Cross Externality and Economic Growth Effect of Human
Capital Accumulation and Techn Technologi ologi ological
cal Progress Abstract :Technological progress and human capital accumulation are both the driving forces of endogenous and sustainable economic growth for a country.This paper develops a theoretical model which endogenizes technology change and human capital accumulation in the mean time,and analyz e s how human capital accumulation and R&D investment provide incentives for each other as well as how they affect economic growth ．This paper draws a conclusion that there is a cross positive externality between technology and human capital,which would increase economic growth greatly.
JEL Classification :O14;O15;O31;O41
Keywords :Economic growth;Technological Progress;Human capital Accumulation
1.Introduction
Endogenous economic theory shows the internal mechanism of long-run economic growth.Human capital and technology can play a major role in economic growth.Technological human capital externalities were emphasiz ed in Jacobs (1965),Lucas (1988),Azariadis and Draz en (1990),while pecuniary human capital externalities were discussed by Marshall (1961),Acemoglu (1996,1997a).The first endogenous technological change models were formulated by Romer (1987and 1990).Different versions have been analyz ed by Segerstrom,Anant and Dinopoulos (1990),Grossman and Helpman (1991a,b),Aghion and Howitt (1992),Gancia and Zilibotti (2005)provide an excellent survey of many of endogenous technological change models.
Researchers have studied the convergence properties of the decentraliz ed equilibrium in a similar model.Arnold (1998,2000)and Funke and Strulik (2000)have studied the convergence properties of the decentraliz ed equilibrium in a growth model with endogenous innovation and accumulation of human capital that integrates the Uzawa-Lucas education sector (see Uzawa 1965and Lucas 1988)and the Jones R&D technology into the Grossman-Helpman model of growth through R&D (see Grossman andHelpman 1991,ch.3).Boonprakaikawen and Tournemaine (2006)developed a R&D-based growth model with endogenous accumulation of human capital to examine how the decisions of individuals to invest in human capital can be altered by changes in economic policies and how they can be reflected on the long-run level of growth.
On the basis of current research,this paper combines the insights of Romer (1990)and Lucas (1988),and develops a growth model by endogenizing human capital in the Romer model,which can be regarded as the straightforward synthesis of the human-capital formation and R&D approaches to economic growth.On the one hand,human capital is a main factor in technological progress and economic growth.The key role of human capital is facilitating adoption and implementation of new technologies.In Romer’s setting,innovations are driven by human capital investment.On the other hand,human capital accumulation is the means by which skills are improved for the benefit of any type of productive activity,including R&D,that is to say,technological progress would increase the accumulation of human capital.In this paper,we seek to study the equidirectional promoter action,i.e.,the cross positive externality between human capital and R&D in economic growth.We will develop a model where growth is driven by both
R&D-based technological progress and endogenous human capital accumulation.
The solution of the model is a dynamic,competitive equilibrium displaying transitional adjustment towards a unique steady state at which the economy grows at a constant,endogenous rate.The key aspect about this steady state growth rate is that it is determined by the parameters describing preferences and human capital accumulation and technological progress.Thus we draw a conclusion that human capital accumulation and R&D investment provide incentives for each other and they increase economic growth together ．
The paper is organiz ed as follows.Section 2lays out the theoretical framework.Section 3describes the equilibrium and the optimal path.Section 4concludes by mentioning extensions and limitations.
2.The model
Our model is basically the Grossman and Helpman model (see Grossman and Helpman 1991)with endogenous human-capital accumulation.In particular,we adopt all assumptions made in Grossman and Helpman (1991)with the following two important exceptions.First,following Uzawa (1965)and Lucas (1988),the size of the labor force is the result of individuals’decisions to invest in human capital rather than exogenously determined.Second,we have to accommodate the R&D technology in order to avoid the growth rates increasing implausibly exponentially when human capital grows perpetually.
2.1.Technologies
Production of the homogenous final good Y requires human capital,labor and an index of intermediates.The production function of final good is represented by
,(1)
