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ASTM A6

ASTM A6
ASTM A6

Designation:A6/A6M–08

Standard Speci?cation for

General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates,Shapes,and Sheet Piling1

This standard is issued under the?xed designation A6/A6M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1.Scope*

1.1This general requirements speci?cation2covers a group of common requirements that,unless otherwise speci?ed in the applicable product speci?cation,apply to rolled structural steel bars,plates,shapes,and sheet piling covered by each of the following product speci?cations issued by ASTM:

ASTM

Designation3

Title of Speci?cation

A36/A36M Carbon Structural Steel

A131/A131M Structural Steel for Ships

A242/A242M High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel

A283/A283M Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel Plates A328/A328M Steel Sheet Piling

A514/A514M High-Yield Strength,Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel

Plate Suitable for Welding

A529/A529M High-Strength Carbon-Manganese Steel of Structural Qual-

ity

A572/A572M High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steel

A573/A573M Structural Carbon Steel Plates of Improved Toughness

A588/A588M High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with50ksi(345

MPa)Minimum Yield Point to4in.[100mm]Thick

A633/A633M Normalized High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plates A656/A656M Hot-Rolled Structural Steel,High-Strength Low-Alloy Plate

with Improved Formability

A678/A678M Quenched-and-Tempered Carbon and High-Strength Low-

Alloy Structural Steel Plates

A690/A690M High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel H-Piles and Sheet Piling for

Use in Marine Environments

A709/A709M Carbon and High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel

Shapes,Plates,and Bars and Quenched-and-Tempered

Alloy Structural Steel Plates for Bridges

A710/A710M Age-Hardening Low-Carbon Nickel-Copper-Chromium-Mo-

lybdenum-Columbium Alloy Structural Steel Plates

A769/A769M Carbon and High-Strength Electric Resistance Welded Steel

Structural Shapes

A786/A786M Rolled Steel Floor Plates

A808/A808M High-Strength Low-Alloy Carbon,Manganese,Columbium,

Vanadium Steel of Structural Quality with Improved Notch

Toughness

A827/A827M Plates,Carbon Steel,for Forging and Similar Applications A829/A829M Plates,Alloy Steel,Structural Quality

A830/A830M Plates,Carbon Steel,Structural Quality,Furnished to

Chemical Composition Requirements

A852/A852M Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate

with70ksi[485Mpa]Minimum Yield Strength to4in.

[100mm]Thick

A857/A857M Steel Sheet Piling,Cold Formed,Light Gage

A871/A871M High-Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel Plate with Atmo-

spheric Corrosion Resistance

A913/A913M Speci?cation for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes of

Structural Quality,Produced by Quenching and Self-

Tempering Process(QST)

A945/A945M Speci?cation for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel

Plate with Low Carbon and Restricted Sulfur for Improved

Weldability,Formability,and Toughness

A950/A950M Speci?cation for Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Structural

Steel H-Piles and Sheet Piling

A992/A992M Speci?cation for Steel for Structural Shapes for Use in

Building Framing

A1026Speci?cation for Alloy Steel Structural Shapes for Use in

Building Framing

A1043/A1043M Speci?cation for Structural Steel with Low Yield to Tensile

Ratio for Use in Buildings

1.2Annex A1lists permitted variations in dimensions and mass(Note1)in SI units.The values listed are not exact conversions of the values in Tables1to31inclusive but are, instead,rounded or rationalized values.Conformance to Annex A1is mandatory when the“M”speci?cation designation is used.

N OTE1—The term“weight”is used when inch-pound units are the standard;however,under SI,the preferred term is“mass.”

1.3Annex A2lists the dimensions of some shape pro?les.

1.4Appendix X1provides information on coil as a source of structural products.

1.5Appendix X2provides information on the variability of tensile properties in plates and structural shapes.

1.6Appendix X3provides information on weldability. 1.7Appendix X4provides information on cold bending of plates,including suggested minimum inside radii for cold bending.

1.8This general requirements speci?cation also covers a group of supplementary requirements that are applicable to several of the above product speci?cations as indicated therein. Such requirements are provided for use where additional

1This speci?cation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel,

Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee

A01.02on Structural Steel for Bridges,Buildings,Rolling Stock and Ships.

Current edition approved March1,2008.Published April2008.Originally

approved https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,st previous edition approved in2007as A6/A6M–07.

2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications,see related Speci?-

cation SA-6/SA-6M in Section II of that Code.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright?ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.

testing or additional restrictions are required by the purchaser, and apply only where speci?ed individually in the purchase order.

1.9In case of any con?ict in requirements,the requirements of the applicable product speci?cation prevail over those of this general requirements speci?cation.

1.10Additional requirements that are speci?ed in the pur-chase order and accepted by the supplier are permitted, provided that such requirements do not negate any of the requirements of this general requirements speci?cation or the applicable product speci?cation.

1.11For purposes of determining conformance with this general requirements speci?cation and the applicable product speci?cation,values are to be rounded to the nearest unit in the right-hand place of?gures used in expressing the limiting values in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.

1.12The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;therefore,each system is to be used independently of the other,without combining values in any way.

1.13This general requirements speci?cation and the appli-cable product speci?cation are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units;however,unless the order speci?es the applicable“M”speci?cation designation(SI units),the struc-tural product is furnished to inch-pound units.

1.14The text of this general requirements speci?cation contains notes and/or footnotes that provide explanatory ma-terial.Such notes and footnotes,excluding those in tables and ?gures,do not contain any mandatory requirements.

2.Referenced Documents

2.1ASTM Standards:3

A131/A131M Speci?cation for Structural Steel for Ships A370Test Methods and De?nitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products

A673/A673M Speci?cation for Sampling Procedure for Impact Testing of Structural Steel

A700Practices for Packaging,Marking,and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Shipment

A751Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products

A829/A829M Speci?cation for Alloy Structural Steel Plates

A941Terminology Relating to Steel,Stainless Steel,Re-lated Alloys,and Ferroalloys

E29Practice for Using Signi?cant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Speci?cations

E112Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size E208Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic Steels

2.2American Welding Society Standards:4

A5.1/A5.1M Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes A5.5/A5.5M Low-Alloy Steel Covered Arc-Welding Elec-trodes

A5.17/A5.17M Speci?cation For Carbon Steel Electrodes And Fluxes For Submerged Arc Welding

A5.18/A5.18M Speci?cation For Carbon Steel Electrodes And Rods For Gas Shielded Arc Welding

A5.20/A5.20M Carbon Steel Electrodes For Flux Cored Arc Welding

A5.23/A5.23M Low Alloy Steel Electrodes And Fluxes For Submerged Arc Welding

A5.28/A5.28M Speci?cation For Low-Alloy Steel Elec-trodes And Rods For Gas Shielded Arc Welding

A5.29/A5.29M Speci?cation for Low-Alloy Steel Elec-trodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code Steel

https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,itary Standards:5

MIL-STD-129Marking for Shipment and Storage

MIL-STD-163Steel Mill Products Preparation for Ship-ment and Storage

2.4U.S.Federal Standard:5

Fed.Std.No.123Marking for Shipments(Civil Agencies) 2.5ASME Boiler Pressure Vessel Code Standard:6 BPVC Section IX Welding and Brazing Quali?cations

3.Terminology

3.1De?nitions of Terms Speci?c to This Standard:

3.1.1Plates(other than?oor plates)—Flat,hot-rolled steel, ordered to thickness or weight[mass]and typically width and length,commonly classi?ed as follows:

3.1.1.1When Ordered to Thickness:

(1)Over8in.[200mm]in width and0.230in.[6mm]or over in thickness.

(2)Over48in.[1200mm]in width and0.180in.[4.5mm] or over in thickness.

3.1.1.2When Ordered to Weight[Mass]:

(1)Over8in.[200mm]in width and9.392lb/ft2[47.10 kg/m2]or heavier.

(2)Over48in.[1200mm]in width and7.350lb/ft2[35.32 kg/m2]or heavier.

3.1.1.3Discussion—Steel products are available in various thickness,width,and length combinations depending upon equipment and processing capabilities of various manufactur-ers and processors.Historic limitations of a product based upon dimensions(thickness,width,and length)do not take into account current production and processing capabilities.To qualify any product to a particular product speci?cation re-quires all appropriate and necessary tests be performed and that the results meet the limits prescribed in that product speci?-cation.If the necessary tests required by a product speci?cation

3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.

4Available from American Welding Society(AWS),550NW LeJeune Rd., Miami,FL33126,https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,.

5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,DODSSP,Bldg.4, Section D,700Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA19111-5098,http:// https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,.

6Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME),ASME International Headquarters,Three Park Ave.,New York,NY10016-5990,http://

https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,.

cannot be conducted,the product cannot be quali?ed to that speci?cation.This general requirement standard contains per-mitted variations for the commonly available sizes.Permitted variations for other sizes are subject to agreement between the customer and the manufacturer or processor,whichever is applicable.

3.1.1.4Slabs,sheet bars,and skelp,though frequently falling in the foregoing size ranges,are not classed as plates.

3.1.1.5Coils are excluded from quali?cation to the appli-cable product speci?cation until they are decoiled,leveled or straightened,formed(if applicable),cut to length,and,if required,properly tested by the processor in accordance with ASTM speci?cation requirements(see Sections9-15,18,and 19and the applicable product speci?cation).

3.1.2Shapes(Flanged Sections):

3.1.2.1structural-size shapes—rolled?anged sections hav-ing at least one dimension of the cross section3in.[75mm]or greater.

3.1.2.2bar-size shapes—rolled?anged sections having a maximum dimension of the cross section less than3in.[75 mm].

3.1.2.3“W”shapes—doubly-symmetric,wide-?ange shapes with inside?ange surfaces that are substantially paral-lel.

3.1.2.4“HP”shapes—are wide-?ange shapes generally used as bearing piles whose?anges and webs are of the same nominal thickness and whose depth and width are essentially the same.

3.1.2.5“S”shapes—doubly-symmetric beam shapes with inside?ange surfaces that have a slope of approximately162?3 %.

