四级写作——
一. 四级写作的特点
1. 语言以简洁的简单句为主，最多辅以一两个定语从句，宾语从句，状语从
句。
2. 内容以大众易于表达为主，重点放在动词，动词词组，形容词的选择上。
3. 话题以常见社会，文化，教育，科技类话题为主，远离热点和争议性话
题。
4. 语意以准确完整为主，不必刻意追求深刻和个性（区分及物动词和不及
物动词，名词的意思和正确的形式。）
二. 英语四级写作历年题目汇总
2012 on excessive packaging
2011 nothing succeeds without a strong will
2011 online shopping
2010 how should parents help children to be independent?
2010 due attention should be given to spelling
2009 create a green campus
2009 free admission to museums
2008 restriction on disposable plastic bags
2008 on green olympics
2007 on selective courses
2007 an announcement to welcome students to join a club
2006 on cctv spring festival gala
2006 an announcement for a voluntary program
2005 should the university campus be open to tourists
2005 teachers day
2005 a campaign speech
2004 a brief introduction to a tourist attraction
2004 a letter in reply to a friend
2003 an eye witness account of a traffic accident
2003 it pays to be honest
2002 student use of computers
2002 a letter to a school
2001 a letter to a schoolmate
2001 how to succeed in a job interview?
2000 is a test of spoken english necessary?
2000 how i finance my college education?
题目分析：
1. 只考教育（13次），社会（11次，热点一次），品质类话题（2次）
2. 出题形式：
信件－－意图，细节，客套（套用模板）(湘湘的香水瓶）
说明文－－on the importance/effect/influence/reasons of...; why ....; how...（原因，结果，方式，重要性）
议论文－－Should...? Is it necessary for ....to do...?
what is your opinion?
图表分析-- 说明文－－图表数据，说明原因或者影响
3. 下次考试？
a. 教育类话题为主
b. “小心”材料题
c. 提纲式题目按模板写即可，不可踰越提纲
d. 模板统一性
三. 如何备考
1. 重点准备话题词汇和句型
2. 对掌握的句型和词汇结合话题进行句子练习
3. 考前一个月左右进行完整文章写作练习（利用模板和准备好的话题词汇）
4. 话题按照教育，社会，精神分类准备
5. 练习数量在于“精”“准”，不在于“多”。
四. 语言准备
词汇的记忆的六步：
1念 2拼3变化 4拆 5分6展开（Merriam Webster)
1. 动词类
保护：protect, shield, defend, guard
抱怨：complain,make complaints about
避免：avoid, keep away from
澄清：clarify, clear up, explain, define
持续：last, endure, keep on
打破：break, fall apart, smash, crack
耽搁：delay, postpone, put off
导致：result in, lead to, bring about, generate
调查：examine, probe into, investigate
丢弃：abandon, discard, quit
发生：happen, take place, occur， break out, come about
发现：discover, turn up, dig out
察觉：notice perceive, detect
反对：object to, disapprove of, protest against, oppose to
反抗：resist, repel against
废止：abolish
分配：share, distribute, allot
服从：obey, comply with, abide by
复制：copy, reproduce, duplicate
改变：change, vary, reform
隔离：isolate, separate, set apart
攻击：attack, invade
忽视：neglect, ignore, overlook
花费：spend, expend, consume
唤起：evoke, awaken, call forth
混合：mix, blend
获得：acquire, gain, obtain
激发：arouse, stir, provoke
加强：strengthen, beef up, reinforce
假装：pretend,simulate
减少：decrease, fall off, dwindle
讲述：report, portray
教育：educate, train, enlighten
揭露：reveal, uncover, unmask, expose
节约：conserve, cut back, economize
解雇：fire, dismiss lay off
解释：translate, reword, restate
集中：focus on, center on, concentrate on
居住：inhabit, occupy, reside, dwell
拒绝：refuse,turn down
赠送：donate, contribute, grant
决定：decide, choose, opt
激励：activate, motivate, spur
开始：start, set about
夸奖：flatter, praise, compliment
描述：describe, picture, depict
例证：typify, stand for, represent
迷惑：puzzle, confuse, bewilder
明白：understand, make out
评价：evaluate, assess, estimate
评论：comment, remark,criticize
破坏：destroy, wipe out, wreck
欺骗：mislead, deceive, trick
强调：stress, emphasize
强迫：force, oblige, compel
欣赏：admire, respect, worship
限制：restrict, ban
取消：cancel, call off
忍受：bear, tolerate, weather, put up with
认出：recognize, spot, discern, identify
散播：broadcast, spread
2. 衔接类的逻辑词类
顺序类
首先,其次, 然后, 最后: firstly, secondly, thirdly; in the first place, in the second place, in the final place;
first and foremost, moreover, additionally, furthermore, eventually, last but by no means least;
to start with, to end with, on top of that, in addition to that, added to that, besides, finally, lastly.