10()N Y Y Y H l x i di αβαβ??=∫0,,1αβαβ<+ (2) ()()x i y i =Where is the final good devoted into the intermediate goods production.The final good,Y ,()y i is used for consumption,C ,and investment.To be simple,we neglect depreciation of physical capital,which leads to the economy’s resource constraint, (3) Y K C ? =+Production of a new intermediate good requires the invention of a new blueprint.Following Jones (1995)we set a technology accumulation function with state dependent of knowledge which implies that the production of new ideas is determined by the stock of disembodied knowledge N and by human capital investment in R&D: (4) N N N H N φ η?= Where measures the spillovers on R&D.is an efficiency parameter.01φ<<0N η>is the human capital in R&D.is the proportion of human capital devoted (1)N H H μ=?(1)μ?to R&D sector. We also set a human capital accumulation function with state dependent of human capital which implies that the accumulation of human capital is determined by the stock of disembodied human capital H and part of labor time spent on development of skills.This human capital accumulation function is similar to production function of the Uzawa (1965)and Lucas (1988)type: (5) H H H l H η? =Where is an efficiency parameter.is the proportion of labor devoted to 0H η>(1)H Y l l =?human capital accumulation. 2.2.Households We assume the economy is composed of an infinitely lived representative household who consume final good,and the preferences are represented by (6) ∫∞ ????=0111)(dt e C C U t ρσσWhere is the rate of time preferences,is the reciprocal of the intertemporal 0>ρ0>σelasticity of substitutio n.In our model human capital is a capacity of an individual,which is invested when labor is devoted.Human capital and labor are two different factors owned by an individual.Individuals earn wages,,per unit of employed labor and the reward for labor, Y l w l ,per unit of employed human capital .They also earn returns,r ,per unit of aggregate Y H w Y H wealth,A ,which leads to the budget constraint .The resolution of Y Y l Y H Y A rA w l w H C =++??the intertemporal optimization program of consumers leads to the so-called Keynes–Ramsey condition,which then gives the following equilibrium relation between the economic growth rate and the interest rate r:(7) C r C ρσ? ?=The total amount of labor is normalized to one and the total human capital stock is H .Labor and human capital is supplied inelastically,therefore,full employment requires (8)Y N H H H =+(9) 1 Y H l l +=2.3.Firms and markets The market for final goods is perfectly competitive and the price of final goods is normalized to one,which implies that:(10) Y l Y w Y l β=(11) Y H Y w Y H α=(12)()(1)() x Y Y P i H l x i αβαβαβ??=?? Where denotes the price of an intermediate good i .Each firm in the R&D sector owns an ()x P i infinite patent for selling its variety .Producers act under monopolistic competition and ()x i maximiz e operating profits (13) ()[()1]()x x i P i x i π=?Where 1is the unit cost of Y.Profit maximization in this sector implies that each firm charges a price of (14) ()1(1)x x P P i αβ==??With identical technologies and symmetric demand,the quantity supplied is the same for all goods,.Set K the physical capital stock.In a symmetric equilibrium,we obtain .()x i x =K Nx =From equations (12)and (14),we obtain (15) 2(1)K Y αβ=??After insertion of equations (14)and (15)into (13),profits can be rewritten as:(16) ()(1)x Y N παβαβ=+??With regard to the maximization of a monopolist who owns the patent of a machine at time t ,we denote as the value of a monopolist,and as the instantaneous value of a monopolist ()V t ()v τat an instant ,where .As the market for patents is competitive,at every instant the τt τ≥instantaneous net revenue of a monopolist must be equal to the profits of a intermediate capital producer,i.e.,at every instant the condition must be satisfied.Thus the τ()()x v τπτ=equilibrium condition of the market for patents lies in the price for patents will be bid up until it is equal to the present value of the net revenue that a monopolist can extract.The equilibrium condition for patent market is (21) ()0()()t r s ds V t v e d τττ∞ ?∫=∫Where is the market interest rate at an instant .At every instant,The z ero profit ()r ττcondition for R&D sector is that the instantaneous payment of the human capital in R&D equals to the marginal product of human capital at every instant ,thus the instantaneous equilibrium τcondition for R&D sector is (22)()()() N H N w N v φτηττ=Where,is the instantaneous payment of human capital in R&D at an instant .Then free ()N H w ττentry into R&D at every instant requires if ()(23) ()()()N H N w N v φτηττ=()0N τ?>()0N H τ>if ()(24)()()()N H N w N v φτηττ>()0N τ? =()0N H τ>No-arbitrage for investors at time t requires the interest rate equals to the dividend rate plus the rate of capital gain : ()()x t V t π()()V t V t i (25) ()()()()()x V t r t t V t V t π=?i Market clearing of R&D sector at time t requires individuals bid up a price of human capital which equals to the present value of the instantaneous payment .The market clearing ()N H w τ condition for R&D sector is (26) ()()()()()N N r t H H N t t W t w d N v e d φτττητττ∞∞??==∫∫Where,is the price of human capital in R&D at time t .Noticing the growth rate of ()N H W t equals to .Differentiating equation (26)with respect to time t ,we ()N H w t ()H N g g ααβφ++obtain (28) ()()()N N x H H N N t t W t r g g φηπαφαβ=??????+??Consider the profits maximization problem of human capital accumulation sector.The instantaneous equilibrium condition of human capital accumulation sector is that at every instant the instantaneous payment of labor must be equal to the total revenue of the production of new τhuman capital:(29) 1()()()1H l H H w H W φτηττδφ?=+?Where,is the instantaneous payment of labor devoted to human capital accumulation ()H l w τsector at an instant .In equation (29)the price of human capital is instead of the τ()H W τinstantaneous payment of human capital ,this is because that in human capital market a ()H l w τfinal good producer pays rewards of to employ one unit of human capital,and a R&D ()Y H W τfirm pays ,and in equilibrium both and are equal to the price of human ()N H W τ()Y H W τ()N H W τcapital in human capital sector,i.e.,.Thus firms are not concern about ()()()Y N H H H W W W τττ==the instantaneous payment of human capital when employing human capital. Market clearing of human capital accumulation sector at time t requires individuals bid up a price of labor which equals to the present value of the instantaneous payment .Combining ()N l w τequation (28)and (29)we obtain (30) ()()()()()()()11H H r t l l t r t H N x t H N W t w e d H N e d r g g τφτττηηττπτφτδφαφαβ∞??