3.1.2.6“M”shapes—doubly-symmetric shapes that cannot be classi?ed as“W,”“S,”or“HP”shapes.

3.1.2.7“C”shapes—channels with inside?ange surfaces that have a slope of approximately162?3%.

3.1.2.8“MC”shapes—channels that cannot be classi?ed as “C”shapes.

3.1.2.9“L”shapes—shapes having equal-leg and unequal-leg angles.

3.1.3sheet piling—rolled steel sections that are capable of being interlocked,forming a continuous wall when individual pieces are driven side by side.

3.1.4bars—rounds,squares,and hexagons,of all sizes;?ats 13?64in.(0.203in.)and over[over5mm]in speci?ed thickness, not over6in.[150mm]in speci?ed width;and?ats0.230in. and over[over6mm]in speci?ed thickness,over6to8in. [150to200mm]inclusive,in speci?ed width.

3.1.5exclusive—when used in relation to ranges,as for ranges of thickness in the tables of permissible variations in dimensions,is intended to exclude only the greater value of the range.Thus,a range from60to72in.[1500to1800mm] exclusive includes60in.[1500mm],but does not include72 in.[1800mm].

3.1.6rimmed steel—steel containing sufficient oxygen to give a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide during sol-di?cation,resulting in a case or rim of metal virtually free of voids.

3.1.7semi-killed steel—incompletely deoxidized steel con-taining sufficient oxygen to form enough carbon monoxide during solidi?cation to offset solidi?cation shrinkage.

3.1.8capped steel—rimmed steel in which the rimming action is limited by an early capping operation.Capping is carried out mechanically by using a heavy metal cap on a bottle-top mold or chemically by an addition of aluminum or ferrosilicon to the top of the molten steel in an open-top mold.

3.1.9killed steel—steel deoxidized,either by addition of strong deoxidizing agents or by vacuum treatment,to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidi?cation.

3.1.10mill edge—the normal edge produced by rolling between horizontal?nishing rolls.A mill edge does not conform to any de?nite https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,l edge plates have two mill edges and two trimmed edges.

3.1.11universal mill edge—the normal edge produced by rolling between horizontal and vertical?nishing rolls.Univer-sal mill plates,sometimes designated UM Plates,have two universal mill edges and two trimmed edges.

3.1.12sheared edge—the normal edge produced by shear-ing.Sheared edge plates are trimmed on all edges.

3.1.13gas cut edge—the edge produced by gas?ame cutting.

3.1.14special cut edge—usually the edge produced by gas ?ame cutting involving special practices such as pre-heating or post-heating,or both,in order to minimize stresses,avoid thermal cracking and reduce the hardness of the gas cut edge. In special instances,special cut edge is used to designate an edge produced by machining.

3.1.15sketch—when used to describe a form of plate, denotes a plate other than rectangular,circular,or semi-circular.Sketch plates may be furnished to a radius or with four or more straight sides.

3.1.16normalizing—a heat treating process in which a steel plate is reheated to a uniform temperature above the upper critical temperature and then cooled in air to below the transformation range.

3.1.17plate-as-rolled—when used in relation to the loca-tion and number of tests,the term refers to the unit plate rolled from a slab or directly from an ingot.It does not refer to the condition of the plate.

3.1.18?ne grain practice—a steelmaking practice that is intended to produce a killed steel that is capable of meeting the requirements for?ne austenitic grain size.

3.1.18.1Discussion—It normally involves the addition of one or more austenitic grain re?ning elements in amounts that have been established by the steel producer as being sufficient. Austenitic grain re?ning elements include,but are not limited to,aluminum,columbium,titanium,and vanadium.

3.1.19structural product—a hot-rolled steel plate,shape, sheet piling,or bar.

3.1.20coil—hot-rolled steel in coiled form that is intended to be processed into a?nished structural product.

3.1.21manufacturer—the organization that directly con-trols the conversion of steel ingots,slabs,blooms,or billets,by hot-rolling,into an as-rolled structural product or into coil;and for structural products produced from as-rolled

structural

products,the organization that directly controls,or is respon-sible for,the operations involved in?nishing the structural product.

3.1.21.1Discussion—Such?nishing operations include lev-eling or straightening,hot forming or cold forming(if appli-cable),welding(if applicable),cutting to length,testing, inspection,conditioning,heat treatment(if applicable),pack-aging,marking,loading for shipment,and certi?cation.

3.1.22processor—the organization that directly controls,or is responsible for,the operations involved in the processing of coil into a?nished structural product.Such processing opera-tions include decoiling,leveling or straightening,hot-forming or cold-forming(if applicable),welding(if applicable),cutting to length,testing,inspection,conditioning,heat treatment(if applicable),packaging,marking,loading for shipment,and certi?cation.

3.1.22.1Discussion—The processing operations need not be done by the organization that did the hot rolling of the coil. If only one organization is involved in the hot rolling and processing operations,that organization is termed the manu-facturer for the hot rolling operation and the processor for the processing operations.If more than one organization is in-volved in the hot rolling and processing operations,the organization that did the hot rolling is termed the manufacturer and an organization that does one or more processing opera-tions is termed a processor.

3.2Refer to Terminology A941for additional de?nitions of terms used in this standard.

4.Ordering Information

4.1Information items to be considered,if appropriate,for inclusion in purchase orders are as follows:

4.1.1ASTM product speci?cation designation(see1.1)and year-date;

4.1.2Name of structural product(plate,shape,bar,or sheet piling);

4.1.3Shape designation,or size and thickness or diameter;

4.1.4Grade,class,and type designation,if applicable; 4.1.5Condition(see Section6),if other than as-rolled; 4.1.6Quantity(weight[mass]or number of pieces);

4.1.7Length;

4.1.8Exclusion of either structural product produced from coil or structural product produced from an as-rolled structural product(see

5.3and Appendix X1),if applicable;

4.1.9Heat treatment requirements(see6.2and6.3),if any;

4.1.10Testing for?ne austenitic grain size(see8.3.2); 4.1.11Mechanical property test report requirements(see Section14),if any;

4.1.12Special packaging,marking,and loading for ship-ment requirements(see Section19),if any;

4.1.13Supplementary requirements,if any,including any additional requirements called for in the supplementary re-quirements;

4.1.14End use,if there are any end-use-speci?c require-ments(see18.1,11.3.4,Table22or Table A1.22,and Table24 or Table A1.24);

4.1.15Special requirements(see1.10),if any;and

4.1.16Repair welding requirements(see9.5),if any.

5.Materials and Manufacture

5.1The steel shall be made in an open-hearth,basic-oxygen, or electric-arc furnace,possibly followed by additionl re?ning in a ladle metallurgy furnace(LMF),or secondary melting by vacuum-arc remelting(V AR)or electroslag remelting(ESR).

5.2The steel shall be strand cast or cast in stationary molds.

5.2.1Strand Cast:

5.2.1.1When heats of the same nominal chemical compo-sition are consecutively strand cast at one time,the heat number assigned to the cast product need not be changed until all of the steel in the cast product is from the following heat.

5.2.1.2When two consecutively strand cast heats have different nominal chemical composition ranges,the manufac-turer shall remove the transition material by an established procedure that positively separates the grades.

5.3Structural products shall be produced from an as-rolled structural product or from coil.

5.4Where part of a heat is rolled into an as-rolled structural product and the balance of the heat is rolled into coil,each part shall be tested separately.

5.5Structural products produced from coil shall not contain splice welds,unless previously approved by the purchaser.

6.Heat Treatment

6.1Where the structural product is required to be heat treated,such heat treatment shall be performed by the manu-facturer,the processor,or the fabricator,unless otherwise speci?ed in the applicable product speci?cation.

N OTE2—When no heat treatment is required,the manufacturer or processor has the option of heat treating the structural product by normalizing,stress relieving,or normalizing then stress relieving to meet the applicable product speci?cation.

6.2Where the heat treatment is to be performed by other than the manufacturer,the order shall so state.

6.2.1Where the heat treatment is to be performed by other than the manufacturer,the structural products shall be accepted on the basis of tests made on test specimens taken from full thickness test coupons heat treated in accordance with the requirements speci?ed in the applicable product speci?cation or in the purchase order.If the heat-treatment temperatures are not speci?ed,the manufacturer or processor shall heat treat the test coupons under conditions he considers appropriate,pro-vided that the purchaser is informed of the procedure followed in heat treating the test coupons.

6.3Where the heat treatment is to be performed by the manufacturer or the processor,the structural product shall be heat treated as speci?ed in the applicable product speci?cation, or as speci?ed in the purchase order,provided that the heat treatment speci?ed by the purchaser is not in con?ict with the requirements of the applicable product speci?cation.

6.4Where normalizing is to be performed by the fabricator, the structural product shall be either normalized or heated uniformly for hot forming,provided that the temperature to which the structural product is heated for hot forming does not signi?cantly exceed the normalizing temperature.

6.5The use of cooling rates that are faster than those obtained by cooling in air to improve the toughness shall be subject to approval by the purchaser,and structural products

so

treated shall be tempered subsequently in the range from1100 to1300°F[595to705°C].

7.Chemical Analysis

7.1Heat Analysis:

7.1.1Sampling for chemical analysis and methods of analy-sis shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology A751.

7.1.2For each heat,the heat analysis shall include determi-nation of the content of carbon,manganese,phosphorus,sulfur, silicon,nickel,chromium,molybdenum,copper,vanadium, columbium;any other element that is speci?ed or restricted by the applicable product speci?cation for the applicable grade, class,and type;and any austenitic grain re?ning element whose content is to be used in place of austenitic grain size testing of the heat(see8.3.2).

7.1.3Except as allowed by7.1.4for primary heats,heat analyses shall conform to the heat analysis requirements of the applicable product speci?cation for the applicable grade,class, and type.