Initially, plus/also, ultimately.
转折类
However, otherwise, nevertheless, instead, notwithstanding
In contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, despite the fact that, in spite of
But, yet, although, even though, though
Admittedly, concededly.
Albeit+形容词／介词词组／分词，常位于句中
Your courage, albeit frail and faint, can still push me forward, continuously.
强调类
Of course, indeed, most important, certainly, in fact, obviously, clearly, surely, in particular, in this case, actually.
对比类
In comparison, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, identically
递进类
Furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, additionally, also.
因果类
原因because of, owing to, due to, thanks to
Because of you, I failed.
Because of you loved me, I remain single till today.
Because of the fact that you loved me, I remain single till today.
Because you loved me, I remain single till today.
because, since, for, as, in that
mainly/merely/simply because
Many Chinese students go to USA to further their studies in that they believe they can have more opportunities to live happily and freely.
结果 therefore, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly
as a result, as a consequence
so
3 名词的修饰方法
a. 名词的正确形式和准确语意，单数可数名词不可以单独出现，必须加上冠词；复数
名词和不可数名词可以单独出现，如果表示特指含义，则需加上the.
eg: The study of literature works is very important to student.
Practice makes permanence.
b. 冠词＋形容词＋名词
great pressure
intense pressure
修饰人的形容词：褒贬(generous, miserly; selfish, selfless/altruistic; introverted, extroverted; sensitive, insensitive; ) 外表，性格，情感；
修饰事件：重要的，必要的，普遍的，流行的，复杂的
c. 冠词＋（形容词）＋名词＋定语从句
定语从句就是一个带有动作含义的后置定语
which, that, who的引导词
which:指物，表示“具体的，可触的”物体，比如“桌子，电脑等”
that: 指物，表示“抽象的，不可触的”没有生命的对象，比如“期待，假设，灵感，梦想，文化”等。
who: 指人，表示“具体的”各种人群，比如男人，女人，老人，小孩，学生，老师等。that: 指由人构成的组织或机构，比如“committee, government, commission, agency，band”等。
d. 冠词＋（形容词）＋名词＋介词修饰
out of : 出于
The help out of compassion
Passion out of curiosity
The passion that is originated from curiosity
from: 源于，来自于
The culture from the west
the western culture
on/upon: 关于
Remarks on the importance of literature works are varied within different historical periods.
d. 动作的名词化表达
If children spend much time in watching television, it will do some harm to their physical health.
If parents do too much to manage their children’s lives, their children will ultimately lose the independence and competence.
Too much exposure to television programs will somehow do harm to children’s health. Parents’ over involvement in /interference with their children’s business will ultimately result in the loss of their children’s independence and competence.