∞ ??=?=+???????+??∫∫The growth rate of equals to .Differentiating equation (30)()H l w t )H N H g g g ααβφ+++with respect to time t ,we obtain (32) ()()()1()1H H N x l H N H N H H t N t t W t r g g r g g g φηηπφδφααφφαβαβ?=+??????????????++????As we completely describe the economy in the above section,we’re about to characteriz e the steady-state solution to the decentraliz ed equilibrium of this economy over the following section. 3.Decentraliz ed Equilibrium From equations (15)we know that the capital-output ratio is a constant,which implies .From equations (4)we know that is a constant,which implies .Equation K Y g g =C K K C g g =(5)implies that (29) (1)H N g g φ=?Therefore we summariz e (30) 11Y K C H N H g g g g g g αααβαβφ??===+=+?++???Free flow of production factors implies that the price of factors in different sectors is equal,thus we have (31) Y N H H W W =(32)Y H l l W W =Combining equation (11)and (25)with the human capital market clearing condition (31)we obtain (33) N x H N N Y H r g g φηπααμφαβ=??+Driving equation (1),(2),(15)and (17)into (33)we obtain (34) (1)1(1)()1H H H r g g g μαφαφμαβαβαβφ???=???????++???From equation (8)and (30)we know (35) 11H r g ασραβφ??=++?+??? Combining equation (34)and (35)we obtain (36) (1)(1)1(1)()1H H g g μαφσασφρμαβαβαβφ???????=++???????++?????Equation (36)is one of the useful conditions to solve the steady-state economic growth rate which is derived from the free entry condition of human capital market. Combine equation (10)and (28)with the labor market clearing condition (32),and notice that ,and then we obtain Y N H H H W W W ==(37) 1(1)()H N Y H N H N H g l r g g r g g g ημαβαββααφφαβαβ???+=?????????????++? ???Combining equation (36)and (37)we obtain (38) 11111H Y H H l r g g βμφηααδφαβφ?=+???+?From equation (5)we know (39) 1Y H H l g η=?Driving equation (39)into (38)we obtain (40) (1)11H H H g g ηαμβσασραβφ?=????++??+???Equation (40)is the other useful conditions to solve the steady-state economic growth rate which is derived from the free entry condition of labor market.From equation (36)we know that the distortion due to the monopoly of the intermediate capital goods in decentraliz ed equilibrium appears in equation (36)rather than equation (40).Thus only human capital market is affected by distortion,and the allocation of factors in human capital market would not be optimal,which makes that the economic growth rate in decentraliz ed equilibrium allocations would be lower than that in pareto optimal allocations. Combining equation (36)and (40)we obtain the following quadratic equation (41) ()(1)(1)1(1)11(1)(1)()(1)1H H H H H H g g g g g σασφσασαφρραβφαβφασασφηαβαβαφρβαβφ?????????????++++???????+?+????????? ????????=???++?++??????+????????? Solve equation (41)and we can obtain the following proposition. P ropo roposi si sition tion 1.The steady-state economic growth rate in a balanced growth path is (42) [][][][]12211121H D H D D H D D g βρηηηαααβφ?????Φ+?Φ+Ψ?Θ+??????????=+??+?Θ+??Where ,,,(1)()D αβαβα??+Λ=(1)1H σασφαβφ????Γ=+??+???(1)11l σασαβφ????Γ=+??+??? ,,.(1)()(1)((1))H l D D H βφραφραφ?Γ+Γ??Φ=Λ+?Γ(1)((1))H l D D H βφαφ?ΓΓΘ=Λ+?Γ4(1)(1)D D H φρφ?Ψ=Λ+?ΓFrom the comparative static of equation (42)we know that the equilibrium growth rates of consumption and production increase with the productivity in human capital accumulation and H ηthe spillover parameter ,and decrease with the monopolistic markup .These φ1(1)αβ??properties are in accord with the classic analysis in Romer (1990).Thus we obtain the following results. P ropo roposi si sition tion 2.There is a positive cross externality between technological progress and human capital accumulation,which increases economic growth greatly. Human capital investment would affect economy growth in two important ways.Firstly,human capital can improve labor quality by education investment,and improve labor skill by on-the-job training,which would increase outputs directly and the rate of physical capital accumulation.Secondly,human capital can raise domestic R&D level,which can increase the rate of technology innovation and economic growth rate.Thus the efficiency parameter of human capital accumulation has a positive effect on economic growth rate.The higher is,the higher the H δaccumulation of human capital would be,which implies a higher stock and quality of human capital and a higher steady-state economic growth rate. R&D of new technology would increase technology stock,and increase the output of final good production with the expanding variety of intermediate goods.Equation (6)implies a technology accumulation function with knowledge-based and state dependent of knowledge specification of the innovation possibilities frontier.The knowledge-drive specification and state dependence imply that intertemporal externalities occur in the R&D activity,which means that people engaged in the research activity can take advantage of technology accumulated in the past.Thus the growth rate of technology and the steady-state economic growth rate would be positively related to the efficiency parameter of the spillover on R&D. The Jones R&D technology implies that human capital investment would increase the production of new ideas.Equation (26)implies that the equilibrium growth rate of technology is positively related to the productivity parameter of human capital accumulation sector.Thus,not only the productivity parameter of human capital