7.1.4Where vacuum-arc remelting or electroslag remelting is used,a remelted heat is de?ned as all ingots remelted from a single primary heat.If the heat analysis of the primary heat conforms to the heat analysis requirements of the applicable product speci?cation for the applicable grade,class,and type, the heat analysis for the remelted heat shall be determined from one test sample taken from one remelted ingot,or the product of one remelted ingot,from the primary heat.If the heat analysis of the primary heat does not conform to the heat analysis requirements of the applicable product speci?cation for the applicable grade,type,and class,the heat analysis for the remelted heat shall be determined from one test sample taken from each remelted ingot,or the product of each remelted ingot,from the primary heat.

7.2Product Analysis—For each heat,the purchaser shall have the option of analyzing representative samples taken from the?nished structural product.Sampling for chemical analysis and methods of analysis shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology A751.The product analyses so determined shall conform to the heat analysis requirements of the applicable product speci?cation for the applicable grade,class,and type,subject to the permitted variations in product analysis given in Table A.If a range is speci?ed,the determinations of any element in a heat shall not vary both above and below the speci?ed range.Rimmed or capped steel is characterized by a lack of homogeneity in its composition,especially for the elements carbon,phosphorus, and sulfur.Therefore,the limitations for these elements shall not be applicable unless misapplication is clearly indicated.

7.3Referee Analysis—For referee purposes,Test Methods, Practices,and Terminology A751shall be used.

7.4Grade Substitution—Alloy steel grades that meet the chemical requirements of Table1of Speci?cation A829/ A829M shall not be substituted for carbon steel grades.8.Metallurgical Structure

8.1Where austenitic grain size testing is required,such testing shall be in accordance with Test Methods E112and at least70%of the grains in the area examined shall meet the speci?ed grain size requirement.

8.2Coarse Austenitic Grain Size—Where coarse austenitic grain size is speci?ed,one austenitic grain size test per heat shall be made and the austenitic grain size number so deter-mined shall be in the range of1to5inclusive.

8.3Fine Austenitic Grain Size:

8.3.1Where?ne austenitic grain size is speci?ed,except as allowed in8.3.2,one austenitic grain size test per heat shall be made and the austenitic grain size number so determined shall be5or higher.

N OTE3—Such austenitic grain size numbers may be achieved with lower contents of austenitic grain re?ning elements than8.3.2requires for austenitic grain size testing to be waived.

8.3.2Unless testing for?ne austenitic grain size is speci?ed in the purchase order,an austenitic grain size test need not be made for any heat that has,by heat analysis,one or more of the following:

8.3.2.1A total aluminum content of0.020%or more. 8.3.2.2An acid soluble aluminum content of0.015%or more.

8.3.2.3A content for an austenitic grain re?ning element that exceeds the minimum value agreed to by the purchaser as being sufficient for austenitic grain size testing to be waived,or 8.3.2.4Contents for the combination of two or more auste-nitic grain re?ning elements that exceed the applicable mini-mum values agreed to by the purchaser as being sufficient for austenitic grain size testing to be waived.

9.Quality

9.1General—Structural products shall be free of injurious defects and shall have a workmanlike?nish.

N OTE4—Unless otherwise speci?ed,structural products are normally furnished in the as-rolled condition and are subjected to visual inspection by the manufacturer or processor.Non-injurious surface or internal imperfections,or both,may be present in the structural product as delivered and the structural product may require conditioning by the purchaser to improve its appearance or in preparation for welding,coating, or other further operations.

More restrictive requirements may be speci?ed by invoking supplemen-tary requirements or by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Structural products that exhibit injurious defects during subsequent fabrication are deemed not to comply with the applicable product speci?cation.(See17.2.)Fabricators should be aware that cracks may initiate upon bending a sheared or burned edge during the fabrication process;this is not considered to be a fault of the steel but is rather a function of the induced cold-work or the heat-affected zone.

The conditioning requirements in9.2,9.3,and9.4limit the condition-ing allowed to be performed by the manufacturer or processor.Condition-ing of imperfections beyond the limits of9.2,9.3,and9.4may be performed by parties other than the manufacturer or processor at the discretion of the

purchaser.

TABLE A Permitted Variations in Product Analysis

N OTE1—Where“...”appears in this table,there is no requirement.

Element

Upper Limit,or

Maximum Speci?ed

Value,%

Permitted

Variations,%

Under

Minimum

Limit

Over

Maximum

Limit

Carbon to0.15incl0.020.03

over0.15to0.40incl0.030.04

over0.40to0.75incl0.040.05

over0.750.040.06 Manganese A to0.60incl0.050.06

over0.60to0.90incl0.060.08

over0.90to1.20incl0.080.10

over1.20to1.35incl0.090.11

over1.35to1.65incl0.090.12

over1.65to1.95incl0.110.14

over1.950.120.16

Phosphorus to0.04incl

over0.04to0.15incl ...

...

0.010

B

Sulfur to0.06incl

over0.06...

B

0.010

B

Silicon to0.30incl

over0.30to0.40incl

over0.40to2.20incl 0.02

0.05

0.06

0.03

0.05

0.06

Nickel to1.00incl0.030.03

over1.00to2.00incl0.050.05

over2.00to3.75incl0.070.07

over3.75to5.30incl0.080.08

over5.300.100.10

Chromium to0.90incl

over0.90to2.00incl

over2.00to4.00incl 0.04

0.06

0.10

0.04

0.06

0.10

Molybdenum to0.20incl

over0.20to0.40incl

over0.40to1.15incl 0.01

0.03

0.04

0.01

0.03

0.04

Copper0.20minimum only

to1.00incl

over1.00to2.00incl 0.02

0.03

0.05

...

0.03

0.05

Titanium to0.15incl0.01C0.01

Vanadium to0.10incl0.01C0.01

over0.10to0.25incl0.020.02

over0.250.020.03

minimum only speci?ed0.01...

Boron any B B Columbium to0.10incl0.01C0.01 Zirconium to0.15incl0.030.03

Nitrogen to0.030incl0.0050.005

A Permitted variations in manganese content for bars and bar size shapes shall be:to0.90incl60.03;over0.90to2.20incl60.06.

B Product analysis not applicable.

C0.005,if the minimum of the range is0.01%.

Index to Tables of Permitted Variations

Dimension

Table

Inch-Pound

Units

SI Units

Camber

Plates,Carbon Steel;Sheared and Gas-Cut12A1.12 Plates,Carbon Steel;Universal Mill11A1.11 Plates,Other than Carbon Steel;Sheared,11A1.11 Gas-Cut and Universal Mill

Shapes,Rolled;S,M,C,MC,and L21A1.21 Shapes,Rolled;W and HP24A1.24 Shapes,Split;L and T25A1.25 Cross Section of Shapes and Bars

Flats26A1.26 Hexagons28A1.28 Rounds and Squares27A1.27 Shapes,Rolled;L,Bulb Angles,and Z17A1.17 Shapes,Rolled;W,HP,S,M,C,and MC16A1.16 Shapes,Rolled;T18A1.18 Shapes,Split;L and T25A1.25 Diameter

Plates,Sheared6A1.6 Plates,Other than Alloy Steel,Gas-Cut7A1.7 Plates,Alloy Steel,Gas-Cut10A1.10 Rounds27A1.27 End Out-of-Square

Shapes,Other than W20A1.20 Shapes,W22A1.22 Shapes,Milled,Other than W23A1.23 Flatness

Plates,Carbon Steel13A1.13 Plates,Other than Carbon Steel14A1.14 Plates,Restrictive—Carbon Steel S27.1S27.2 Plates,Restrictive—Other than Carbon Steel S27.3S27.4 Length

Bars30A1.30 Bars,Recut31A1.31 Plates,Sheared and Universal Mill3A1.3 Plates,Other than Alloy Steel,Gas-Cut9A1.9 Plates,Alloy Steel,Gas-Cut8A1.8 Plates,Mill Edge4A1.4 Shapes,Rolled;Other than W19A1.19 Shapes,Rolled;W and HP22A1.22 Shapes,Split;L and T25A1.25 Shapes,Milled23A1.23 Straightness

Bars

Shapes,Other than W

29

21

A1.29

A1.21 Sweep

Shapes,W and HP24A1.24 Thickness

Flats

Plates,Ordered to Thickness

26

1

A1.26

A1.1 Waviness

Plates15A1.15 Weight[Mass]

Plates,Ordered to Weight[Mass]2A1.2 Width

Flats26A1.26 Plates,Sheared3A1.3 Plates,Universal Mill5A1.5 Plates,Other than Alloy Steel,Gas-Cut9A1.9 Plates,Alloy Steel,Gas-Cut8A1.8 Plates,Mill Edge4

A1.4

9.2Plate Conditioning:

9.2.1The grinding of plates by the manufacturer or proces-sor to remove imperfections on the top or bottom surface shall be subject to the limitations that the area ground is well faired without abrupt changes in contour and the grinding does not reduce the thickness of the plate by(1)more than7%under the nominal thickness for plates ordered to weight per square foot or mass per square metre,but in no case more than1?8in. [3mm];or(2)below the permissible minimum thickness for plates ordered to thickness in inches or millimetres.

9.2.2The deposition of weld metal(see9.5)following the removal of imperfections on the top or bottom surface of plates by chipping,grinding,or arc-air gouging shall be subject to the following limiting conditions:

9.2.2.1The chipped,ground,or gouged area shall not exceed2%of the area of the surface being conditioned.

9.2.2.2After removal of any imperfections preparatory to welding,the thickness of the plate at any location shall not be reduced by more than30%of the nominal thickness of the plate.(Speci?cation A131/A131M restricts the reduction in thickness to20%maximum.)

9.2.3The deposition of weld metal(see9.5)following the removal of injurious imperfections on the edges of plates by grinding,chipping,or arc-air gouging by the manufacturer or processor shall be subject to the limitation that,prior to welding,the depth of the depression,measured from the plate edge inward,is not more than the thickness of the plate or1in. [25mm],whichever is the lesser.

9.3Structural Size Shapes,Bar Size Shapes,and Sheet Piling Conditioning:

9.3.1The grinding,or chipping and grinding,of structural size shapes,bar size shapes,and sheet piling by the manufac-turer or processor to remove imperfections shall be subject to the limitations that the area ground is well faired without abrupt changes in contour and the depression does not extend below the rolled surface by more than(1)1?32in.[1mm],for material less than3?8in.[10mm]in thickness;(2)1?16in.[2 mm],for material3?8to2in.[10to50mm]inclusive in thickness;or(3)1?8in.[3mm],for material over2in.[50mm] in thickness.

