和a few一般只能修饰或指代可数名词,much, little和a little 一般只能修饰或指代不可数名词。a few 和a little表示“有一些”,具有肯定意义,而few和little表示“几乎没有”,具有否定意义。many和much表示“许多”。

2.表示“全部”:两者用both,三者以上用all; 表示“全无”:两者用neither,三者以上用none;表示“任一”:两者用either,三者以上用any。

3.other, others, the other, the others, another的区别

(1)other作形容词修饰名词,泛指―别的、其他的‖。有时会放在some, any, every, no等词之后。e.g. We study Chinese, maths, English and other lessons.

(2)others是代词,泛指―其他人或物‖。如:I'm glad to help others.

(3)the other特指范围内的另一个(范围内一共两个)。

e.g. I have two friends. One is from Australia, the other is from Japan.

(4)the others特指范围内的另一些(范围总数通常多于两个)。

e.g. There are forty students in our class. Twenty-eight of us are boys, the others are girls.

(5)another指同类中(三个或三个以上)的―另一个‖,是指不确定的另一个。

e.g. Would you like another cup of coffee?

B.例题讲解

1)The baby is hungry, but there’s ______ milk in the bottle. (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 28)

A. little

B. a little

C. few

D. a few

解析:A. milk是不可数名词,所以只能用little/a little修饰,而根据题意“宝宝饿了,但瓶里几乎没有牛奶了”,只能选little。

2)She has two best friends. ______ of them is in the country. (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 44)

A. All

B. Both

C. No one

D. Neither

解析:D. 代词all表“所有”和both表“两者都”,其后的谓语动词需要用复数。neither表“两者都不”,其后的谓语动词用单数。

3)—It’s time to tidy your room, Harry! (《大学英语》(B)Test 5, 33)

—See the tidy room, Mum! _______ is where it should be. Test 5

A. Something

B. Anything

C. Everything

D. Nothing

解析:C. 根据说话人所说内容可以知道,房间里一切都很整洁,含有整体性,应用everything。Anything 用于肯定句时,表强调,该句没有强调之意。

4)The red flower goes from one to _______ in the class. (《大学英语》(B)Test 6, 27)

A. the other

B. others

C. another

D. other

解析:C. 按照句意传花不是两者之间(from one to the other),而是三者以上(from one to another),故选C。

(四)数词

A. 知识要点

数词分为两大类:基数词和序数词。

1.基数次表示数量(one, two, three…),序数次表示次序(first, second, third…)。

2.数词hundred, thousand, million不用复数;其“复数+of”可表示上百、成千、数百万,如:three thousand 三千/ thousand s of trees(成千上万的树)

3.在年龄的表达时,注意以下表达法:

He is six years old.(其中year须用其复数)

He is a six-year-old boy.(其中year不用复数)“他6岁了。”

B.例题讲解

1)They have learned about ______ in recent years. (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 37)

A. several hundreds English words

B. hundreds of English words

C. hundred of English words

D. several hundred English word

解析:B. hundreds of 之类的短语之前也可加many,several之类的词修饰。A项的错误在于hundreds

后缺少of。

2)Nancy is ______ girl. (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 29)

A. a eighteen-year-old

B. an eighteen-years-old

C. a eighteen-years-old

D. an eighteen-year-old

解析:D. eighteen-year-old是一个由连字符连接的复合形容词(其中year不用复数),作girl的定语。同时,由于eighteen是元音开头的词,前面的不定冠词用an。

(五)形容词和副词的比较级与最高级

A. 知识要点

1.比较级和最高级的构成形式

(1)绝大多数单音节和部分双音节词后加-er构成比较级,加-est构成最高级。如:

nice – nicer – nicest

(2)大部分双音节词和所有的多音节词,前面加more构成比较级,加the most 构成最高

级。如:careful-more careful-most careful

2.形容词和副词的应用

(1)同等程度比较:

as + 原级+ as e.g. Tom is as bright as Mark.汤姆和亨利一样聪明。

(2)不同程度的比较:

比较级+ than e.g. Tom is taller than Mark.汤姆比亨利高。

not as/so + 原级+ as e.g. Tom is not as/so bright as Mark.汤姆不如亨利聪明。

(3)对比与比较:

the +比较级, the +比较级e.g. The older I get, the happier I am.我越变老,越觉得幸福。

比较级+ and +比较级 e.g. Jane became more and more beautiful.珍妮越来越漂亮了。

(4)当几个形容词修饰一个名词时,其排列顺序是:

好坏、美丑+ 大小、新旧、颜色+ 质地、属性+ 名词

(5)当被修饰的是以-thing, -one, -body结尾的不定代词时,作定语的形容词要后置。

e.g. I read something interesting. 我读了一些有趣的东西。

例题讲解

1)Your box is mine.