五. 四级考试的得分要点
1. 看上去像一篇标准的四级写作——－字数满足要求120/150/180)，作文有身材，字迹清
晰整齐（第一印象不差，不至于跌破底线）
三段式——小大小结构
一段见关键词
二段见逻辑（firstly, secondly…)
三段见语言
2. 可以利用模板，但不要照搬模板，因为给分是global scoring (改卷老师认识什么是模板
什么是你自己的语言，用模板不会得0分，不用也不一定会得高分，理性使用模板)
3. 四级写作就是高考写作的升级版，也就是词汇和语法能够有合格高中毕业生的水平即
可，不同点在于，翻译被自我构思取代。
六. 四级写作攻略
1. 破题的方法和思路的建立
破题－－
a. 确定关键词（即讨论对象）
b. 确定文章结构（即三段的重点讨论内容和方向）
c. 确定模板
破题——确定论证的思路——转化思路，避重就轻——避论证和语言难点，讲通识／普适道理
首段：谈现象（模板和关键词）
中间段落：析原因／利／弊（万能句式，逻辑，词汇的选择）
结尾段落：给结果／建议／观点（常用的建议和结果类词汇，漂亮的词汇，观点／总结）
xinxiwencet4@https://www.doczj.com/doc/015338150.html,
密码：zhouxiangxiang
2 开头段的写法
谈现象，不给观点
hook + phenomenon
方法：hook=background
1）写“重要性，严重性，普遍性”－－－升级版：加时间，地点，人群，条件
句子公式：时间/条件+三性+范围/人群
时间：nowadays, recently, presently, in current days, over the past few decades, in the contemporary time.
范围：in students’ life, in people’s lives, in our neighborhood, in our modern life, in such a highly-commercialized society. (computerized,cyberized)
人群：among university students, among the youth, among modern people, among different generations，post-eighties
条件：with the fast progress in technology, with the improvement of people’s living standard, with the speedy pace of modern life, with the increasing population and settlement.
条件/时间＋关键词定性分析＋人群/范围
各种性：
重要性：...is fairly essential/critical/significant/fatal...
...matters most/makes a huge difference when compared with other stuff.
...plays a leading/pressing role....
必要性：...is fairly necessary/rudimentary/fundamental/imperative...
it is highly imperative that ..should do...(事件，写主谓句）
there is great need/necessity to ....
普遍性：...is fairly familiar/common/prevailing/prevalent....
...is about and around for a long time...
...has been penetrating into all walks of life.
...exists everywhere.
严重性：... is fairly severe, serious, grave, staid;
sample:
With the improvement of people’s living standard, television and movie h ave been penetrating into all walks of life.
In the recent years, television and movie play an increasingly leading role in people’s lives/in people’s entertainment lives.
第二句话：
It is an interesting phenomenon that people in growing numbers are discussing／voicing their opinions on .(提纲内容的第一部分）.. 名词形式的宾语／动名词
It is of great interest to notice that people in growing numbers are voicing their
different/divergent opinions on this hot issue.
Plus， there exists/emerges a trend that people in large population are
paying/giving/pouring more attention to this issue of…名词形式的宾语／动名词
开头终极升级版：
时间/条件+重要性/必要性/严重性/流行性+范围/人群。+ For example/To be specific/To take another look, ….paraphrased version…（换句型，把主语写细，换动词）
换句型：
主系表换主谓宾
主动换被动
简单句换主从句（If, when, while, as long as, because）
主语的细致化：
尽量回避使用people, the society, we, you之类的名词和代词做主语。
动词的替换：
同意积累，短语和单独动词交替使用
Spoil:pour too much love over sb
Try: make great efforts to do, spare no efforts to do
In current years, free admission to museums is excessively prevailing both at home and abroad. And it is interesting to notice that people in expanding numbers are voicing their opinions/expressing their concerns upon this issue. 35
Over the past few decades, free admission to museums has been exceedingly prevailing both at home and abroad. To be specific, visitors of different nationalities are charged free when they intend to enjoy the art or history displayed in museums. (39) Many young people can not go abroad to study is attributed to they have no money.
三性两限制
十句换表达
替换升级版
2）谈普适“公理”（重要性，普遍性，必要性等）
hook:
As is well known/noted to all, ....
It is deeply rooted/deeply ingrained that...
It is widely-accepted/widely-acknowledged that....
There is no denying the faca that... /There is no doubt that ...
Phenomenon
And recently, it is an interesting phenomenon that people in growing numbers are discussing about...