9.3.2The deposition of weld metal(see9.5)following removal of imperfections that are greater in depth than the limits listed in9.3.1shall be subject to the following limiting conditions:

9.3.2.1The total area of the chipped or ground surface of any piece prior to welding shall not exceed2%of the total surface area of that piece.

9.3.2.2The reduction of thickness of the material resulting from removal of imperfections prior to welding shall not exceed30%of the nominal thickness at the location of the imperfection,nor shall the depth of depression prior to welding exceed11?4in.[32mm]in any case except as noted in9.3.2.3.

9.3.2.3The deposition of weld metal(see9.5)following grinding,chipping,or arc-air gouging of the toes of angles, beams,channels,and zees and the stems and toes of tees shall be subject to the limitation that,prior to welding,the depth of the depression,measured from the toe inward,is not more than the thickness of the material at the base of the depression or1?2 in.[12.5mm],whichever is the lesser.

9.3.2.4The deposition of weld metal(see9.5)and grinding to correct or build up the interlock of any sheet piling section at any location shall be subject to the limitation that the total surface area of the weld not exceed2%of the total surface area of the piece.

9.4Bar Conditioning:

9.4.1The conditioning of bars by the manufacturer or processor to remove imperfections by grinding,chipping,or some other means shall be subject to the limitations that the conditioned area is well faired and the affected sectional area is not reduced by more than the applicable permitted variations (see Section12).

9.4.2The deposition of weld metal(see9.5)following chipping or grinding to remove imperfections that are greater in depth than the limits listed in9.4.1shall be subject to the following conditions:

9.4.2.1The total area of the chipped or ground surface of any piece,prior to welding,shall not exceed2%of the total surface area of the piece.

9.4.2.2The reduction of sectional dimension of a round, square,or hexagon bar,or the reduction in thickness of a?at bar,resulting from removal of an imperfection,prior to welding,shall not exceed5%of the nominal dimension or thickness at the location of the imperfection.

9.4.2.3For the edges of?at bars,the depth of the condi-tioning depression prior to welding shall be measured from the edge inward and shall be limited to a maximum depth equal to the thickness of the?at bar or1?2in.[12.5mm],whichever is less.

9.5Repair by Welding:

9.5.1General Requirements:

9.5.1.1Repair by welding shall be in accordance with a welding procedure speci?cation(WPS)using shielded metal arc welding(SMAW),gas metal arc welding(GMAW),?ux cored arc welding(FCAW),or submerged arc welding(SAW) processes.Shielding gases used shall be of welding quality.

9.5.1.2Electrodes and electrode-?ux combinations shall be in accordance with the requirements of AWS Speci?cations A5.1/A5.1M,A5.5/A5.5M,A5.17/A5.17M,A5.18/A5.18M, A5.20/A5.20M,A5.23/A5.23M,A5.28/A5.28M,or A5.29/ A5.29M,whichever is applicable.For SMAW,low hydrogen electrodes shall be used.

9.5.1.3Electrodes and electrode-?ux combinations shall be selected so that the tensile strength of the deposited weld metal (after any required heat treatment)is consistent with the tensile strength speci?ed for the base metal being repaired.

9.5.1.4Welding electrodes and?ux materials shall be dry and protected from moisture during storage and use.

9.5.1.5Prior to repair welding,the surface to be welded shall be inspected to verify that the imperfections intended to be removed have been removed completely.Surfaces to be welded and surfaces adjacent to the weld shall be dry and free of scale,slag,rust,moisture,grease,and other foreign material that would prevent proper welding.

9.5.1.6Welders and welding operators shall be quali?ed in accordance with the requirements of AWS D1.1/D1.1M

or

BPVC Section IX,except that any complete joint penetration groove weld quali?cation also quali?es the welder or welding operator to do repair welding.

9.5.1.7Repair welding of structural products shall be in accordance with a welding procedure speci?cation(WPS)that is in accordance with the requirements of AWS D1.1/D1.1M or BPVC Section IX,with the following exceptions or clari?ca-tions:

(1)The WPS shall be quali?ed by testing a complete joint penetration groove weld or a surface groove weld.

(2)The geometry of the surface groove weld need not be described in other than a general way.

(3)An AWS D1.1/D1.1M prequali?ed complete joint penetration groove weld WPS is acceptable.

(4)Any material not listed in the prequali?ed base metal-?ller metal combinations of AWS D1.1/D1.1M also is consid-ered to be prequali?ed if its chemical composition and me-chanical properties are comparable to those for one of the prequali?ed base metals listed in AWS D1.1/D1.1M.

(5)Any material not listed in BPVC Section IX also is considered to be a material with an S-number in BPVC Sec-tion IX if its chemical composition and its mechanical proper-ties are comparable to those for one of the materials listed in BPVC Section IX with an S-number.

9.5.1.8When so speci?ed in the purchase order,the WPS shall include quali?cation by Charpy V-notch testing,with the test locations,test conditions,and the acceptance criteria meeting the requirements speci?ed for repair welding in the purchase order.

9.5.1.9When so speci?ed in the purchase order,the welding procedure speci?cation shall be subject to approval by the purchaser prior to repair welding.

9.5.2Structural Products with a Speci?ed Minimum Tensile Strength of100ksi[690MPa]or Higher—Repair welding of structural products with a speci?ed minimum tensile strength of100ksi[690MPa]or higher shall be subject to the following additional requirements:

9.5.2.1When so speci?ed in the purchase order,prior approval for repair by welding shall be obtained from the purchaser.

9.5.2.2The surface to be welded shall be inspected using a magnetic particle method or a liquid penetrant method to verify that the imperfections intended to be removed have been completely removed.When magnetic particle inspection is employed,the surface shall be inspected both parallel and perpendicular to the length of the area to be repaired.

9.5.2.3When weld repairs are to be post-weld heat-treated, special care shall be exercised in the selection of electrodes to avoid those compositions that embrittle as a result of such heat treatment.

9.5.2.4Repairs on structural products that are subsequently heat-treated at the mill shall be inspected after heat treatment; repairs on structural products that are not subsequently heat-treated at the mill shall be inspected no sooner than48h after welding.Such inspection shall use a magnetic particle method or a liquid penetrant method;where magnetic particle inspec-tion is involved,such inspection shall be both parallel to and perpendicular to the length of the repair.

9.5.2.5The location of the weld repairs shall be marked on the?nished piece.

9.5.3Repair Quality—The welds and adjacent heat-affected zone shall be sound and free of cracks,the weld metal being thoroughly fused to all surfaces and edges without undercutting or overlap.Any visible cracks,porosity,lack of fusion,or undercut in any layer shall be removed prior to deposition of the succeeding layer.Weld metal shall project at least1?16in.(2 mm)above the rolled surface after welding,and the projecting metal shall be removed by chipping or grinding,or both,to make it?ush with the rolled surface,and to produce a workmanlike?nish.

9.5.4Inspection of Repair—The manufacturer or processor shall maintain an inspection program to inspect the work to see that:

9.5.4.1Imperfections have been completely removed.

9.5.4.2The limitations speci?ed above have not been ex-ceeded.

9.5.4.3Established welding procedures have been followed, and

9.5.4.4Any weld deposit is of acceptable quality as de?ned above.

10.Test Methods

10.1All tests shall be conducted in accordance with Test Methods and De?nitions A370.

10.2Yield strength shall be determined either by the0.2% offset method or by the0.5%extension under load method, unless otherwise stated in the material speci?cation.

10.3Rounding Procedures—For purposes of determining conformance with the speci?cation,a calculated value shall be rounded to the nearest1ksi[5MPa]tensile and yield strength, and to the nearest unit in the right-hand place of?gures used in expressing the limiting value for other values in accordance with the rounding method given in Practice E29.

10.4For full-section test specimens of angles,the cross-sectional area used for calculating the yield and tensile strengths shall be a theoretical area calculated on the basis of the weight of the test specimen(see12.1).

11.Tension Tests

11.1Condition—Test specimens for non-heat-treated struc-tural products shall be taken from test coupons that are representative of the structural products in their delivered condition.Test specimens for heat-treated structural products shall be taken from test coupons that are representative of the structural products in their delivered condition,or from sepa-rate pieces of full thickness or full section from the same heat similarly heat treated.

11.1.1Where the plate is heat treated with a cooling rate faster than still-air cooling from the austenitizing temperature, one of the following shall apply in addition to other require-ments speci?ed herein:

11.1.1.1The gage length of the tension test specimen shall be taken at least1T from any as-heat treated edge where T is the thickness of the plate and shall be at least1?2in.[12.5mm] from?ame cut or heat-affected-zone

surfaces.

11.1.1.2A steel thermal buffer pad,1T by1T by at least3T, shall be joined to the plate edge by a partial penetration weld completely sealing the buffered edge prior to heat treatment.

11.1.1.3Thermal insulation or other thermal barriers shall be used during the heat treatment adjacent to the plate edge where specimens are to be removed.It shall be demonstrated that the cooling rate of the tension test specimen is no faster than,and not substantially slower than,that attained by the method described in11.1.1.2.

11.1.1.4When test coupons cut from the plate but heat treated separately are used,the coupon dimensions shall be not less than3T by3T by T and each tension specimen cut from it shall meet the requirements of11.1.1.1.

11.1.1.5The heat treatment of test specimens separately in the device shall be subject to the limitations that(1)cooling rate data for the plate are available;(2)cooling rate control devices for the test specimens are available;and,(3)the method has received prior approval by the purchaser.

11.2Orientation—For plates wider than24in.[600mm], test specimens shall be taken such that the longitudinal axis of the test specimen is transverse to the?nal direction of rolling of the plate.Test specimens for all other structural products shall be taken such that the longitudinal axis of the test specimen is parallel to the?nal direction of rolling.