A. four times as big as

B. four times as bigger as

C. as four times big

D. as big as four times

解析:A。在a s…as句型中,如有表示程度的状语(如twice, three times),则置第一个as之前,表示前者是后者的几倍。

2)Today’s weather is ______ worse than yesterday’s. (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 40)

A. very

B. much

C. very much

D. much too

解析:B。very用来修饰形容词的原级形式;much修饰比较级;very much一般用来修饰动词;much too常用来修饰形容词的原级形式。

3)—Did the medicine make you feel better? (《大学英语》(B)Test 6, 43)

—No. The more _______, _______ I feel.

A. medicine I take; and the worse

B. medicine I take; the worse

C. I take medicine; the worse

D. I take medicine; worse

解析:D。本题是“越…越…”句型,要用“the + 比较级,the + 比较级”句型,前后分句都用陈述语气。

4)—What will you buy for your boyfriend’s birthday? (《大学英语》(B)Test 5, 34)

—I want to buy a _______ wallet for him.

A. black leather small

B. small black leather

C. small leather black

D. black small leather

解析:B。根据多个形容词作定语次序排列规律,应该是small(大小)+black(颜色)+leather(质地)。

(六)动词的基本时态

A. 知识要点

1.一般现在时态

形式为do 或does (第三人称单数)。通常表示客观事实或真理;或表示经常发生的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。

e.g. The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

He always goes to school by bike.他总是骑车去上学。

(特别提醒:.一般现在时可以代替将来时,用于时间和条件状语从句中。)

e.g. Please be sure to telephone me the next time you come. 下次来之前请一定给我来电话。

2.一般过去时态

形式为did. 表示过去时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,常与过去特定的时间状语连用;或表示过去某一段时间一直持续或反复发生的动作,可与表示频度的时间副词连用。

e.g. I bought this computer five years ago.

He often took a walk after supper when he was alive.

3.一般将来时态

形式为will / shall do /be going to do. 表在未来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

e.g. The telephone is ringing. I will answer it.电话在响,我去接。

4.现在进行时态

形式为is/am/are+ doing,表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。

e.g. The police are looking for the two missing children.警察们正在寻找两个丢失的孩子。

5.过去进行时态

形式为was/were + doing,表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。

e.g. Jane burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner.

6.现在完成时态

形式为have / has done,常与already,never,ever, yet连用。用来表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作。

e.g. The milk has already become undrinkable 牛奶已经不能喝了。

或者表示过去某时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。

e.g. He has lived here since 1949.自从1949年以来,他一直住在这儿。

7.过去完成时

形式为had done. 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻、或是在此刻前已经完成的动作。

e.g. By the end of last term we had learned 1000 English words.到上学期末我们已经学了1000个英语单词。

B.例题讲解

1)When Lily came home at 5 p.m. yesterday, her mother ______ dinner in the kitchen. (《大学英语》(B)Test 1, 36)

A. cooked

B. was cooking

C. cooks

D. has cooked

解析:B。此题意思为:当Lily昨天下午五点回家时,妈妈正在厨房里做饭。用过去进行时。

2)John’s father ______ mathematics in this school ever since he graduated from Harvard University. (《大学英语》(B)Test 1, 40)

A. taught

B. teaches

C. has taught

D. is teaching

解析:C。此题意思为:约翰的父亲自从哈佛大学毕业后就一直在这所学校读书,这种状态一直持续

到现在,所以句子用现在完成时。

3)I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I ______ to half a dozen other groups before. (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 45)

A. was giving

B. am giving

C. had given

D. have given

解析:C。凡是表示过去动作之前的动作要用过去完成式“had done”。根据题意可知had given的动作发生在was giving之前,所以用过去完成时。

(七)非谓语动词

在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词;有一般时、进行时和完成时三种形式以及相应的主动与被动语态。

A.知识要点

1.动词不定式和动名词都可作主语。

e.g. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

To refus e him is not easy this time. 这次很难拒绝他。

注意:常用it作形式主语,而将动词不定式放在谓语后面。

e.g. It is impossible for us to measure it in miles. 让我们用英里来计算不太可能。(不定式前加一个for us