accumulation sector,but also human capital stock has a positive effect on the growth rate of technology.Equation (10)shows that in BGP the growth rate of human capital must be times as the growth rate of technology.An increase (1)φ?in the rate of human capital accumulation would increase the human capital stock and the absolute investment of human capital in final good production and R&D process.While the human capital accumulation rate is higher than the technological progress rate here,and the economy diverges from the BGP and steady-state economic growth can’t be sustainable.In order to keep the condition to be met and let the economy return back to the steady-state again,(1)H A g g φ=?technological progress must be increased appropriately,which requires the relative investment of human capital in R&D to be increased.This implies that there is a positive externality of human capital accumulation on technological progress and economic growth. An increase in technological progress implies an increase in human capital devoted into R&D with a fixed spillover .As a skill or capacity of an individual,human capital is invested when φlabor is devoted,so individuals must adjust the investment decisions of human capital and labor in the same direction.When individuals make decisions to increase the investment of human capital in R&D and decrease the human capital in final good production,they would also make decisions to change labor input in the same direction,i.e.,to increase the labor input in human capital accumulation sector and decrease the labor input in final good production.This would increase the rate of human capital accumulation and the human capital in R&D,and let the economy return back again to the steady-state where condition can be met.Thus we can see that (1)H A g g φ=?there is a positive externality of technological progress on human capital accumulation and economic growth. Thus we can see that there is a relationship of interdependence and mutual promotion between technological progress and human capital accumulation.The faster technological progress is,the faster the accumulation of human capital would be,and the increase of human capital stock would increase technology growth rate.We can summariz e the relationship of mutual promotion as a cross externality.That is to say,the positive externality between human capital and technological progress would be intermesh,which generates an effect of mutual promotion,and increases economic growth greatly. At last we determine the shares of H and l in each sector,which we later compare to the optimal solutions.From equation (34)we know that the decentraliz ed equilibrium (D )ratio of H of the final good sector to R&D sector is (43) (1)(1)(1)11(1)()1(1)()D g μαφσασφαραφμαβαβαβφαβαβαβ??????????=+++?????????++???++?????? From equation (39)we know that the decentraliz ed equilibrium (D )ratio of l of the human capital accumulation sector is (44) ()11H D H g l αηαβφ=??+?+???4.Pareto Optimal Allocations To contrast the equilibrium allocations with the Pareto optimal allocations,we now access the optimality of growth rates and allocations of human capital across sectors in the economy.We set up the problem of the social planner and derive the optimal growth rate.Notice that the social planner would correct the distortion in the economy who would not charge a markup on machines and correct the distortion caused by monopoly in the intermediate capital goods sector. The social planner maximizes intertemporal utility given by (6),subject to ,where Y K Y C ? =?is given by (1),the R&D technology,(4),and the human capital accumulation technology,(5).Define the current-value Hamiltonian:(45)111231()(1)(1)1N H C H l N K C HN l H σαβαβαβφλμλημλησ ?+?????=+?+?+????H Where,,and are control variables,,and are state variables.Solve this problem and C μl K N H we can obtain the following proposition. P ropo roposi si sition tion 3.The optimal economic growth rate is (46)1 22*()()(1)112(1)H P H P P H P P g βρηηηαααβφ?????Φ+?Φ+Ψ?Θ+??????????=+??+?Θ+?? Where ,,,P αβα+Λ=(1)()(1)((1))H l P P H βφραφραφ?Γ+Γ??Φ=Λ+?Γ(1)((1)) H l P P H βφαφ?ΓΓΘ=Λ+?Γ.4(1)(1)P P H φρφ?Ψ=Λ+?ΓProof :See the Appendix. Where is the Pareto optimal growth rate.Intuitively,the Pareto optimal growth rate is greater *g than the equilibrium growth rate,the reason is that the monopolistic markup affects the free entry condition of human capital market in decentraliz ed equilibrium allocations rather than in pareto optimal allocations.This is because that a monopolist would gain higher revenue by the monopolistic markup over marginal cost of production of inputs,but the social planner would not charge a markup on machines.Thus the social planner corrects this distortion and makes the allocation of human capital optimal. Arnold (1998),Funke and Strulik (2000)and Reis and Sequeira (2007)all obtain confused results that all growth rates in the decentraliz ed equilibrium of the economy are optimal.It is obviously that their results consist with neither their model setup nor the classical analysis in Romer (1990),Grossman and Helpman (1991).The monopoly of the intermediate capital goods sector is the main distortion in decentraliz ed economy,and the social planner eliminates this distortion which causes the socially optimal allocation of human capital to R&D sector to be higher,and the socially optimal rate of growth to be higher.So it is obviously wrong that economic growth rates in the decentraliz ed equilibrium and in the Pareto optimal allocations are the same.We now determine the shares of H and l in each sector in the Pareto optimal allocations.From equation (50)we know that the Pareto optimal (P )ratio of H of the final good sector to R&D sector is (47)*(1)(1)(1)111()P g μαφσασφαραφμαβαβφαβαβ??????????