11.3Location:

11.3.1Plates—Test specimens shall be taken from a corner of the plate.

11.3.2W and HP Shapes with Flanges6in.[150mm]or Wider—Test specimens shall be selected from a point in the ?ange2?3of the way from the?ange centerline to the?ange toe.

11.3.3Shapes Other Than Those in11.3.2—Test specimens shall be selected from the webs of beams,channels,and zees; from the stems of rolled tees;and from the legs of angles and bulb angles,except where full-section test specimens for angles are used and the elongation acceptance criteria are increased accordingly.(See11.6.2.)

11.3.4Bars:

11.3.4.1Test specimens for bars to be used for pins and rollers shall be taken so that the axis is:midway between the center and the surface for pins and rollers less than3in.[75 mm]in diameter;1in.[25mm]from the surface for pins and rollers3in.[75mm]and over in diameter;or as speci?ed in Annex A1of Test Methods and De?nitions A370if the applicable foregoing requirement is not practicable.

11.3.4.2Test specimens for bars other than those to be used for pins and rollers shall be taken as speci?ed in Annex A1of Test Methods and De?nitions A370.

11.4Test Frequency:

11.4.1Structural Products Produced from an As-Rolled Structural Product—The minimum number of pieces or plates-as-rolled to be tested for each heat and strength gradation, where applicable,shall be as follows,except that it shall be permissible for any individual test to represent multiple strength gradations:

11.4.1.1As given in Table B,or

11.4.1.2One taken from the minimum thickness in the heat and one taken from the maximum thickness in the heat,where thickness means the speci?ed thickness,diameter,or compa-rable dimension,whichever is appropriate for the applicable structural product rolled.

11.4.2Structural Products Produced from Coil and Fur-nished without Heat Treatment or with Stress Relieving Only: 11.4.2.1Except as allowed by11.4.4,the minimum number of coils to be tested for each heat and strength gradation,where applicable,shall be as given in Table C,except that it shall be permissible for any individual coil to represent multiple strength gradations.

11.4.2.2Except as required by11.4.2.3,two tension test specimens shall be taken from each coil tested,with the?rst being taken immediately prior to the?rst structural product to be quali?ed,and the second being taken from the approximate center lap.

11.4.2.3If,during decoiling,the amount of material de-coiled is less than that required to reach the approximate center lap,the second test for the quali?cation of the decoiled portion of such a coil shall be taken from a location adjacent to the end of the innermost portion decoiled.For quali?cation of succes-sive portions from such a coil,an additional test shall be taken adjacent to the innermost portion decoiled,until a test is obtained from the approximate center lap.

11.4.3Structural Products Produced from Coil and Fur-nished Heat Treated by other than Stress Relieving—The minimum number of pieces to be tested for each heat and strength gradation,where applicable,shall be as follows, except that it shall be permissible for any individual test to represent multiple strength gradations:

11.4.3.1As given in Table B,or

11.4.3.2One taken from the minimum thickness in the heat and one taken from the maximum thickness in the heat,where thickness means the speci?ed thickness,diameter,or compa-rable dimension,whichever is appropriate for the applicable structural product rolled.

11.4.4Structural Products Produced from Coil and Quali-?ed Using Test Specimens Heat Treated by Other than Stress Relieving—The minimum number of pieces to be tested for each heat and strength gradation,where applicable,shall be as follows,except that it shall be permissible for any individual test to represent multiple strength gradations:

11.4.4.1As given in Table B,or

11.4.4.2One taken from the minimum thickness in the heat, where thickness means the speci?ed thickness,diameter,or comparable dimension,whichever is appropriate for the appli-cable structural product rolled.

11.5Preparation:

11.5.1Plates:

11.5.1.1Tension test specimens for plates3?4in.[20mm] and under in thickness shall be the full thickness of the plates. The test specimens shall conform to the requirements shown in Fig.3of Test Methods and De?nitions A370for either the 11?2-in.[40-mm]wide test specimen or the1?2-in.[12.5-mm] wide test specimen.

11.5.1.2For plates up to4in.[100mm]inclusive,in thickness,the use of11?2-in.[40-mm]wide test specimens,full thickness of the plate and conforming to the

requirements

shown in Fig.3of Test Methods and De?nitions A370,shall be subject to the limitation that adequate testing machine capacity is available.

11.5.1.3For plates over3?4in.[20mm]in thickness,except as permitted in11.5.1.2,tension test specimens shall conform to the requirements shown in Fig.4of Test Methods and De?nitions A370for the0.500-in.[12.5-mm]diameter test specimen.The axis of such test specimens shall be located midway between the center of thickness and the top or bottom surface of the plate.

11.5.2Shapes:

11.5.2.1Except where angles are tested in full section, tension test specimens for shapes3?4in.[20mm]and under in thickness shall be the full thickness of the shape.Such test specimen shall conform to the requirements shown in Fig.3of Test Methods and De?nitions A370for either the11?2-in. [40-mm]wide test specimen or the1?2-in.[12.5-mm]wide test specimen.

11.5.2.2For shapes up to5in.[125mm]inclusive,in thickness,the use of11?2-in.[40-mm]wide test specimens,full thickness of the shape and conforming to the requirements shown in Fig.3of Test Methods and De?nitions A370,shall be subject to the limitation that adequate testing machine capacity is available.

TABLE B Minimum Number of Tension Tests Required

Thickness A Range Rolled for the Heat Thickness A Difference

Between Pieces or

Plates-as-rolled in the

Thickness A Range

Minimum Number of Tension

Tests Required

Under3?8in.[10mm]1?16in.[2mm]or less Two B tests per heat,taken from different pieces or plates-as-rolled having

any thickness A in the thickness A range

More than1?16in.[2mm]Two B tests per heat,one taken from the minimum thickness A in the

thickness A range and one taken from the maximum thickness A in the

thickness A range

3?8to2in.[10to50mm],incl Less than3?8in.[10mm]Two B tests per heat,taken from different pieces or plates-as-rolled having

any thickness A in the thickness A range

3?8in.[10mm]or more Two B tests per heat,one taken from the minimum thickness A in the

thickness A range and one taken from the maximum thickness A in the

thickness A range

Over2in.[50mm]Less than1in.[25mm]Two B tests per heat,taken from different pieces or plates-as-rolled having

any thickness A in the thickness A range

1in.[25mm]or more Two B tests per heat,one taken from the minimum thickness A in the

thickness A range and one taken from the maximum thickness A in the

thickness A range

A Thickness means the speci?ed thickness,diameter,or comparable dimension,whichever is appropriate for the speci?c structural product rolled.

B One test,if only one piece or plate-as-rolled is to be quali?ed.

TABLE C Minimum Number of Coils Required to be Tension Tested

N OTE1—See11.4.2.2and11.4.2.3for the number of tests to be taken per coil.

Thickness A Difference Between Coils in the Heat Minimum Number of Coils Required to be Tension Tested

Less than1?16in.[2mm]Two B coils per heat,at any thickness A in the heat

1?16in.[2mm]or more Two B coils per heat,one at the minimum thickness A in the heat and one at the maximum thickness A

in the heat

A Thickness means the speci?ed thickness,diameter,or comparable dimension,whichever is appropriate for the speci?c structural product rolled.

B One coil,if the product of only one coil is to be quali?ed.

11.5.2.3For shapes over3?4in.[20mm]in thickness,except as permitted in11.5.2.2,tension test specimens shall conform to the requirements shown in Fig.4of Test Methods and De?nitions A370for the0.500–in.[12.5–mm]diameter test specimens.The axis of such test specimens shall be located midway between the center of thickness and the top or bottom surface of the shape.

11.5.3Bars:

11.5.3.1Except as otherwise provided below,test speci-mens for bars shall be in accordance with Annex A1of Test Methods and De?nitions A370.

11.5.3.2Except as provided in11.5.3.5,test specimens for bars3?4in.[20mm]and under in thickness may conform to the requirements shown in Fig.3of Test Methods and De?nitions A370for either the11?2-in.[40-mm]wide test specimen or the 1?2-in.[12.5-mm]wide specimen.

11.5.3.3Except as provided in11.5.3.4and11.5.3.5,test specimens for bars over3?4in.[20mm]in thickness or diameter shall conform either to the requirements for the11?2-in. [40-mm]or1?2-in.[12.5-mm]wide test specimen shown in Fig. 3of Test Methods and De?nitions A370,or to the require-ments for the0.500–in.[12.5–mm]diameter test specimen shown in Fig.4of Test Methods and De?nitions A370. 11.5.3.4For bars other than those to be used for pins and rollers,the manufacturer or processor shall have the option of using test specimens that are machined to a thickness or diameter of at least3?4in.[20mm]for a length of at least9in. [230mm].

11.5.3.5Test specimens for bars to be used for pins and rollers shall conform to the requirements shown in Fig.4of Test Methods and De?nitions A370for the0.500–in.

[12.5–mm]diameter test specimen.

11.6Elongation Requirement Adjustments

:

11.6.1Due to the specimen geometry effect encountered when using the rectangular tension test specimen for testing thin material,adjustments in elongation requirements must be provided for thicknesses under0.312in.[8mm].Accordingly, the following deductions from the base elongation require-ments shall apply:

Nominal Thickness Range,

in.[mm]

Elongation Deduction,%

0.299—0.311[7.60—7.89]0.5

0.286—0.298[7.30—7.59] 1.0

0.273—0.285[7.00—7.29] 1.5

0.259—0.272[6.60—6.99] 2.0

0.246—0.258[6.20—6.59] 2.5

0.233—0.245[5.90—6.19] 3.0

0.219—0.232[5.50—5.89] 3.5

0.206—0.218[5.20—5.49] 4.0

0.193—0.205[4.90—5.19] 4.5

0.180—0.192[4.60—4.89] 5.0

0.166—0.179[4.20—4.59] 5.5A

0.153—0.165[3.90—4.19] 6.0A

0.140—0.152[3.60—3.89] 6.5A

0.127—0.139[3.20—3.59]7.0A

<0.127[3.20]7.5A

_________________

A Elongation deductions for thicknesses less than0.180in.[4.60mm]apply to plates and structural shapes only.