表示不定式的动作是谁做的)

2.动词不定式和动名词都可作宾语。

(1)有些及物动词只能用不定式作宾语,如:hope,want,wish,decide,manage等:

e.g. We all hope to see you. 我们都希望见到你。

(2)有些及物动词只能用动名词作宾语,如:finish, avoid, enjoy, mind, insist on 等:

e.g. He has finished doing his work.他已经干完了他的工作。

(3)有的及物动词既可用不定式,也可用动名词,但其意义有所不同。如:remember, forget, regret, stop…,前者表示动作还没有做,后者表示动作已经做了。

e.g. I forgot to take aspirin this morning.. 我上午忘了吃阿斯匹林了(但现在想起来了)。

e.g. I forgot taking aspirin and took it again a few minutes ago. 我忘了吃过阿司匹林,几分钟以前又吃了

一次。

3.动词不定式和分词作补足语。

(1)一些表示感官词或使役动词,如see, hear, have, make, let等后面用不带to的不定

式作宾补。

(2)不定式做宾语补足语,表示动作发生了(即动作的全部过程结束了);现在分词作

宾补,表动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中),如:

e.g. I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看见小孩爬墙了。(强调爬墙这件事)

e.g. I saw the boy climbing the wall.我看见小孩在爬墙。(强调爬墙的情景)

(3)现在分词作补足语,它与被补足的词之间是主动关系;过去分次作补足语,它与

被补足的词之间是被动关系。如:

e.g. I heard someone calling me.

e.g. I heard my name called. 我听见有人喊我。

4.非谓语动词作状语和定语时,尤其是分词作状语时,要注意分词的逻辑主语必须和

句子的主语一致。现在分词表示的动作和句子的主语之间是主动关系,过去分词表示的动作和句子的主语间是被动关系;分词作定语时,现在分词表示的动作和它所修饰的词之间是主动关系,过去分词表示的动作和它修饰的词之间是被动关系。

e.g. Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时,他是名先进工人。

e.g. Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.从小山上看,我们学校显得更美丽。

5.非谓语动词也有否定结构和时态/语态。

非谓语动词的否定结构是在它们前面加not来构成。如果非谓语动词表示的动作发在主

要谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时,用一般式,如果非谓语动词表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用完成式。

e.g. They decide not to go.他们决定不去。

e.g. Tom’s not passing the exam made his father very angry.汤姆考试没有及格,这令他父亲非常生气。

e.g. Having finished the work he went home.干完活后他回家了。(分词having finished发生在went前)

B.例题讲解

1)Bob said that it is easy _______.

A. for him being on time

B. being on time for him

C. for him to be on time

D. on time for him

解析:C。此题that从句中,用it作形式主语,而将不定式to be on time(准时)放在句子最后面。不定式前加一个for him表示不定式的动作是谁做的。

2)Would you let _______ to the park with my classmate, Mum?

(《大学英语》(B)Test 4, 28)

A. me go

B. me going

C. I go

D. I going

解析:A。let是使役动词,用不带to的不定式作宾补,即let sb. do sth.这个结构。

3)You don’t mind ______ you Xiao Li, do you? (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 31)

A. call

B. to call

C. to calling

D. my calling

解析:D。mind后面只能用动名词作宾语。

4)Charles regretted ______ the TV set last year. The price has now come down. (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 33)

A. buying

B. to buy

C. of

D. from

解析:A。regret后既可用动名词,也可用不定式,前者表后悔做了某事(动作已做了),后者则表为要去做某事遗憾(动作还没有做)。根据题意思,应选A。

5)There was so much noise in the classroom that the teacher couldn’t make himself _______. (《大学英语》(B)Test 4, 41)

A. heard

B. hearing

C. to hear

D. hear

解析:A。宾语与宾语补足语之间是被动关系,所以用过去分词。

6)Do you know the man ______ under the apple tree? (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 31)

A. lay

B. lain

C. lying

D. laying

解析:C。lie(lay, lain, lying)“平躺,位于”;lie(lied, lied, lying)“撒谎”;lay(laid, laid, laying)“放置”。根据题意,应该用“平躺”之意。分词表示的动作与其修饰的词之间是主动关系,用现在分词,所以选C。

7)_______ tomorrow’s lessons, Frank has no time to go out with his friends. (《大学英语》(B)Test 5, 45)