And it is of great interest to notice that people in growing numbers are voicing their different/divergent opinions on this issue.
Plus， there exists a trend that people in large population are paying more attention to this issue.
开头段落套写
微博重要性
微博：miniblog, weibo, twitter
It is widely-acknowledged that miniblog, namely weibo, has been gaining great popularity among the people at different ages.Plus, there emerges a trend that people in growing numbers are paying their due attention to this issue.
补充信息：首段可能会用到的主题讨论对象词汇总结：
影响（名词）：effect, influence, impact
优点：advantage, merit, benefit, positive side, pro-side, upside.
缺点：drawback, disadvantage, demerit, negative side, con-side, downside.
优缺点：upside and downside, the good and bad
深远的：far-reaching
明显的：noticeable, apparent, evident
不可避免的：unavoidable, inevitable
现存的：existent, existing
原因：reason, factor, cause
方法／方式：means, method, approach
解决方式：solution, remedy, therapy
3 中间/主体段落
思路：分析原因或分析影响或方法。以“二”为主！！！
原因类必备词汇：
原因： causes, factors, reasons, determinant.
几个： several, a couple of, a pair of
许多： a multitude of, numerous, countless, innumerable, a large variety of.
导致： contribute to, be attributed to, account for, be responsible for（ to 介词，而非动词不定式，所以后加noun, doing; for 介词，后加名词。）
Many students cannot go abroad to further their education attribute to they don’t have enough money.
Students’ inability of furthering their education abraod is attributed to the insufficient financial support they’ve gained.
许多的： plentiful, abundant
影响类必备词汇：
影响： influence, effect, impact
带来／造成： bring about, impose, exert( impose an impact upon sth.)
积极的： positive
消极的： negative
好坏：the good and bad, upside and downside, benefits and drawbacks
使用修辞
Without a shadow of doubt
We are in a mountain of debts.
Swallow one’s fears…
Many immigrants—a tide of immigrants
Fruit of human civilization
Erase the bitter memory
中间段模板：
1.To look deep into(perceive, analyze, scrutinize, probe into) this issue, we may easily find out that there are a large variety of factors involved. Firstly, ....Secondly, ....
2 To be frank/Frankly speaking/Without any doubt/Undoubtedly, it is not
difficult/challenging/troublesome/complicated to find out that some essential factors are responsible for the issue discussed above. Firstly, ...Secondly, ....
3 影响版：
When examining this issue in the multifaceted approach/strategy, we may identify that this issue is exerting some apparent effects on the society as a whole. First,....Additionally, ....
举例：博物馆门票免费
When examining this issue in the multifaceted strategy, we may idetify that free admission to museums is exerting some positive effects on the national culture and civilization. (27)
4原因版：
Even though/While/Despite the fact that there are countless reasons/innumerable reasons responsible for/accounting for/contributing to this issue/phenomenon, the
following/upcoming ones/two shall/can never be overlooked/ignored/neglected/paid little attention.(great emphasis should be laid upon the following factors./ great emphasis should be attached to the following causes.) Initially, ...Secondly, ...
举例：博物馆免费
Despite the fact that there are countless reasons responsible for free admission to museums, great emphasis should be laid upon the following two. (23)
补充：可以用来替换first,… second, …的表达：
On one hand, …; on the other hand, …
For one thing, …; for another, ….
Initially, …; by contrast,/on the contrary, …
中间段思路（即填空部分，填空部分的语言质量是得分要点，关键在于选词和用词）
中间部分细节的语言要求：v
1 用action verbs instead of be verb.(vt. VS vi.)
2 如果用be adj, 最好加强句型变成 be so adj that….