11.6.2Due to the specimen geometry effect encountered when using full-section test specimens for angles,the elonga-tion requirements for structural-size angles shall be increased by six percentage points when full-section test specimens are used.

11.6.3Due to the inherently lower elongation that is obtain-able in thicker structural products,adjustments in elongation requirements shall be provided.For structural products over 3.5in.[90mm]in thickness,a deduction of0.5percentage point from the speci?ed percentage of elongation in2in.[50 mm]shall be made for each0.5–in.[12.5–mm]increment of thickness over3.5in.[90mm],up to a maximum deduction of 3.0percentage points.Accordingly,the following deductions from the base elongation requirements shall apply:

Nominal Thickness Range,

in.[mm]

Elongation Deduction,%

3.500—3.999[90.00—102.49]0.5

4.000—4.499[102.50—114.99] 1.0

4.500—4.999[11

5.00—127.49] 1.5

5.000—5.499[127.50—139.99] 2.0

5.500—5.999[140.00—152.49] 2.5

6.000and thicker[152.50and thicker] 3.0 11.6.4The tensile property requirements tables in many of the product speci?cations covered by this general requirements speci?cation specify elongation requirements in both8-in. [200–mm]and2-in.[50–mm]gage lengths.Unless otherwise provided in the applicable product speci?cation,both require-ments are not required to be applied simultaneously and the elongation need only be determined in the gage length appro-priate for the test specimen used.After selection of the appropriate gage length,the elongation requirement for the alternative gage length shall be deemed not applicable.

11.7Yield Strength Application:

11.7.1When test specimens do not exhibit a well-de?ned disproportionate yield point,yield strength shall be determined and substituted for yield point.

11.7.2The manufacturer or processor shall have the option of substituting yield strength for yield point if the test specimen exhibits a well-de?ned disproportionate yield point.

11.7.3Yield strength shall be determined either by the 0.2%offset method or by the0.5%extension-under-load method.

11.8Product Tension Tests—This speci?cation does not provide requirements for product tension testing subsequent to shipment(see15.1).Therefore,the requirements of11.1-11.7 inclusive and Section13apply only for tests conducted at the place of manufacture prior to shipment.

N OTE5—Compliance to this speci?cation and the applicable product speci?cation by a manufacturer or processor does not preclude the possibility that product tension test results might vary outside speci?ed ranges.The tensile properties will vary within the same heat or piece,be it as-rolled,control-rolled,or heat-treated.Tension testing according to the requirements of this speci?cation does not provide assurance that all products of a heat will be identical in tensile properties with the products tested.If the purchaser wishes to have more con?dence than that provided by this speci?cation testing procedures,additional testing or requirements, such as Supplementary Requirement S4,should be imposed.

11.8.1Appendix X2provides additional information on the variability of tensile properties in plates and structural shapes 12.Permitted Variations in Dimensions and Weight

[Mass]

12.1One cubic foot of rolled steel is assumed to weigh490 lb.One cubic metre of rolled steel is assumed to have a mass of7850kg.

12.2Plates—The permitted variations for dimensions and weight[mass]shall not exceed the applicable limits in Tables1 to15[Annex A1,Tables A1.1to A1.15]inclusive.

12.3Shapes:

12.3.1Annex A2lists the designations and dimensions,in both inch-pound and SI units,of shapes that are most com-monly available.Radii of?llets and toes of shape pro?les vary with individual manufacturers and therefore are not speci?ed.

12.3.2The permitted variations in dimensions shall not exceed the applicable limits in Tables16to25[Annex A1, Tables A1.16to A1.25]inclusive.Permitted variations for special shapes not listed in such tables shall be as agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

N OTE6—Permitted variations are given in Tables16to25[Annex A1, Tables A1.16to A1.25]inclusive for some shapes that are not listed in Annex A2(that is,bulb angles,tees,zees).Addition of such sections to Annex A2will be considered by Subcommittee A01.02when and if a need for such listing is shown.

12.3.3Shapes Having One Dimension of the Cross Section 3in.[75mm]or Greater(Structural-Size Shapes)—The cross-sectional area or weight[mass]of each shape shall not vary more than2.5%from the theoretical or speci?ed amounts except for shapes with a moninal weight of less than100lb/ft, in which the variation shall range from–2.5%to+3.0%from the theoretical cross-sectional area or the speci?ed nominal weight[mass].

12.4Sheet Piling—The weight[mass]of each steel sheet pile shall not vary more than2.5%from the theoretical or speci?ed weight[mass].The length of each steel sheet

pile

shall be not less than the speci?ed length,and not more than5 in.[125mm]over the speci?ed length.

12.5Hot-Rolled Bars—The permitted variations in dimen-sions shall not exceed the applicable limits in Tables26to31 [Annex A1,Tables A1.26to A1.31]inclusive.

13.Retests

13.1If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops?aws,the manufacturer or processor shall have the option of discarding it and substituting another test specimen.

13.2If the percentage of elongation of any tension test specimen is less than that speci?ed and any part of the fracture is more than3?4in.[20mm]from the center of the gage length of a2-in.[50-mm]specimen or is outside the middle half of the gage length of an8-in.[200-mm]specimen,as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing,a retest shall be allowed.

13.3Except as provided in13.3.1,if the results from an original tension specimen fails to meet the speci?ed require-ments,but are within2ksi[14MPa]of the required tensile strength,within1ksi[7MPa]of the required yield strength or yield point,or within2percentage points of the required elongation,a retest shall be permitted to replace the failing test.

A retest shall be performed for the failing original test,with the specimen being randomly selected from the heat.If the results of the retest meet the speci?ed requirements,the heat or lot shall be approved.

13.3.1For structural products that are tested as given in Table C,both tests from each coil tested to qualify a heat are required to meet all mechanical property requirements.Should either test fail to do so,then that coil shall not be used to qualify the heat;however,the portion of that individual coil that is bracketed by acceptable tests(see11.4.2.3)is considered to be quali?ed.

13.4Quenched and tempered steel plates shall be subject to any additional retest requirements contained in the applicable product speci?cation.

13.5When the full-section option of11.3.3is used and the elongation falls below the speci?ed requirement,the manufac-turer or processor shall have the option of making another test using a test specimen permitted in11.5.2.

14.Test Reports

14.1Test reports for each heat supplied are required and they shall report the following:

14.1.1The applicable product speci?cation designation, including year-date and whichever of grade,class,and type are speci?ed in the purchase order,to which the structural product is furnished.

14.1.2The heat number,heat analysis(see7.1),and nomi-nal sizes.

N OTE7—If the amount of copper,chromium,nickel,molybdenum,or silicon is less than0.02%,the heat analysis for that element may be reported as<0.02%.If the amount of columbium or vanadium is less than 0.008%,the heat analysis for that element may be reported as<0.008%.

14.1.3For structural products that are tested as given in Table B,two tension test results appropriate to qualify the shipment(see11.4),except that only one tension test result need be reported if the shipment consists of a single piece or plate-as-rolled.

14.1.3.1In reporting elongation values,both the percentage increase and the original gage length shall be stated.

14.1.3.2Yield to tensile ratio when such a requirement is contained in the product speci?cation.

14.1.4For structural products that are required to be heat treated,either by the applicable product speci?cation or by the purchase order,all heat treatments,including temperature ranges and times at temperature,unless the purchaser and the supplier have agreed to the supply of a heat treatment proce-dure in place of the actual temperatures and times.

14.1.4.1Subcritical heat treatment to soften thermally cut edges need not be reported,except for structural products having a speci?ed minimum tensile strength of95ksi[655 MPa]or higher,unless such subcritical heating is accomplished at temperatures at least75°F[40°C]lower than the minimum tempering temperature.

14.1.5The results of any required austenitic grain size tests (see8.2or8.3,whichever is applicable).

14.1.6The results of any other test required by the appli-cable product speci?cation,the applicable supplementary re-quirements,and the purchase order.

14.2The thickness of the structural product tested is not necessarily the same as an individual ordered thickness,given that it is the heat that is tested,rather than each ordered item. Tests from speci?ed thicknesses in accordance with11.4and encompassing the thicknesses in a shipment shall be sufficient for qualifying the structural product in the shipment.Such test thicknesses are not required to be within previously tested and shipped thicknesses from the same heat.

14.3For structural products produced from coil that are supplied in the as-rolled condition or have been heat treated by stress relieving only,the test report shall state“Produced from Coil.”Both test results shall be reported for each qualifying coil,and the location within the coil for each test shall be stated.

14.4For structural products produced from coil,both the manufacturer and the processor shall be identi?ed on the test report.

14.5When full-section test specimens have been used for the quali?cation of angles,that information shall be stated on the test report.

14.6A signature is not required on the test report;however, the document shall clearly identify the organization submitting the report.Notwithstanding the absence of a signature,the organization submitting the report is responsible for the content of the report.

14.7For structural products?nished by other than the original manufacturer,the supplier of the structural product shall also provide the purchaser with a copy of the original manufacturer’s test report.

14.8A test report,certi?cate of inspection,or similar document printed from or used in electronic form from an electronic data interchange(EDI)transmission shall be re-garded as having the same validity as a counterpart printed in the certi?er’s facility.The content of the EDI

transmitted

document shall meet the requirements of the applicable product speci?cation and shall conform to any existing EDI agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.Notwithstanding the absence of a signature,the organization submitting the EDI transmission shall be responsible for the content of the report. N OTE8—The industry de?nition as invoked here is:EDI is the computer to computer exchange of business information in a standard format such as ANSI ASC X12.

15.Inspection and Testing

15.1The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free entry,at all times,while work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed,to all parts of the manufacturer’s works that concern the manufacture of the structural product ordered.The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all rea-sonable facilities to be satis?ed that the structural product is being furnished in accordance with this general requirements speci?cation,the applicable product speci?cation,and the purchase order.All tests(except product analysis)and inspec-tion shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment,unless otherwise speci?ed,and shall be conducted so as not to interfere with the operation of the manufacturer’s works.