A. Not preparing

B. Not having prepared

C. Not to prepare

D. Being not prepared

解析:B。非谓语动词的否定形式都是在最前边加not,排除D。由于“还没有完成对明天功课的准备”,因此“不能跟朋友外出玩耍”,根据句意,强调动作的完成性,用完成式。

(八)主要情态动词

A. 情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化,在句子中和动词原形一起组成谓语。常用的情态动词有must,can,be able to,need,shall, should(ought to), could,would。

B. 情态动词后接完成时的用法

1.must+have done:这一结构表示对过去一个动作比较有把握的猜测。

e.g. The ground was very wet. It must have rained during the night.

2.should (ought to )+have done:这一结构表示本来应该做却没有做的事情。

e.g. I’m sorry I am late, I should have gotten up earlier. 我很抱歉我迟到了,我本应早点儿起床的。

3.could+have done:这一结构表示本来能做的事情而没有做。

e.g. Catherine could have bought that coat, but she chose to lend the money to a needy friend. 凯瑟琳本来可以买那件大衣的,但是她把钱借给一个更急需的朋友了。

4.need not + have done: 这一结构表示本来没有必要做的事情却做了。

e.g. You need not have done the job.你没有必要做那种工作的。

C. 例题讲解

1)The young lady coming over to us ______ our English teacher; the way she walks tells us that! (《大学英语》(B)Test 1, 42)

A. must be

B. can be

C. would be

D. could be

解析:A。从后面的进一步解释中我们可以看到说话人语气十分肯定,表示对……很有把握的推测。

2)You ______ buy some reference books when you go to college. (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 27)

A. could

B. will have to

C. must to

D. might

解析:B。could与might与题意不符。must表示“主观要求必须做某事”,have to则表示“客观情况要求不得不做某事”。根据题意,选B最恰当。

3)He didn’t pass the final examination. He ______ it. (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 28)

A. must have prepared for

B. ought to prepare for

C. ought to have prepared for

D. ought to prepare for

解析:C。此题考查情态动词+完成式。“ought to+完成式”表示过去本应该做却没有做。

(九)动词的语态

A. 知识要点

1.动词的语态表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态:主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。被动语态的形式:be+过去分词。

e.g. Such stories are published for children.

e.g. The TV was turned on and everybody sat there, watching it.

2.英语中的一些感官动词如see, watch, notice, hear和使役动词make, have, let +不带to的不定式(do sth.), 但在被动语态中to则不能少。

3.在need, want, require等及物动词后面接动名词的主动形式可以表示被动含义。

e.g. My hair needs cutting.我该理发了。

B.例题讲解

1)Every year thousands of lives ______ in road accidents because of careless driving. (《大学英语》(B)Test 1, 41)

A. lose

B. lost

C. have lost

D. are lost

解析:C。因为是每一年,所以句子用现在时;生命被夺走,所以用被动语态。

2)After the Minister of Education had finished speaking at the press conference, he was made ______ all sorts of awkward questions. (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 40)

A. answer

B. answering

C. answered

D. to answer

解析:D。题项中将make sb. do sth.(让某人干某事)转换成了被动语态sb. was made to do sth.(某人被让干某时),因此to不能少。

3)My watch has been losing time for the past week. It probably needs ______.

A. cleaning

B. to clean

C. cleaned

D. to be cleaning

解析:A。need+动名词主动形式(cleaning)可以表被动含义。

(十)虚拟语气

A.虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况,考试中以虚拟语气为考点的试题也不算少,大家应该尽量掌握。

B.知识要点

1.虚拟语气用于if引导的条件状语从句

表示对不可能发生的事实的一种假设;或对已经发生过的事实进行一种相反情况的假设;

时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式

虚拟现在时(与现在事实相反)

动词的过去式

(be一般用were)

should (would, could,

might )+动词原形

虚拟过去时(与过去事实相反)had done should (would, could,

might )+have done

虚拟将来时

(与将来事实可能相反)

动词过去式

should+动词原形

were to+动词原形

should (would, could,

might )+动词原形

2.虚拟语气用在表示要求、命令、建议语气的词引导的从句中:

(1)用在动词suggest(建议), order(命令), insist(坚持), require(需要), demand(要求),propose (提议)等引导的宾语从句以及它们相应的名词suggestion, order, insistence, demand, proposal 后面的表语和同位语从句中谓语要用“(should)+动词原形”

e.g. He suggested that we(should)start now. 他建议我们现在就开始。

e.g. My suggestion is that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups.我的建议是我们派几个人去帮助别的小组。