3 在合适的名词之后可以考虑加上which, that的定语从句
4 考虑使用it做形式主语的句子，如it take sb some time to do等
5 用一些固定搭配, 如 a shadow of doubt, a mountain of debts, the tide of immigrants等。教育类话题思路：
1 physical
2 mental
3 intellectual
社会，科技类话题思路
1 economic
2 academic/technological
3 cultural
4 environmental
必备词汇：
教育类话题：
选择“好主语”：细！！！
higher education 高等教育
primary education 小学教育
secondary education 中学教育
academic education
高等教育机构 institutes of higher learning
教授，学者，专家 professor, scholar， expert/specialist
本科生，研究生，博士生，毕业生
undergraduate, postgraduate, Ph.d, graduate
教育家，研究学者 educator, researcher
形成，孕育／培养，促进，导致，发展，繁荣；(务必分清楚及物动词和不及物动词) establish, come into existence;
cultivate/nurture;
foster/enhance/promote;
trigger/cause/provoke,
develop/advance,
prosper/flourish/thrive
破坏/摧毁，阻碍，危害，限制，禁止, 消除
destroy/destruct/demolish,
block/hinder/impede, hinder him from becoming an all-round talent, make somebody do something, make somebody do….
jeopardize/hazard,
restrict/limit,
bar/ban/prohibit,
eliminate/get rid of
选择好名词—细致有领域
1 physical
Healthy lifestyle, physical fitness, a well-built body;
2 mental
好：optimistic attitude toward life, confidence, tolerance, empathy, independence, justified values and morals, happiness, bliss, sense of achievement, self-esteem…
坏：pessimistic attitude toward life, cowardice, intolerance, ignorance, stupidity, dependence, misled values and morals, unhappiness, self-centered spirit, conceit, apprehension…
3 intellectual
Intellectual level, abilities/capacities to adapt themselves to the society, professionals or talents, contributors, acquisition of knowledge, fully-developed citizens, competent and responsible citizens, well-armed candidates, high level of literacy, a wider horizon, promising career;
Generalized education VS specified education
General education
教育话题的练习：
1 学习文学可以培养甚至促进大学生的知识水平。（the study of literature; cultivate, facilitate/foster）
cu ltivate, facilitate
cultivate and facilitate
knowledge level
The study of literature can cultivate and even facilitate the intellectual level of university students.
2 过多的强调专业教育/职业教育会阻碍学生成为一个全面的人才。(over emphasis on, professional, occupational)
Emphasize/emphasis
Over emphasis upon professional education will hinder university students from becoming the all-round talents.
Hinder somebody
Hinder sth
Hinder sb from doing sth
Hinder students become the all-round talents.
Emphasision
3 中学和大学发展良好，以至于出现了许多天才及专业人员。( so well that …; talents, professionals)
The development of high schools and universities is well, so well that there arise many talents and professionals.
The development of high schools and universities is so remarkable that there appear many talents and professionals.
Appear, emerge, arise 不及物动词
There be/appear/emerge/arise …
4 教育专家忽视了基础教育以及通识教育的重要性。(pour little attention to,
elementary/primary/fundamental, general education)
Educator pour little attention to…
Educational experts pour little attention to the importance of elementarty and general education.
School leaders, tutors and professors all over emphasize the importance of finding a satisfying job after graduation.
It is important to education students.
Educate students is so important
通识教育：general education
Job-oriented education 就业型教育
Quality-oriented education 素质教育
Quality of education
四级要回避“过大”的名词表达
people
society
we/you
good/bad
many people
a person
a thing/things
社会和科技类话题词汇：
社会 society, culture 、
社会凝聚力 social cohesion
社会发展 social development
社会和谐 social harmony
社会稳定 social stability
The society as a whole
社区 community, neighborhood
消费者 consumer, customer, buyer
商家：enterprise, business group, merchant，e-commerce
技术人员：technician
公司：corporation, multinational corporation, overseas corporation, domestic corporation 环境: environment, setting, atmosphere/air
科技类词汇
电脑熟悉程度 computer literacy
高科技 high technology
个性化体验 personalized /customized experience
科技成就 technological achievement
科技突破 technological breakthrough
科技优势 technological advantage
环境保护 environmental protection/conservation/preservation
环保意识 environmentally-friendly awareness/strategy/behavior/activities 环保机构/组织 environmental organization/institution
环境污染 environmental pollution
全球变暖 global warming
温室效应 greenhouse effect
气候变化 climate change
culture, cultural
文化交流 cultural communication/interaction
相互理解 mutual/reciprocal communication
文化特色 cultural characteristics/traits
文化形象cultural image
文化冲突 culture shock
传统 tradition/convention, cultural tradition
仪式 ritual/ceremony
礼仪 etiquette
经济的 economic 划算的/便宜的/实惠的 economical
经济发展 economic development
经济预算 economic budget
经济支出 economic spending/expenditure/expense
经济收入 financial income, economic revenue
经济压力economic/financial pressure
经济负担 economic burden
国家税收 national taxation
商业 business
行业 industry
game industry, cosmetics industry, logistical industry
政府补贴 government subsidy / subsidies (subsidize)
Demo:
social networks微博的流行原因：
1 钱
A multitude of users of miniblog are able to afford/are capable of affording/can afford the fee/cost/expense in surfing online or in their smart phones/cell phones, because they are much richer/wealthier/better off than before.