15.2Where structural products are produced from coil,15.1 shall apply to the processor instead of the manufacturer,and the place of process shall apply instead of the place of manufacture.Where structural products are produced from coil and the processor is different from the manufacturer,the inspector representing the purchaser shall have free entry at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed to all parts of the manufacturer’s works that concern the manufacture of the structural product ordered.

16.Retreatment

16.1If any heat-treated structural product fails to meet the mechanical property requirements of the applicable product speci?cation,the manufacturer or the processor shall have the option of heat treating the structural product again.All me-chanical property tests shall be repeated and the structural product shall be reexamined for surface defects when it is resubmitted for inspection.

17.Rejection

17.1Any rejection based upon product analysis made in accordance with the applicable product speci?cation shall be reported to the supplier and samples that represent the rejected structural product shall be preserved for two weeks from the date of noti?cation of such rejection.In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the tests,the supplier shall have the option of making claim for a rehearing within that time.

17.2The purchaser shall have the option of rejecting struc-tural product that exhibits injurious defects subsequent to its acceptance at the manufacturer’s or processor’s works,and so notifying the manufacturer or processor.

18.Identi?cation of Structural Products

18.1Required Plate Markings:

18.1.1Except as allowed by18.1.4.2and18.6,plates shall be legibly marked with the following:applicable ASTM designation(see1.1)(year-date not required);“G”or“MT”if applicable(see18.1.2);applicable grade;heat number;size and thickness;and name,brand,or trademark of the manufacturer (for plates produced from an as-rolled structural product)or the processor(for plates produced from coil).

18.1.2Plates that are required to be heat treated,but have not been so heat treated,shall be marked,by the manufacturer or processor,with the letter“G”(denoting green)following the required ASTM designation mark,except that“G”marking is not necessary if such plates are for shipment,for the purpose of obtaining the required heat treatment,to an organization under the manufacturer’s control.Such plates shall have been quali-?ed for shipment on the basis of test specimens that have been so heat treated.Plates that are required to be heat treated,and have been so heat treated,shall be marked,by the party that performed the heat treatment,with the letter“MT”(denoting material treated)following the required ASTM designation mark.

18.1.3Except as allowed by18.1.4.2and18.6,the required markings for plates shall be by steel die stamping,paint marking,or by means of permanently affixed,colorfast, weather-resistant labels or tags.It shall be the responsibility of the supplier that all required markings be intact and fully legible upon receipt by the purchaser.

18.1.4Location of Markings:

18.1.4.1The required markings for plates shall be in at least one place on each?nished plate.

18.1.4.2For secured lifts of all sizes of plates3?8in.[10mm] (or5?16in.[8mm]for material speci?ed for bridge construction end use)or under in thickness,and for secured lifts of all thicknesses of plates36in.[900mm]or under in width,the manufacturer or processor shall have the option of placing such markings on only the top piece of each lift,or of showing such markings on a substantial tag attached to each lift,unless otherwise speci?ed.

18.2Shapes:

18.2.1Except as allowed by18.2.2and18.6,shapes shall be marked with the heat number,size of section,length,and mill identi?cation marks on each piece.Shapes with the greatest cross-sectional dimension greater than6in.[150mm]shall have the manufacturer’s name,brand,or trademark shown in raised letters at intervals along the length.In addition,shapes shall be identi?ed with the ASTM designation(year-date not required)and grade,either by marking each piece individually, by permanently affixing a colorfast,weather-resistant label or tag,or,if bundled,by attaching a substantial tag to the bundle.

18.2.2Bundling for shipment of small shapes with the greatest cross-sectional dimension not greater than6in.[150 mm]is permissible.Each lift or bundle shall be marked or substantially tagged showing the identi?cation information listed in18.2.1.

18.2.3It shall be permissible for the manufacturer to make

a full size bundle at the end of a heat by adding product from a consecutively rolled heat of the same nominal chemical composition.The manufacturer shall identify a bundle consist-ing of product from two heats with the number of the?rst heat rolled or identify both heats.The manufacturer shall maintain records of the heats contained in each

bundle.

18.3Steel Sheet Piling —Steel sheet piling shall be marked with the heat number,size of section,length,and mill identi-?cation marks on each piece,either by marking,or by permanently affixing colorfast,weather-resistant label or tag.The manufacturer’s name,brand,or trademark shall be shown in raised letters at intervals along the length.

18.4Bars —Bars of all sizes,when loaded for shipment,shall be properly identi?ed with the name or brand of manu-facturer,purchaser’s name and order number,the ASTM designation number (year-date not required),grade number where appropriate,size and length,weight [mass]of lift,and the heat number for identi?cation.Unless otherwise speci?ed,the method of marking is at the manufacturer’s option and shall be made by hot stamping,cold stamping,painting,or marking tags attached to the lifts of bars.Bars are not required to be die-stamped.

18.4.1It shall be permissible for the manufacturer to make a full size bundle at the end of a heat by adding product from a consecutively rolled heat of the same nominal chemical composition.The manufacturer shall identify a bundle consist-ing of product from two heats with the number of the ?rst heat rolled or identify both heats.The manufacturer shall maintain records of the heats contained in each bundle.

18.5Bar Coding —In addition to the requirements of 18.1-18.4inclusive,the manufacturer or processor shall have the option of using bar coding as a supplementary identi?cation method.

N OTE 9—Bar coding should be consistent with AIAG Standards.7

18.6Subdivided Material :

18.6.1Except as allowed by 18.6.2,pieces separated from a master structural product by an organization other than the

original manufacturer shall be identi?ed with the ASTM designation (year-date not required),grade,heat number,and the heat treatment identi?cation,if applicable,along with the trademark,brand,or name of the organization subdividing the structural product.The identi?cation methods shall be in accordance with the requirements of 18.1-18.4inclusive,except that the raised letters method for shapes and steel sheet piling is not required.If the original manufacturer’s identi?-cation remains intact,the structural product need not be additionally identi?ed by the organization supplying the struc-tural product.

18.6.2It shall be permissible for pieces from the same heat of structural product to be bundled or placed in secured lifts,with the identi?cation speci?ed in 18.6.1placed on the top piece of each lift or shown on a substantial tag attached to each bundle or lift.

19.Packaging,Marking,and Loading for Shipment

19.1Packaging,marking,and loading for shipment shall be in accordance with Practices A 700.

19.2When Level A is speci?ed,and when speci?ed in the contract or order,and for direct procurement by or direct shipment to the https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,ernment,preservation,packaging,and packing shall be in accordance with the Level A requirements of MIL-STD-163.

19.3When speci?ed in the contract or order,and for direct procurement by or direct shipment to the https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,ernment,marking for shipment,in addition to requirements speci?ed in the contract or order,shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-129for military agencies and with Fed.Std.No.123for civil agencies.

20.Keywords

20.1bars;general requirements;plates;rolled;shapes;sheet piling;structural steel

7

Available from Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG),26200Lahser Rd.,Suite 200,South?eld,MI 48033,

https://www.doczj.com/doc/053882280.html,.

TABLE 1Permitted Variations in Thickness for Rectangular,Carbon,High-Strength,Low-Alloy,and Alloy-Steel Plates,15in.and Under

in Thickness When Ordered to Thickness

N OTE 1—Tables 1-31inclusive contain permitted variations in dimensions and weight stated in inch-pound units.N OTE 2—Permitted variation under speci?ed thickness,0.01in.

N OTE 3—Thickness to be measured at 3?8to 3?4in.from the longitudinal edge.

N OTE 4—For thicknesses measured at any location other than that speci?ed in Note 3,the permitted variations over speci?ed thickness shall be 13?4times the amounts in this table,rounded to the nearest 0.01in.

N OTE 5—Where “...”appears in this table,there is no requirement.

Speci?ed Thickness,in.

Permitted Variations Over Speci?ed Thickness for Widths Given in Inches,in.

48and under Over 48to 60,excl 60to 72,excl 72to 84,excl 84to 96,excl 96to 108,excl 108to 120,excl 120to 132,excl 132to 144,excl 144to 168,excl 168to 182,excl 182and over To 1?4,excl 0.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.04.........1?4

to 5?16,excl 0.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.040.04.........5?16to 3?8,excl 0.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.040.040.05......3?8to 7?16,excl 0.030.030.030.030.030.030.040.040.050.060.06...7?16to 1?2,excl 0.030.030.030.030.030.030.040.040.050.060.06...1?2to 5?8,excl 0.030.030.030.030.030.030.040.040.050.060.07...5?8to 3?4,excl 0.030.030.030.030.030.040.040.040.050.060.070.073?4to 1,excl 0.030.030.030.030.040.040.050.050.060.070.080.091to 2,excl 0.060.060.060.060.060.070.080.100.100.110.130.162to 3,excl 0.090.090.090.100.100.110.120.130.140.150.15...3to 4,excl 0.110.110.110.110.110.130.140.140.140.150.17...4to 6,excl 0.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.200.20...6to 10,excl 0.230.240.240.240.240.240.240.240.240.270.28...10to 12,excl 0.290.290.330.330.330.330.330.330.330.330.35...12to 15,incl

0.29

0.29

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.35

...

TABLE 2Permitted Variations in Weight for Rectangular Sheared Plates and Universal Mill Plates 613.0lb/ft 2and Under When Ordered

to Weight

N OTE 1—Permitted variations in overweight for lots of circular and sketch plates shall be 11?4times the amounts in this table.N OTE 2—Permitted variations in overweight for single plates shall be 11?3times the amounts in this table.

N OTE 3—Permitted variations in overweight for single circular and sketch plates shall be 12?3times the amounts in this table.N OTE 4—The adopted standard density of rolled steel is 490lb/ft 3.N OTE 5—Where “...”appears in this table,there is no requirement.