(2)用在“It +be+ natural(necessary,strange,important,essential以及insisted,suggested,ordered)+that…”结构中的that引导的主语从句以及它们相应的名词(引导的表语和同位语从句中;从句的谓语用“(should)+动词原形”

e.g. It’s necessary that you should be present at the meeting. 你有必要参加会议。

3.虚拟语气运用其他从句中:

(1)运用在wish后面的从句中表示“愿望”,运用在as if从句中表示“好像”,谓语形式:

用动词的过去式虚拟现在的情况;用过去完成式虚拟过去的情况;用would(或might)+动词原形虚拟将来的情况。

I wish I knew the answer. 但愿我知道答案。

It is wished that he had not made the mistake.他要没犯此错误该多好。

The old lady is quarrelling with others as if she were mad.那位年老的女士正在和其他人争吵,就好像她疯了一样。

(3)运用在would rather后面的从句中

表示“希望”,用动词的过去式虚拟现在或将来的情况,用过去完成式虚拟过去的情况。

e.g. I’d rather I had seen the film. 我真希望我看过这部电影。

(4)运用在It is (high) time后边的从句中

表示“该干……的时间到了”,用动词的过去式或should+动词原形。

e.g. It is time that we had/should have a rest.该是我们休息的时间了。

C.例题讲解

1)Had you come five minutes earlier, you ______ the train to Birmingham. But now you missed it. (《大学英语》(B)Test 1, 43)

A. would catch

B. would have caught

C. could catch

D. should catch

解析:B。虚拟语气用法,这里是对过去发生的事情虚拟,用“if从句+had come,主句+would have caught”。此题前面的从句省略了if,所以根据句法要求倒装,将had提前到句首。

2)The dean of the Philosophy Department requested that the visiting scholar ______ a lecture on the philosopher Sartre. (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 39)

A. gave

B. give

C. would give

D. had given

解析:B。request(要求)后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气,从句的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。

3)I wish everybody _______ the meeting tomorrow. (《大学英语》(B)Test 4, 36)

A. will attend

B. would attend

C. had attended

D. is going to attend

解析:B。wish后的从句用虚拟语气。当表示与将来希望相反时,从句中的谓语动词用“would+动词原形”。

4)I would rather _______ two weeks earlier. (《大学英语》(B)Test 4, 45)

A. you should come here

B. you come here

C. you came here

D. you had come here

解析:D。would rather后的从句用过去完成式虚拟过去的情况。

5)It’s time we _______ the lecture because everybody has arrived. (《大学英语》(B)Test 4, 26)

A. will start

B. shall start

C. start

D. started

解析:D。“It is (high) time+从句”结构中,从句中的谓语动词用一般过去式表示虚拟语气。

(十一)主谓一致

A. 知识要点

主谓一致就是谓语动词必须在数和人称上与主语取得一致。主谓一致的关系根据“语法一致”、“意义一致”、和“就近一致”三项原则来实现。

1.语法一致

(1)由and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时(指的是两个或两个以上不同的人或事物)谓语动词用复数。

e.g. The woman and her husband work in the same office.那妇女和她丈夫在同一个单位

工作。

(2)做主语的名词后面有as well as, with, together with, except, but, like, no less than等引导的短语时,谓语动词的数由做主语的名词决定。

e.g. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. 一位专家和几位助手被派去

协助这项工作。

The children, like their parents, are very kind-hearted.这些孩子像他们的父母一样都那么

好心肠。

(3)主语为动词不定式(to do)、动名词(V-ing) 以及从句做主语时谓语动词用单数。

e.g. To see is to believe. (Seeing is believing.) 眼见为实。

What he told us was not the truth. 他所告诉我们的不是事实。

2. 意义一致

(1)有and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,但是表示同一人或事物,或代表一个概念,动词用单数。

e.g. The professor and president of our school is retired.