2 Secondly, technological innovation cultivates consumers’ habits in reading or writing miniblogs, for these consumers feel very convenient to use miniblogs.
练习：
中间部分的完整部分套写：
weibo, 社交网络流行原因的分析：
Without a shadow of doubt, it is not challenging or complicated to figure out that some essential factors are responsible for the popularity of “weibo” discussed above. Initially, a multitude of users are able to afford the cost on surfing online through their smart phones or personal computers, because they are much better off than people in the past. Plus, the technological innovation in digital and cyber field cultivates consumers’ habits in using weibo or other social networks. 77
4 结尾段落
做结论
A. 好：In a nutshell/To sum up/To draw a conclusion,..话题对象is
exceedingly/extraordinarily/particularly beneficial to both the society and
people/environment/education.
be beneficial both individually and collectively
be beneficial: make good contribution to; bring about benefits to..., lend great benefits to…, be of great benefits, be of great value, be of great interests.
举例：博物馆免费
In a nutshell, free admission to museums is exceedingly beneficial to both the personal intellectual level and the overall/mutual cultural communication. 21
In a nutshell, free admission to museums is of great value both individually and collectively. 15
In a nutshell, free admission to museums has made great contribution, both individually and collectively. 15
坏： To sum up, it is detrimental to..do..／.主题..is exceedingly detrimental to ..sth/对象. + 同义替换
detrimental: make bad contribution to
lend great drawbacks/flaws to
be detrimental to something: be to the detriment of something
举例：使用一次性塑料袋
In a nutshell, too much use of disposable plastic bags is exceedingly detrimental to
the environmental protection/conservation. It will make bad contribution to the sustainable environmental development. 27
不好不坏： In a word, no one／hardly anyone can make a clear judgment in the potential/imminent/upcoming/existent impact of ..主题..Therefore, ..主题.is really a double-edged sword.
举例：限制购买私家车
In a nutshell, hardly anyone can make a clear judgment in the potential impact of restricting the personal purchase of private cars. Therefore, to restrict the number of buying private cars is really/virtually/basically a double-edged sword. 36
B.给建议
Concerning this situation, some prudent measures are supposed to be available and practical./valid and valuable./effective and efficient . …建议实施的主体 is/are suggested doing .具体建议的动作...
Prudent: careful, well-considered
Measures: strategies, approaches, means
Concerning the restriction on buying the private cars
Concerning the specific circumstances,
…suggest that …should …
…suggest that …do/does/is/are…
…suggest sb doing something
简约版：
Respecting this situation, it is highly imperative that ..实施主体. should do..实施动作.
建议类对象和动词：
主体对象：government and mass media
当局 authorities
政府机构 government agencies/divisions concerned
各级政府 governments at different levels
媒体行业 media industry
媒体炒作 media hype
媒体机构 media organization
新闻制作单位 news agencies
狗仔队paparazzi
动作：monitor, supervise, uncover, regulate, give an
objective/just/exaggerated/sensationalized/dramatized account of 督，管