=+++??????++?++?????? And the Pareto optimal (P )ratio of l of the human capital accumulation sector is (48) *()11H P H g l αηαβφ=??+?+???Comparison between equation (40)and (47)implies that the equilibrium ratio of H of the final good sector to R&D sector is higher than the Pareto optimal ratio.They differ mainly due to the distortion we have discussed before.From the markup distortion we again tend to have a higher μthan optimal.The monopolist charges a markup and serves a lower amount of patents than the social planner,and then requires a lower proportion of human capital devoted into R&https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d6361084.html,paring equation (44)with (48),we can obtain that the equilibrium allocation of labor to the final good sector is higher than the Pareto optimal allocation.Their difference also reflects the markup distortion.Again,because the investment decisions of human capital and labor are in the same direction,the individuals increase the investment of human capital in final good production due to the markup distortion in decentraliz ed economy,and must increase the labor devoted into final good production at the same time.These are the microeconomic mechanism which makes the economic growth rates in the decentraliz ed equilibrium lower than the Pareto optimal allocations. 5.C onclusion This paper combines the thoughts of Romer,P.M.and Lucas,R.E.,uses the division methods of production sectors and the thoughts of cross-sector effective allocation of production factors in Romer (1990),and integrates the processing methods of endogenous variable and control variable in Lucas (1988).The conclusion of the model can be summariz e d as follows.In an economic system which is driven by technological progress and human capital accumulation in the mean time,the economy gains greater promotion than the economic system which just has one driving factor.There is a cross positive externality between technological progress and human capital accumulation.Human capital accumulation and R&D investment provide incentives for each other and they increase economic growth together ． The Uzawa-Lucas approach may serve well to characteriz e ‘mechanics of development’if productivity in the knowledge accumulation sector is sufficiently high.The incentive to innovation produces long-run growth that surpasses growth through factor https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d6361084.html,ernment would increase R&D investment and education investment,give full play to the externality of human capital and technology progress in economic growth,and increase the internal driving forth of economic growth. 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Appendix.Proofs of Propositions Proof (Proposition 3) The problem of the social planner is to maximiz e the utility’s level of the representative household: ∫∞ ????=0111C )(:max t d e C U t ρσσ ..s t K Y C ? =?β αβαβαμ??+=1)(K N l H Y (1)N N HN φ ημ? =?H l H H )1(?=?ηDefine the current-value Hamiltonian: 111231()(1)(1)1N H C H l N K C HN l H σαβαβαβφλμλημλησ ?+?????=+?+?+????H Where,,and are control variables,,and are state variables.The first-order C μl K N H necessary conditions are (12) 10C C σλ??=?=?H (13)1201Y N λαλμμμ ??=?=??H (14) 1301Y H l l l λβλ??=?=??H (15) 2212()Y N N N N λλρλαβλφ?? ??=?=?+??H (16) 33123Y N H H H H H λλρλαλλ? ???? =?=????H From (12)we obtain (17)11C C λσ λ? ??=From (12)and (14)we obtain (18) 2311N l H l μλλμαβ?? =??Combining equation (13)and (15)we obtain (19) 222 21N N N N αβμλλρλλφαμ? ? ?+?=???From (13)we obtain (20) 2(1)(1)11N g g λαφσαβ?????=??++????+????Combining equation (19)and (20)we obtain (21) (1)(1)1N N g g ασφαβμσφραβαμ????++?+=??+??? Combining equation (14),(16)and (18)we obtain (22) 233 33111l H l H H l H l H H ααμλλρλλλββμ? ?????=?????From (14)we obtain (23) 3(1)(1)1(1)N g g λαφσφαβ?????=??++?????+????Combining equation (22)and (23)we obtain (24) (1)1(1)1[(1)][(1)]N H N H N g g g αφααμσφρηφηφαβββμ???????+?+???=??????+??? ?Combining equation (21)and (24)we obtain (25) [(1)](1)(1)1[(1)](1)(1)H N N N H N N g g g g g αβηφασφαβσφρηφαββασφσφραβ+??????+??+???=??+??????+?+??+??Solve equation (20)and we can obtain the following proposition. Equation (50)and (53)are the counterpoints of equation (33)and (37)in the decentraliz ed equilibrium,the differences between them are only the distortions eliminated by the social planner. 篮球术语 Jump ball 跳球 Travering 走步 Technical foul 技术犯规 3-second violation 3秒违例 Point scored 罚球 Personal foul 个人犯规 3-point shot 3分球 3-point line 3分线 Sideline 边线 Endline 端线 Midcourtline 中线 Center court 中场 Backboard 篮板 Free throw lane 罚球区 Offense 进攻 Defense 防守 Passing the ball 传球 Receiving the ball 接球 Shoot 投篮 Dunk 扣篮 Lay-up 檫板入蓝 Jump shot 跳投 Hook 勾手投篮 Dribbling 运球 Block off 防堵 Steal the ball 抢断球 Rebound 抢篮板球 Half-court offense 前场进攻 Fast-break offense 快攻 Playing big 高大中锋战术 Playing small 小个子战术 Spreading the court 拉开进攻 Setting up plays 组织进攻 Screen 掩护 Pick and roll 掩护转身切入 Give and go 传切上篮 Posting up 策应 Three-point shooting 三分球战术Isolations 孤立打法 Drawing a foul 导致对方犯规Blocking out 抢篮板时将对方挡在外面Man to man 人盯人 烘焙设备和工具中英文对照冰箱refrigerator, ice box 冰柜、冷冻柜freezer 抽屉式冷柜locker 打蛋机egg beater, beating machine 电炉electric stove 电磁炉electromagnetic oven 发酵箱fermentation room 滚圆机rounder 和面机dough mixer 搅拌器mixer 绞肉机mincing machine, meat grinder 烤炉oven 转炉revolving oven 风车转炉reel oven 链条烤盘式平炉traveling chain oven 钢带式平炉band oven 螺旋式烤炉spiral oven 托盘式炉tray oven 箱式烤炉deck oven 辊切成型机rotary cutter 挤条成型机route press 钢丝切割成型机wire cutter 挤浆成型机depositor 面团拌和机pastry blender 面包整形机moulder 奶油分离器cream separator 食品加工器food processor 食品切碎机food chopper 食品粉碎机masher 洗碗机dish washer 醒发室prover 榨汁机juice extractor, squeezer 油炸机deep-fryer 剥皮器zester 磅秤scale 保鲜纸locker paper 裱花转台revolving cake stand 焙烤用纸碟baking cup 布丁模pudding mold 叉子fork 秤scale 长柄平底煎锅skillet 长筷chopsticks 最新现代物流学考试试题答案资料 【最新资料，WORD文档，可编辑修改】合分人：复查人： 分数评卷人 二、单选题（每空1分，共20分） 1.