(2)主语为all, half, most, some, any, none等不定代词时,通过上下文确定其实际意义,谓语动词的单复数形式则根据主语的实际意义来决定。

e.g. His weekends? Half are spent in the country. 他的周末?一半是在乡下度过的。

His time? Half was spent on books. 他的时间?一半是花在了读书上。

(3)主语为形容词或分词加定冠词转化来的名词时,如果指一类人,为复数意义,谓语动词用复数;如果指单个人或抽象概念,为单数意义,谓语动词用单数。

e.g. The killed were buried on the hillside. 那些被害者被埋在了山坡上。

The killed was his neighbor. 那被害者是他的邻居。

3.就近一致

主语为either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also等连接的并列名词时,谓语动词的数取决于最靠近的名词的数。

e.g. Neither the children nor their father was in the car. 无论是孩子们,还是他们的父亲都不在车里。

e.g. Neither the father nor his children were in the car. 无论是父亲,还是他的孩子们都不在车里。

B.例题讲解

1)Both the kids and their parents ______ English, I think. I know it from their accent.(《大学英语》(B)Test 1, 38)

A. is

B. been

C. are

D. was

解析:both…and…表示“两者都……”,连接的是两个不同的主语,因此谓语动词要用复数形式,所以正确答案为C选项。

2)Two thousand dollars ______ enough for the car. (《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 36)

A. being

B. were

C. are

D. is

解析:此题是用钱来做主语,而货币单位做主语时看作单数,因为它在概念上属于一个整体,因此正确答案为D选项。此外,距离、重量、时间等单位充当主语时也看作单数。

3)The young _______ interested in pop music. (《大学英语》(B)Test 5, 41)

A. is

B. have

C. has

D. are

解析:此题的主语是the+形容词表示一类人,意思是“年轻人”,表示的是复数意义,因此谓语动词也要用复数形式,并且表示对……感兴趣是用的be interested in sth,正确答案为D选项。

(十二)倒装句

A. 知识要点

倒装是指将句子的谓语动词或其助动词放在主语之前。

e.g. Then began a war between two countries. 于是两国之间开始了战争。(全部倒装)

Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。(部分倒装)

常用倒装的两种情况

1.出于句子结构的需要

(1)在as, though引导的让步状语从句中,从句往往放在主句的前面,而且从句须以形容词、名词或动词(原形)等开头。

e.g. Hard as she studied, she failed to this examination.

(2)代词so, neither, nor等副词置于句首时,表示“……也(不/没有)……‖全句要倒装

e.g. Tom can speak English. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲英语,杰克也会

2.出于强调

never, seldom, little, nor, hardly…(when…), scarcely…(when…), no sooner…(than…), not only, not until等表示否定的副词或连词位于句首时;

e.g. Never in my life have I seen such a thing. 我一生中从未见过这样的事情。

e.g. Not only did he hear, but also he saw it too.他不但听见了,而且也看见了。

B.例题讲解

1)Never before ______ see such a terrible car accident on the road! (《大学英语》(B)Test 1, 39)

A. I have

B. have I

C. I did

D. did I

解析:never表示否定意义的词放在句首,要倒装,因此排除A和C选项;考查B选项,助动词用的have,与后面的动词原形see不一致,因此正确答案为D选项。

2)I was satisfied with her explanation, ______. (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 42)

A. so my classmates were

B. so were my classmates

C. so my classmates did C. so did my classmates

解析:用so, neither / nor引导句子表示与上文已经提到的肯定或否定意思一致时,so, neither / nor引导的句子要倒装,并且所用的谓语动词以及时态要与前面一句话的时态、谓语保持一致,因此正确答案为B选项。3)Hardly _______ on stage _______ the audience started cheering. (《大学英语》(B)Test 4, 40)

A. he had come / than

B. he had come / when

C. had he come / when

D. had he come / than

解析:hardly…when是固定搭配,表示“一……就……”;并且hardly表示“几乎不”,表示否定意义,放在句首要倒装,因此正确答案为C选项。

4)Important _______ his discovery might be, it was regarded as a matter of no account in his time. (《大学英语》(B)Test 5, 42)

A. when

B. until

C. as

D. although

解析:该句的意思是“_______ 他的发明也许重要,在他那个时代,它被视为一件不重要的事情。”,可以句子的含义,可以看出前后两句话是转折的关系,因此选项部分应为让步状语从句,而在让步状语从句中,用作状语的形容词或名词位于句首时,要用as或though,因此正确答案为C选项。

(十三)强调结构

A. 知识要点

通过强调句强调

强调句的结构是:It is / was + 被强调部分(主语、宾语、表语或状语)+ that(who)…被强调部分用that引出,指人时也可用who。

e.g. Mrs. Brown came to visit our college on Wednesday.