物流业是一种（C）行业。 A.生产性 B.生活性 C.服务性 D.消费性 2.国际标准化组织（ISO）认定的物流基础模数尺寸是（ A ）。 A.600 × 400mm B.300 × 400mm C.600 × 200mm D.300 × 200mm 3.向社会提供运输、储存、装卸搬运、流通加工、包装及物流信息等服务的能力称为（A）。 A.物流需求 B.物流链 C.物流供给 D.物流量 4.企业将物流系统全部承包给第三方物流供应商称为（ D ）。 A.物流系统剥离 B.物流战略联盟 C.物流系统接管 D.物流业务管理外包 5.生产企业出售商品时，物品在供方与需方之间的实体流动称为（ C ）。 A.采购物流 B.企业内物流 C.销售物流 D.退货物流 6.在同一地域范围内进行的，以改变物的存放状态和空间位置为主要内容和目的的活动称为（ B ）。 A.运输 B.装卸搬运 C.配送 D.流通加工 7.配送是面向 ( A ) 的服务。 A.终点用户 B.中间用户 C.始点厂家 D.中间厂家 8.下列选项中不是配送的功能要素的是（B）。 A.送货 B.包装 C.分拣 D.配货 9.不属于物流增值服务功能的是（C）。 A.加快反应速度 B.业务延伸 C.订货 D.增加便利性 10.下列表述中不属于物流信息特点的是(C )。 A.物流信息种类多 B.物流信息动态性强 C.物流信息对提高经济效益起着非常重要的作用 D.物流信息量大﹑分布广 11.物流运输增值的时间效用表现为通过物品流通过程中的劳动克服了物品( C )时间上的不一致。 A.生产 B.消费 C.生产和消费 D.采购 12.最具灵活性的运输方式是( A )。 A.公路运输 B.铁路运输 C.航空运输 D.远洋运输 13.不适合航空运输货物的是( D )。 A.高附加值产品 B.紧急救援物资 C.生鲜食品 D.大宗低值物品 14.( A ) 是指将部分废旧物料通过收集、分类、加工、供应等环节转化成新的产品，重新投入到生产或消费领域的过程。 A.回收物流 B.废弃物流 C.供应物流 D.场内物流 15.物流是指物资的物质实体由供应者到需求者的流动，包括：（ D ）。 A.物资空间位置的变动和时间位置的变动 B.物资空间位置的变动和形状性质的变动 C.物资时间位置的变动和形状性质的变动 D.物资空间位置的变动、时间位置的变动和形状性质的变动 16.对象物所有权转移的活动称为（ A ）。 A.商流 B.物流 C.信息流 D.流通辅助性活动 17.生产与流通之间的关系是（ A ）。 A.生产决定流通，流通对生产有反作用 B.流通决定生产，流通对生产有反作用 C.生产决定流通，生产对流通有反作用 D.流通决定生产，生产对流通有反作用 18.商流活动可以创造物资的（ B ）。 N B A术语中英版文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08] 场上用语： a flat shot:一个弧线低平的投篮 alley-oop:空接扣篮 Arena:比赛场；竞技场。比如Seattle的主场名叫Key Arena arc:三分线 Arm in the rim dunk :手肘插进篮筐的灌篮 Air ball：“三不沾”，投出的球什么都没碰到 Alley-oop:空中接力。一个运动员把球抛向空中，另一个队员在空中接住球把球扣入篮筐 ankle－breaker：脚踝终结者。指的是一些球员在告诉交叉运球过程中将防守队员弄到并导致其受伤。 and one：打进加罚,即加罚 a strong finish：有力的结束。球员强力灌篮后，解说员的解说词 away game：客场比赛 baby hook:小勾手 backcourt：后场 back to the basket:背筐 bank shot:擦板球 Baseline：底线。球场两端的边界线 behind-the-back:背后运球 between－the－leg:胯下运球 bounc:反弹传球 Box out:抢篮板球挡人，即抢篮板球时站在对手和篮之间，用身体挡住防守队员的动作backdoor cut：从两边底线往篮下的战术 Back pass:背后传球 backcourt violation：回场违例 baseball pass：快攻时的长传 baseline driver：底线切入的球员 be sidelined：不能上场，退出比赛 beat the shot clock：在出手时限结束之前（完成出手投篮的动作）。在出手时限结束之前（完成出手投篮的动作）.NBA规定进攻一方必须在内24秒出手投篮，但在球过中线以后在前场的发球后，必须在 14 内秒出手投篮，否则违例。 behind-the-back dribble：背后运球 Bench:替补队员 bench warmer：上场时间很少的球员，通常在场下把板凳都坐暖了 blocking foul：阻挡犯规 block out：卡位 Bounce pass:击地传球 Box out:抢篮板球挡人，即抢篮板球时站在对手和篮之间，用身体挡住防守队员的动作brick：球打在篮筐或篮板上被崩出来，许多公牛队的球迷在客队罚球时都手执一块上写“Brick”的牌子在罚球队员的眼前不停的晃动，扰乱他的视线，以达到干扰罚球的目的。 bury a shot：投篮命中 Buzzer beater：零秒出手，即投压哨球 西点名称中英文对照Cake name in Chinese and English 美式芝士饼USAcheese cake 德式蜂巢蛋糕Besting cake 牛轧饼Negative 脆皮朱古力蛋糕Prelate full entwine chocolate cake 榛子薄脆百香果蛋糕Praline Hazelnut full entwine Passion cake 椰青菜糕coconut cake 浓味朱古力杯chocolate in glass 芒果布甸Mango pudding 奇异果米饭吉士杯Kiwi custardin glass 朱古力布朗尼Brownies 香蕉杏仁饼Banana Almond cake 核桃挞WalnutsTarts 忌廉巴夫Piffle 椰子布甸coconut pudding 姜味香芒蛋糕Mango cake 脆皮朱古力忌廉蛋糕Prelate full entwinechocolate cream cake 核桃拿破伦蛋糕WalnutsNapoleon 德式芝士饼Germany cheese cake 纽约芝士饼New Yorkcheese cake 酸奶布甸Yogurtpudding 白桃软心草莓蛋糕Strawberry and peach cake 传统拿破伦饼Traditional Napoleon 白森林蛋糕White forest cake 吉士蓝莓朱古力饼 Blueberry and custard chocolate cake 栗子忌廉饼Chestnut cream cake 栗子朱古力饼Chestnut chocolate cake 草莓朱古力千层饼Strawberry chocolate puff pastry 乳酪红心橘子甘笋饼Yogurt carrot cake 蓝莓杏仁牛油饼Blueberry almond butter cake 德国奶油香橙饼German orange cream cake 芒果芝士饼Mango cheese cake 百香果黄杏芝士饼Apricot thyme cheese cake 局草莓软心杏仁饼Baked strawberry almond soft heart cake 吉士蛋布甸 Custard pudding 法式炖蛋French pudding 鲜果者厘杯Fresh fruit jelly cup 金宝苹果批Apple crumble 玉桂香蕉朱古力忌廉饼Banana chocolate cream cake 浓咖啡朱古力忌廉饼Coffee chocolate cake 浓香椰子蛋糕coconut cake 朱古力沙架sacker cake 全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代物 流学试题 课程代码：07114 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 1.Logistics是世界公认的物流标准用语，这一词首先应用的领域是 A.生产 B.军事 C.消费 D.经济 2.维持弹性库存，以满足客户非预期的需求，实现市场调节功能的供应链类型是 A.有效性供应链 B.反应性供应链 C.功能性供应链 D.创新性供应链 3.科学的选择运输工具、合理的规划运输线路、保持合理的库存规模等体现物流系统的 A.服务性目标 B.快捷性目标 C.节约目标 D.规模优化目标 4.时效性不强、价格低廉的散重货物，适用于 A.水上运输 B.航空运输 C.公路运输 D.铁路运输 5.相同的运输方式下，客户选择运输服务商的首要标准是 A.价格 B.快捷 C.服务质量 D.运输工具 6.经海关批准，在海关监管下专供存放未办理关税手续而入境或过境货物的场所，称为 A.自有仓库 B.特种仓库 C.出口监管仓库 D.保税仓库 7.对托盘进行装卸作业，一般采用的方式是 A.吊上吊下 B.又上叉下 C.移上移下 D.滚上滚下 8.自动导引搬运车的缩写是 A.AGV B.AVG C.GAV D.VGA 9.装卸搬运作业的活性是指 A.货物装卸搬运的难易程度 B.货物中鲜活物品比例 C.装卸搬运消耗的活劳动 D.装卸搬运工具的灵活 10.既是生产的终点，也是物流的起点，将产品由生产领域向流通领域转移的重要环节是 A.运输 B.储存 C.装卸 D.包装 11.以生鲜产品进行的保鲜、保质的冷冻加工主要是为了 A.提高加工效率 B.保护产品 N B A必备英文词汇Last revision on 21 December 2020 看NBA必备的篮球词汇大全球队一览： Eastern Conference 东部联盟 Boston Celtics 波士顿凯尔特人 New Jersey Nets 新泽西网 New York Knicks 纽约尼克斯 Philadelphia 76ers 费城76人 Toronto Raptors 多伦多猛龙 Chicago Bulls 芝加哥公牛 Cleveland Cavaliers 克里夫兰骑士 Detroit Pistons 底特律活塞 Indiana Pacers 印第安纳步行者 Milwaukee Bucks 密尔沃基雄鹿 Atlanta Hawks 亚特兰大老鹰 Charlotte Bobcats 夏洛特山猫 Miami Heat 迈阿密热火 Orlando Magic 奥兰多魔术 Washington Wizards 华盛顿奇才 Western Conference 西部联盟 Denver Nuggets 丹佛掘金 Minnesota Timberwolves 明尼苏达森林狼Oklahoma City Thunder 俄克拉何马城雷霆 Portland Trail Blazers 波特兰开拓者 Utah Jazz 犹他爵士 Golden State Warriors 金州勇士 Los Angeles Clippers 洛杉矶快船 Los Angeles Lakers 洛杉矶湖人 Phoenix Suns 菲尼克斯太阳 Sacramento Kings 萨克拉门托国王 Dallas Mavericks 达拉斯小牛 Houston Rockets 休斯敦火箭 Memphis Grizzlies 孟菲斯灰熊 New Orleans Hornets 新奥尔良黄蜂 San Antonio Spurs 圣安东尼奥马刺 球队组成： assistant coach：助理教练 backcourt：后卫组(包括控球后卫及得分后卫) backup：后备(替换，支持)球员 bench：(指全体)后备(替换，支持)球员 bench player：(指个人)后备(替换，支持)球员center：中锋(又称5号位置球员) coach：教练 frontline：锋线(包括大前锋，小前锋，中锋) GM(general manager)：球队经理 各种食物的中英文对照翻译 水果类（fruits）： 西红柿tomato 菠萝pineapple 西瓜watermelon 香蕉banana 柚子shaddock （pomelo） 橙子orange 苹果apple 柠檬lemon 樱桃cherry 桃子peach 梨pear 枣Chinese date （去核枣pitted date ）椰子coconut 草莓strawberry 树莓raspberry 蓝莓blueberry 黑莓blackberry 葡萄grape 甘蔗sugar cane 芒果mango 木瓜pawpaw或者papaya 杏子apricot 油桃nectarine 柿子persimmon 石榴pomegranate 榴莲jackfruit 槟榔果areca nut 西班牙产苦橙bitter orange 猕猴桃kiwi fruit or Chinese gooseberry 金橘cumquat 蟠桃flat peach 荔枝litchi 青梅greengage 山楂果haw 水蜜桃honey peach 香瓜，甜瓜musk melon 李子plum 杨梅waxberry red bayberry 桂圆longan 沙果crab apple 杨桃starfruit 枇杷loquat 柑橘tangerine 莲雾wax-apple 番石榴guava 肉、蔬菜类（livestock家畜）： 南瓜（倭瓜）pumpkin cushaw 甜玉米Sweet corn 牛肉beef 猪肉pork 羊肉mutton 羔羊肉lamb 鸡肉chicken 生菜莴苣lettuce 白菜Chinese cabbage （celery cabbage）卷心菜cabbage 萝卜radish 胡萝卜carrot 韭菜leek 木耳agarics 豌豆pea 马铃薯（土豆）potato 黄瓜cucumber 苦瓜balsam pear 秋葵okra 洋葱onion 绝密★考试结束前 全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试 现代物流学试题 课程代码:07114 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。 