→It was on Wednesday that Mrs. Brown came to visit our college. 布郎太太正是在星期三来参观我们学院的.

注意以下几点:

①被强调的部分为句子中除谓语以为的所有成分,但无论强调句子的什么成分,如时间状语、地点状语等,都用that引出句子的其他部分,而不用when, where;在强调人时还可用who / whom;

②在此结构中be动词只有时态的变化,没有数的变化,即不管被强调的部分是单数还是复数,一律用is / was;

③被强调的部分是从原正常句子中为强调而提取出来的那一部分,因而要保持原来的时态,主语、宾

语是代词都仍用代词

④It is / was not until … that …是强调句型中常见的强调时间状语从句的句式,that后用肯定式。

e.g. I didn’t know what kind of a country she is until I came to China.

→It was not until I came to China that I knew what kind of a country she is.正是直到我到了中国我才知道她是一个怎样的国家。

B.例题讲解

1)It was on the beach ______ Miss White found the kid lying dead. (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 35)

A. that

B. this

C. it

D. which

解析:It was…that…为强调句型,此句话中强调的是地点状语。因此正确答案为A选项。

2)It is not until you have lost your health _______ you know its value. (《大学英语》(B)Test6, 44)

A. until

B. when

C. what

D. that

解析:It is not until…that…为强调句,强调的是until时间状语,因此正确答案为D选项。

(十四)从句

1.名词从句

A. 知识要点

在句中起名词作用的从句称为名词从句,可以在句中作主语、宾语或介词宾语、表语、同位语等。名词性从句通常由that, whether/if, 疑问词(which, what, why, how等)以及连接词(whenever“无论什么时候”, whatever“无论什么”等)引导。

(1)由that引导的名词从句:无任何语义,不做句子成分,仅起连接主、从句的作用。在宾语从句中常可省去,其他名词从句中不能省。

e.g.That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious. 很明显她不懂口语。(主从)

I think (that) he is a good actor. 我知道他是个好演员。(宾从)

The truth is that he is only eighteen. 事实是他只有18岁。(表从)

The fact that Ann was late didn’t surprise me.安迟到的事实不足为奇。(同位语从句)

(2)由whether / if 引导的名词性从句:whether / if表示“是否”的意思。

e.g. Whether she goes with us (or not) is not important to me. 她是否和我们一起去对我而言不重要。(主语从句)

I don’t know whether/if he will come. 我不知道他来不来。(宾语从句)

(3)由疑问词引导的名词性从句:疑问词引导名词性从句时,在从句中担任语法成分,而且常保留其本

e.g. Why they left the country is a secret. 他们为什么要离开乡下是个秘密。(主从)

She explained to him how he can start the car. 她向他解释怎样才能启动这汽车。(宾

从)

The question was who owned the house. 问题是谁是那房子的主人。(表从)

(4)名词从句中注意的几点:

①that引导主语从句或宾语从句时,可用it作形式主语或形式宾语。

e.g. It is strange that he make a mistake. 真怪,他竟做错了。(主从,it为形式主语,真正的主语为that

所引导的从句)

e.g. He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. 他很明确地说他宁愿学习英语。(宾从,it

为形式宾语,真正的宾语为that所引导的从句)

②在同位语从句中,可接同位语的名词通常是抽象名词,且通常带冠词。常见的有:idea(主意), belief

(信仰), doubt(疑问), evidence(证据), fact(事实), hope(希望), message(消息), news(消息), orders(命令), plan(计划), promise(许诺), feeling(感觉), truth (真理,事实)等。

B.例题讲解

1)With his work completed, the manager stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ______ he was a man of action.

(《大学英语》(B)Test 2, 38)

A. which

B. that

C. what

D. whether

解析:此题中he was a man of action这个句子做pleased的宾语,而在这个宾语从句中句子成分完整且不缺词义,因此正确答案为B选项。

2)I have the complacent feeling ______ I’m highly intelligent. (《大学英语》(B)Test 3, 34)

A. what

B. which

C. that

D. this

解析:feeling后面的句子是一个同位语从句,要用that来引导,因此正确答案为C选项。

3)We all thought ______ pity that you were unable to attend our meeting.((《大学英语》(B)

Test3, 36)

A. that

B. which

C. this

D. it

解析:此题中,that所引导的从句是宾语,因此在谓语动词thought之后缺少一个形式宾语it,因此正确答案为D选项。

2.定语从句

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