1.Logistics是世界公认的物流标准用语，这一词首先应用的领域是 A.生产 B.军事 C.消费 D.经济 2.维持弹性库存，以满足客户非预期的需求，实现市场调节功能的供应链类型是 A.有效性供应链 B.反应性供应链 C.功能性供应链 D.创新性供应链 3.科学的选择运输工具、合理的规划运输线路、保持合理的库存规模等体现物流系统的 A.服务性目标 B.快捷性目标 C.节约目标 D.规模优化目标 4.时效性不强、价格低廉的散重货物，适用于 A.水上运输 B.航空运输 C.公路运输 D.铁路运输 5.相同的运输方式下，客户选择运输服务商的首要标准是 A.价格 B.快捷 C.服务质量 D.运输工具 6.经海关批准，在海关监管下专供存放未办理关税手续而入境或过境货物的场所，称为 A.自有仓库 B.特种仓库 C.出口监管仓库 D.保税仓库 7.对托盘进行装卸作业，一般采用的方式是 A.吊上吊下 B.又上叉下 C.移上移下 D.滚上滚下 8.自动导引搬运车的缩写是 A.AGV B.AVG C.GAV D.VGA 9.装卸搬运作业的活性是指 A.货物装卸搬运的难易程度 B.货物中鲜活物品比例 C.装卸搬运消耗的活劳动 NBA 各种投篮方式 (slam) dunk：(强力)灌篮 bank shot：擦板球 double pump：拉杆式投篮(verb) fade-away shot：后仰式跳投 hook shot：钩射投篮 jump shot：跳投 layup：带球上篮 perimeter shot：中距离投篮 set shot：立定投篮 three-point shot：三分球 NBA 各种统计术语 assist：助攻 block shot：阻攻，盖火锅儿 defensive rebound：防守篮板球 field goal percentage：投球命中率 field goal：投球命中 free throw percentage：罚球命中率 free throw：罚球offensive rebound：进攻篮板球rebound：篮板球 scoring：得分 steal：抢断 three-point shot percentage：三分球命中率 turnover：失误 NBA场地装备 backboard：篮板 back court：后场 freethrow lane：罚球圈，禁区 freethrow line：罚球线 front court：前场 game clock：比赛用时钟 halftime：中场休息时间 hoop：篮框，篮圈 mid-court：中场 net：篮网 painted area：罚球圈，禁区 restricted area near the basket：禁区内篮框下的小圆圈区域 rim：篮框，篮圈 scoring table：记录台，记分台 shot clock：时限钟（进攻方在24秒内必须投篮，并且球必须触及篮框，否则即违例) three-point line：三分（球）线 top of the circle：靠近禁区顶端之三分（球）线附近 wing：（左、右两边）底线区域 NBA规则 牛肉分部： 一、二、 面粉／中筋面粉Plainflour/all-purposeflour 低筋面粉／低根粉cakeflour/softflour/weakflour/lowproteinflour 高筋面粉／筋面／根面／高根粉glutenflour/strongflour/breadflour/baker'sflour/highproteinflour 全麦面粉wholewheatflour 澄面粉／澄粉／澄面non-glutinousflour/wheatflour/wheatstarch 自发面粉self-raisingflour 粗玉米豆粉polenta/yellowcornmeal 粟粉／粟米粉／玉米粉／玉米淀粉cornflour/cornstarch 生粉／太白粉／地瓜粉potatostarch/potatoflour 树薯粉／木薯粉／茨粉／菱粉／泰国生粉／太白粉／地瓜粉Tapiocastarch/tapiocaflour 蕃薯粉／地瓜粉sweetpotatoflour 马蹄粉waterchestnutflour 葛粉arrowrootflour 臭粉／胺粉／阿摩尼亚粉／嗅粉 powderedbakingammonia/carbonateofammonia/ammoniabicarbonate/ammoniacarbonate/hartshorn 发粉／泡打粉／泡大粉／速发粉／蛋糕发粉bakingpowder 苏打粉／小苏打／梳打粉／小梳打／食粉／重曹bakingsoda/bicarbofsoda 塔塔粉／他他粉creamoftartar 卡士达粉／蛋黄粉／吉士粉／吉时粉／custardpowder 卡士达／克林姆／奶皇馅／蛋奶馅custard/pastrycream 蛋白粉eggwhitepowder？ 粘米粉／黏米粉／在来米粉／在莱米粉／再来米粉riceflour 糕仔粉cookedriceflour 糯米粉glutinousriceflour/sweetriceflour 凤片粉／熟糯米粉／糕粉／加工糕粉friedsweetriceflour/friedglutinousriceflour 绿豆粉mungbeanflour/tepunghunkwee 小麦胚芽／麦芽粉wheatgerm 小麦蛋白／面筋粉wheatgluten 硷水／(木见)水alkaline water／lye water／potassiumcarbonate 白矾alum 硼砂borax 石膏gypsum 酵母／酒饼yeast／ibu roti 面包／面饱bread 土司面包／吐司toast 面包糠／面包屑breadcrumbs 香草豆／香草荚／香草片／香子兰荚vanilla bean／vanilla pod 香草精／云尼拉香精／凡尼拉香精vanilla extract／vanilla essence 香草粉vanilla powder 班兰粉／香兰粉ground pandan／ground screwpineleaves／serbokdaunpandan 班兰精／香兰精pandan paste／pasta pandan 玫瑰露／玫瑰露精rosewater／rosewateressence essence 杏仁粉almond flour／almondmieal 皮屑grated zest／grated rind 海苔粉ground seaweed 黑蔗糖浆／糖蜜／甘蔗糖蜜molasses 金黄糖浆goldensyrup 枫糖浆／枫树糖浆／枫糖maple syrup 玉米糖浆cornsyrup／karosyrup 葡萄糖浆glucosesyrup 麦芽糖浆barleymaltsyrup／maltsyrup 麦芽糖maltose／maltsugar 焦糖carmael 果糖Ｅfructos 乳糖lactose 转化糖invertsugar 日式糙米糖浆amazake 绵花糖霜marshmallowcream cream 冰糖ＲＯＣＫsugar 椰糖／爪哇红糖palm sugar／gula malacca 黄砂糖brown sugar 红糖？／黑糖？darkbrownsugar 红糖？／黑糖？muscovadosugar 蔬菜与调味品 string bean 四季豆 bean sprout 豆芽cabbage 包心菜; 大白菜celery 芹菜 leek 韭菜 caraway 香菜 spinach 菠菜 carrot 胡萝卜 loofah 丝瓜 pumpkin 南瓜 bitter gourd 苦瓜cucumber 黄瓜 white gourd 冬瓜 needle mushroom 金针菇tomato 番茄 eggplant 茄子 potato, 马铃薯 lotus root 莲藕 agaric 木耳 vinegar 醋 peanut oil 花生油 soy sauce 酱油 ginger 生姜 scallion,青葱 green pepper 青椒 pea 豌豆 bamboo shoot 竹笋 seasoning 调味品 green soy bean 毛豆 soybean sprout 黄豆芽 mung bean sprout 绿豆芽 kale 甘蓝菜 broccoli 花椰菜 mater convolvulus 空心菜 dried lily flower 金针菜 mustard leaf 芥菜 tarragon 蒿菜 beetroot 甜菜根 lettuce 生菜 preserved szechuan pickle 榨菜salted vegetable 雪里红 lettuce 莴苣 asparagus 芦荟 dried bamboo shoot 笋干 water chestnut 荸荠 long crooked squash 菜瓜 gherkin 小黄瓜 yam 山芋 taro 芋头 champignon 香菇 dried mushroom 冬菇 white fungus 百木耳 garlic 大蒜 onion 洋葱 wheat gluten 面筋 miso 味噌 caviar 鱼子酱 barbeque sauce 沙茶酱 tomato ketchup, tomato sauce 番茄酱mustard 芥末 salt 盐 sugar 糖 sweet 甜 sour 酸 bitter 苦 常用食物调料中英文对照2006-05-18 19:27:58 常用食物调料中英文对照 Anise (star anise)----- 大茴香，八角，大料 Aniseed --------------- 大茴香子 Basil ----------------- 罗勒，紫苏，九层塔 Bay leaf--------------- 香叶，月桂树叶 Caper------------------ 马槟榔 Caraway --------------- 藏茴香果，葛缕子，页蒿 Cardamom -------------- 小豆蔻 Cayenne pepper--------- 辣椒，牛角椒 Chive ----------------- 细香葱，虾夷葱 Cinnamon -------------- 肉桂 Clove------------------ 丁香 Coriander-------------- 芫荽，香菜，胡芫 Cumin------------------ 孜然，小茴香，枯茗 Dill ------------------ 莳萝 Fennel----------------- 茴香 Fenugreek ------------- 胡芦巴 Hop-------------------- 忽布，啤酒花 Horseradish------------ 山葵，辣根 Laurel----------------- 月桂 Mint------------------- 薄荷 Mustard---------------- 芥末 Nutmeg----------------- 肉豆蔻 Oregano---------------- 牛至 Paprika---------------- 红辣椒粉 Parsley --------------- 欧芹，洋芫荽洋香菜Poppy seed ------------ 罂粟种子 Rosemary -------------- 迷迭香 Saffron --------------- 藏红花，番红花 Sage------------------- 鼠尾草，洋苏草 Tarragon--------------- 龙蒿，蛇蒿，菌陈蒿 T hyme ----------------- 百里香，麝香草 Turmeric -------------- 姜黄 vanilla --------------- 香草，香子兰 Wormwood -------------- 苦艾，蒿 现代物流学 一、单选题 1．日本于（A）正式引进了“物流”概念，并将其解释为“物的流通”、“实物流动”。A．20世纪50年代 B．20世纪60年代 C．20世纪70年代 D．20世纪80年代 2．按照物流活动覆盖的围可以将物流分为三类，其中不包括（C）。 A．国物流 B．国际物流Ｃ．城市物流 D．区域物流 3．按照（A）来划分，运输可以分为铁路运输、公路运输、水路运输、航空运输以及管道运输即我们常说的五种基本运输方式。 A．运输工具不同 B．运输线路不同Ｃ．运输距离长短 D．运输规模大小 4．铁路运输在现在的运输业务中，有逐渐减少的趋势，这主要是因为（D）。 A．铁路运输的运输规模大 B．铁路运输的运输距离长 C．按时刻表运行 D．缺乏机动性，不能实现“门到门”的服务 5．将的2万吨红薯运往汉口，选择（C）方式比较合适。 A．铁路运输 B．公路运输 C．水路运输 D．航空运输 E．管道运输 6．人们将一次委托，由两家以上运输企业或用两种以上运输方式共同将某一批物品运 送到目的地的运输方式叫做（B）。 A．直达运输 B．联合运输 C．直接换装 D．甩挂运输 7．放于搬运车、台车或其他可移动挂车上的货物，它的搬运活性指数是（D）。 A．0级 B．1级 C．2级 D．3级 8．仓库储存费用的构成中，（C）是最难确定和测量的。 A．订货费 B．保管费 C．缺货损失费 D．保险费 9．构成现代配送中心产生和发展的理论基础有三个，不包括（ C）。 A．供应链理论 B．分流理论Ｃ．交易费用理论 D．效益背反理论 10．生产与流通之间的关系是（D ）。 A．生产与流通之间是互为决定的关系 一、单选 1.不属于衡量企业物流质量的主要因素是（D ）。 A.物流时间 B.物流成本 C.物流效率 D.物流网络 2.库存管理得好，新产品的开发时间会缩短（C ）。 A.1/3 B.1/2 C.2/3 D.3/5 3.电子商务的一个重要特征是（A ）。 A.网络化 B.自动化 C.智能化 D.集成化 4.在运输中收货人通常是合同当中的（C ）。 A.第一方 B.第二方 C.第三方 D.以上皆不是 5.物流企业是为（D ）提供服务的。 A.企业 B.生产商 C.中间商 D.社会用户 6.下列那一项关于ABC管理的叙述是正确的（D ）。 A.A类占整个销售的60%，B类20%，C类占20% B.A类占整个销售的70%，B类20%，C类占10% C.A类占整个销售的80%，B类10%，C类占10% D.A类占整个销售的80%，B类适中，C类占20% 7.最先提出物流概念的是（B ）。 A.日本 B.美国 C.德国 D.法国 8.物流业务的中心活动是（C ）。 A.配送 B.装卸 C.运输 D.储存 9.物流的生产和发展是（C ）的需要，是流通的主要因素。 A.社会经济发展 B.运输业 C.社会再生产 D.流通加工发展 10.下列不属于制造业物流的是（C ）。 A.供应物流 B.销售物流 C.企业物流 D.回收物流 11.生产者将商品实体通过运输转移给消费者是要克服（C ）。 A.所有权间隔 B.使用权间隔 C.场所间隔 D.时间间隔 12.地理信息系统的简称是（A ）。 A.GIS B.GPS C.POS D.EDI 13. 包装的首要功能是( A )。 A.保护货物 B. 便于处理 C.促进销售 D.美观大方 14.下列哪项运输方式主要用于运输天然气、原油或成品油。（C ） A.铁路运输 B.公路运输 C.管道运输 D.水路运输 15.下列那一项是物流企业用于交换商业文件的标准形式（C ）。 A.DIF B.EIF C.EDI D.DEF 16.下列关于最佳包装设计表述最正确的是（C ）。 A.符合现代顾客的审美观，以顾客为导向的包装设计 B.以成本为导向，尽量节省成本，从而提高经济效益 C.用最少的费用获得最大的经济效益 D.最佳包装设计是能够使产品价值最大化的包装设计 17.下列哪一项是拟定配送计划的主要依据（B ）。 A.路线分析 B.商流 C.时间安排 D.货物品种、规格、数量情况 18.下列哪一项是配送目标管理的主要内容（D ）。 A.配送技术质量指标评价 B.配送技术利润指标评价 C.配送技术服务指标评价 D.配送技术经济指标评价 中国菜名(点心)英文 翻译 中国菜名（点心）英文翻译 点心及零嘴： 中式：中式点心dim sum（饮茶Yum Cha）油条twisted cruller豆浆bean milk豆腐花beancurd jelly包子bum豆沙包smashed bean bun馒头steamed bread花卷twistbread馄饨wonton锅贴fried wontons水饺boiled dumpling蒸虾饺steamed prawn dumpling小笼包子small steamer bun虾饺shrimp dumpling烧卖shao-mai肠粉rice noodle roll春卷spring roll 葱油饼green onion pie油饼cruller千层糕layer cake马拉糕Cantonese sponge cake八宝饭rice pudding凉粉agar-agar jelly河粉fried rice noodles干炒牛河fried rice noodles w/beef年糕rice cake炒面chow mein杂碎Chop Suey芙蓉蛋Egg Foo Yung汤面noodles soup阳春面plain noodles刀削面sliced noodles炸酱面noodles w/soybean paste打卤面noodles w/gravy 芝麻糊sesame paste萝卜丝饼turnip strips cake碗糕salty rice pudding凤梨酥pineapple cake豆沙sweet bean paste糯米sticky rice血糯米black sticky rice白粥congee 西式：麦芬/松饼muffin馅饼pie小甜饼cookie汉堡三明治deli sandwichs法国长棍Baguette 羊角面包croissant泡夫puff拿破仑Napoleons酥饼flaky pastry唐那滋/油炸圈饼doughnut蛋挞tart大块面包loaf吐司toast意大利面pasta意粉spaghetti意式宽面lasagne意式干面tagliatelle意式扁面Linguine意式细面Vermicelli提拉米苏Tira Misu面包皮crust华夫饼干waffle苏打饼干soda cracker杏仁饼干macaroon核仁巧克力饼brownie姜饼gingersnap慕司mousse果酱jam糖浆syrup薄荷mint麦片oatmeal圣代sundae雪芭sorbet甜筒icecream cone蜜桃冰淇淋peach melba香草vanilla奶昔milkshake火焰冰激凌baked Alaska意式冰激凌Spumoni奶油冻custard羊乳酪feta人造黄油Margarine甜馅mincemeat 蛋黄酱mayonnaise奶油蛋黄酱mornay sauce果酱jam柑桔果酱marmalade枫糖酱maple syrup 零嘴及其他：爆米花popcorn牛肉干beef jerk果冻jam泡泡糖bubble gum棒棒糖bonbon水果糖konfyt陈皮orange peel棉花糖cotton candy太妃糖toffee香瓜子sunflower seed南瓜子pumpkin seed藕粉lotus root starch馅子filling便当lunchbox自助餐buffet零嘴snack蜜饯tutti-frutti荞麦粉buckwheat玉米粉cornmeal香米fragrant rice酥油ghee米粉rice flour大西米sago酒酿sweet fermented-rice燕窝bird’s nest（法）块菌truffle榨菜preserved Szechuan vegetable 中西菜式： 主菜main course一道菜course招牌菜specialty浇头toppings泡菜pickles酸黄瓜sour cucumber例汤soup of the day罗宋汤borsch鱼羹fish chowder薯泥mashed potatoes 玉米卷taco杂烩chowder沙锅菜casserole炖菜stew炖肉daube肉片/鱼片fillet蛋白egg white蛋黄yolk煎蛋omelette荷包蛋poached egg(单面sunny-side up双面over easy)水煮蛋/白灼蛋boiled egg(半熟soft-boiled)炒蛋scrambled egg皮蛋thousand year egg茶叶蛋tea egg咸鸭蛋salted duck egg肉汁gravy蔬菜通心粉汤Minestrone西班牙肉菜饭paella肉汤broth意式调味饭Risotto腓力牛排Tournedos/filet mignon(用Bearnaise Sauce)西冷牛排sirloin steak牛百叶/猪肚tripe火锅hot pot奶油洋葱汤cream of onion soup清炖肉汤consomme乡下浓汤country soup鱼排fish fillet浓汤bisque（中式）杂碎chop suey烤肉串kabob爱尔兰炖菜Irish stew意大利蔬菜汤minestrone青豆泥puree of peas北京烤鸭Peking duck（法）蔬菜炖肉ragout意大利腊肠salami马来西亚米粉laksa意大利腊肠salami（泰）冬荫功Tom Yum Goong 日本料理： 现代物流学试题一及答案 一、选择题(每题2分，共20分) 下列各题A、B、C、D四个选项中，只有一个选项是正确的，请将正确的选项涂写在答题卡相应位置上，答在试卷上不得分。 1．对象所有权转移的活动称为（）。 A．商流 B．物流 C．信息流 D．流通辅助性活动 2．（）是全社会物流的整体，也称为大物流或宏观物流。 A．国内物流 B．社会物流 C．行业物流 D．地区物流 3．下列选项中不属于装卸搬运合理化原则的是（）。 A. 消除无效搬运 B．提高搬运活性 C. 尽量采用人工作业 D．采用集装单元化作业 4.下列不属于配送的特点的是（）。 A．配送是从物流据点至用户的一种送货形式 B．配送是在全面配货的基础上，完全按用户要求进行的运送，是配与送的有机结合 C．配送是一种门到门的服务 D．配送一般是干线运输或直达运输，批量大、品种单一 5．在物流系统中，起着缓冲、调节和平衡作用的物流活动是（）。 A．运输 B．配送 C．仓储 D．装卸 6．根据“物流成本冰山说”，露在水面之上的部分是（）。 A．企业内部消耗的物流费 B．制造费用 C．委托的物流费用 D．自家物流费 7．第三方物流业者的核心能力体现在（）。 A．专业服务 B．高效率 C．规模化 D．信息系统 8．集装箱容积一般是（）。 A．大于10立方米 B．大于20立方米 C．大于40立方米 D．大于1立方米 9．资金流可以认为从属于（）。 A．商流 B．物流 C．信息流 D．流通辅助性活动 10．在自动化仓库里的整体式仓库和分离式仓库，它们是（）进行分类的。A．按仓库在生产和流通中的作用 B．按仓库的建筑形式 C．按库房高度 D．按库房容量 二、简答题（每题5分，共35分） 1. 什么是商物分离？商物分离的特征和优越性表现在哪些方面？ 2．什么是物流系统？为什么物流具有系统性？ 3. 物流成本管理的意义是什么？ 4．什么是集合包装？商品集装化的作用有哪些？ 5．根据我国流通企业类型，流通企业物流分为哪几种？ 6. 供应链管理的特点是什么？ 7. 简述物流产业政策的构成。 三、论述题（每题10分，共20分） 1.什么是物流？如何深入理解物流的内涵？ 2.请论述如何制定企业的物流战略。 四、案例题（25分） 海尔在连续16年保持80％的增长速度之后，近两年来又悄然进行着一场重大的管理革命。这就是在对企业进行全方位流程再造的基础之上，建立了具有国际水平的自动化、智能化的现代物流体系，使企业的运营效益发生了奇迹般的变化，资金周转达到一年15次，实现了零库存、零运营成本和与顾客的零距离，突破了构筑现代企业核心竞争力的瓶颈。 海尔物流通过三个JIT，实现同步流程。海尔集团100％的采购订单从网上下达，使采购周期由原来的平均10天降为3天。海尔能将所有与供应商相关的物流管理业务信息，如采购计划。采购订单、库存信息、供应商供货清单、配额以及采购价格和计划交货时间通过信息系统发布给供应商，使供应商足不出户就能全面了解和制订与自己相关的物流管理信息（如根据采购计划备货，根据采购订单送货等等）。在这种条件下，实现原材料采购的寄售模式也成为了可能。通过这个模式将备货转化为供应商库存，减少库存积压资金。货物人库后，物流部NBA 篮球专业术语(英汉对照)
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