Speci?ed Weights,lb/ft 2

Permitted Variations in Average Weight of Lots A for Widths Given in Inches,Expressed in Percentage

of the Speci?ed Weights per Square Foot

48and under Over 48to 60,excl 60to 72,excl 72to 84,excl 84to 96,excl 96to 108,excl 108to 120,

excl 120to 132,excl 132to 144,excl 144to 168,

excl 168and

over

Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under

To 10,excl

4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0

5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0

6.0 3.0

7.5 3.09.0 3.011.0 3.013.0 3.0............10to 12.5,excl 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.5 3.07.0 3.0

8.0 3.0

9.0 3.012.0 3.0......12.5to 15.0,excl 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 3.07.5 3.08.0 3.011.0 3.0......15to 17.5,excl 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 3.07.0 3.09.0 3.010.0 3.017.5to 20,excl 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 3.08.0 3.09.0 3.020to 25,excl 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.07.0 3.08.0 3.025to 30,excl 3.0 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 6.5 3.07.0 3.030to 40,excl 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 6.0 3.0 6.5 3.040to 81.7,excl 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 3.081.7to 122.6,excl 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0122.6to 163.4,excl 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.0163.4to 245.1,excl 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.5 1.0245.1to 409.0,excl 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 3.0 1.0409.0to 490.1,excl 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0490.1to 613.0,excl

2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0

A

The term “lot”means all the plates of each tabular width and weight group represented in each

shipment.

TABLE3Permitted Variations in Width and Length for Sheared Plates11?2in.and Under in Thickness;Length Only of Universal Mill

Plates21?2in.and Under in Thickness

Speci?ed Dimensions,in.Permitted Variations Over Speci?ed Width and Length A for Thicknesses Given in Inches or Equivalent Weights Given in

Pounds per Square Foot,in.

Length Width

To3?8,excl3?8to5?8,excl5?8to1,excl1to2,incl B To15.3,excl15.3to25.5,excl25.5to40.8,excl40.8to81.7,incl Width Length Width Length Width Length Width Length

To120,excl To60,excl3?81?27?165?81?23?45?81 60to84,excl7?165?81?211?165?87?83?41

84to108,excl1?23?45?87?83?41111?8

108and over5?87?83?417?811?811?811?4 120to240,excl To60,excl3?83?41?27?85?813?411?8 60to84,excl1?23?45?87?83?417?811?4

84to108,excl9?167?811?1615?1613?1611?8113?8

108and over5?813?411?87?811?411?813?8 240to360,excl To60,excl3?811?211?85?811?43?411?2 60to84,excl1?215?811?83?411?47?811?2

84to108,excl9?16111?1611?87?813?8111?2

108and over11?1611?87?811?4113?811?413?4 360to480,excl To60,excl7?1611?81?211?45?813?83?415?8 60to84,excl1?211?45?813?83?411?27?815?8

84to108,excl9?1611?43?413?87?811?2117?8

108and over3?413?87?811?2115?811?417?8 480to600,excl To60,excl7?1611?41?211?25?815?83?417?8 60to84,excl1?213?85?811?23?415?87?817?8

84to108,excl5?813?83?411?27?815?8117?8

108and over3?411?27?815?8113?411?417?8 600to720,excl To60,excl1?213?45?817?83?417?87?821?4 60to84,excl5?813?43?417?87?817?8121?4

84to108,excl5?813?43?417?87?817?811?821?4

108and over7?813?41211?821?411?421?2 720and over To60,excl9?1623?421?87?821?4123?4 60to84,excl3?427?821?8121?411?823?4

84to108,excl3?427?821?8121?411?423?4

108and over1211?823?811?421?213?83

A Permitted variation under speci?ed width and length,1?4in.

B Permitted variations in length apply also to Universal Mill plates up to12in.in width for thicknesses over2to21?2in.,incl,except for alloy steel up to2in.thick. TABLE4Permitted Variations in Width for Mill Edge Carbon and

High-Strength,Low-Alloy Plates Produced on Strip Mills(Applies

to Plates Produced from Coil and to Plates Produced from an

As-Rolled Structural Product)

Speci?ed Width,in.Permitted Variation Over Speci?ed Width,in.A

To14,excl7?16

14to17,excl1?2

17to19,excl9?16

19to21,excl5?8

21to24,excl11?16

24to26,excl13?16

26to28,excl15?16

28to35,excl11?8

35to50,excl11?4

50to60,excl11?2

60to65,excl15?8

65to70,excl13?4

70to80,excl17?8

80and over2 A No permitted variation under speci?ed width.

TABLE5Permitted Variations in Rolled Width for Universal Mill Plates15in.and Under in Thickness

Speci?ed Width,

in.

Permitted Variations Over Speci?ed Width A for

Thicknesses Given in Inches or Equivalent Weights Given

in Pounds per Square Foot,in.

To3?8,

excl

3?8to

5?8,excl

5?8to

1,excl

1to2,

incl

Over2

to10,

incl

Over10

to

15,incl

To15.3,

excl

15.3to

25.5,

excl

25.5to

40.8,

excl

40.8to

81.7,

incl

81.7to

409.0,

incl

409.0to

613.0,

incl Over8to20,excl1?81?83?161?43?81?2

20to36,excl3?161?45?163?87?169?16

36and over5?163?87?161?29?165?8

A Permitted variation under speci?ed width,1?8

in.

TABLE6Permitted Variations in Diameter for Sheared Circular Plates1in.and Under in Thickness

Speci?ed Diameters,in.Permitted Variations Over Speci?ed Diameter for Thicknesses Given in Inches,in.A

To3?8,

excl

3?8to5?8,

excl

5?8to1,

incl

To32,excl1?43?81?2

32to84,excl5?167?169?16

84to108,excl3?81?25?8

108to130,excl7?169?1611?16

130and over1?25?83?4

A No permitted variation under speci?ed diameter.

TABLE7Permitted Variations in Diameter for Gas-Cut Circular Plates(Not Applicable to Alloy Steel)

Speci?ed Diameter,in.

Permitted Variation Over Speci?ed Diameter for

Thicknesses Given in Inches,in.A

to1,

excl

1to2,

excl

2to4,

excl

4to6,

excl

6to8,

excl

8to15,

incl

To32,excl3?83?81?21?25?83?4

32to84,excl3?81?21?25?83?47?8

84to108,excl1?29?165?83?47?81 108to130,excl1?29?1611?167?8111?8 130and over5?83?47?8111?811?4

A No permitted variation under speci?ed diameter.

TABLE8Permitted Variations in Width and Length for Rectangular Plates When Gas Cuttings is Speci?ed or Required (Applies to Alloy Steel Speci?cations Only)

N OTE1—These permitted variations shall be taken all under or divided over and under,if so speci?ed.

N OTE2—Plates with universal rolled edges will be gas cut to length only.

Speci?ed Thickness,in.Permitted Variation Over Speci?ed Width and Length,in.

To2,excl3?4

2to4,excl1

4to6,excl11?8

6to8,excl15?16

8to15,incl11?2

TABLE9Permitted Variations in Width and Length for Rectangular Plates When Gas Cutting is Speci?ed or Required

(Not Applicable to Alloy Steel)

N OTE1—These permitted variations may be taken all under or divided over and under,if so speci?ed.

N OTE2—Plates with universal rolled edges will be gas cut to length only.

Speci?ed Thickness,in.Permitted Variation Over Speci?ed Width and Length,in.

To2,excl1?2 2to4,excl5?8 4to6,excl3?4 6to8,excl7?8 8to15,incl1

TABLE10Permitted Variations in Diameter for Gas-Cut Circular Plates(Applies to Alloy Steel Speci?cations Only) Speci?ed

Diameter,in.

Permitted Variations Over Speci?ed Diameter for Speci?ed

Thicknesses Given in Inches,in.A

to1,excl

1to2,

excl

2to4,

excl

4to6,

excl

6to8,

excl

8to15,

incl To32,excl1?21?23?43?411

32to84,excl1?25?87?8111?811?4

84to108,excl5?83?4111?811?413?8 108to130,incl7?8111?811?413?811?2

A No permitted variation under speci?ed diameter.

TABLE11Permitted Camber A for Carbon Steel,High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel,and Alloy Steel Universal Mill Plates and High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel and Alloy Steel Sheared,Special-Cut,

or Gas-Cut Rectangular Plates

Speci?ed

Thickness,

in.

Speci?ed Weight,

lb/ft2

Speci?ed

Width,

in.

Permitted Camber,in.

To2,incl to81.7,incl all1?83(no.of feet of length/5) Over2to15,81.7to613.0,incl to30,incl3?163(no.of feet of

incl length/5)

Over2to15,81.7to613.0,incl over301?43(no.of feet of

incl length/5)

A Camber as it relates to plates is the horizontal edge curvature in the length, measured over the entire length of the plate in the?at position.

TABLE12Permitted Camber A for Sheared Plates and Gas-Cut Rectangular Plates,All Thicknesses(Applies to Carbon Steel

Only)

Permitted camber,in.=1?83(number of feet of length/5)

A Camber as it relates to plates is the horizontal edge curvature in the length, measured over the entire length of the plate in the?at

position.

TABLE13Permitted Variations From a Flat Surface for Standard Flatness Carbon Steel Plates

N OTE1—When the longer dimension is under36in.,the permitted variation from a?at surface shall not exceed1?4in.When the longer dimension is from36to72in.,incl,the permitted variation from a?at surface shall not exceed75%of the tabular amount for the speci?ed width,but in no case less than1?4in.

N OTE2—These permitted variations apply to plates that have a speci?ed minimum tensile strength of not more than60ksi or comparable chemical composition or hardness.The limits in this table are increased50%for plates that have a higher speci?ed minimum tensile strength or comparable chemical composition or hardness.

N OTE3—This table and these notes cover the permitted variations from a?at surface for circular and sketch plates,based upon the maximum dimensions of such plates.

N OTE4—Where“...”appears in this table,there is no requirement.

N OTE5—Plates must be in a horizontal position on a?at surface when?atness is measured.

Speci?ed Thickness,in.Speci?ed Weight,

lb/ft2

Permitted Variations from a Flat Surface for Speci?ed Widths Given in Inches,in.A,B

To36,

excl

36to48,

excl

48to

60,excl

60to

72,excl

72to

84,excl

84to

96,excl

96to

108,

excl

108to

120,

excl

120to

144,

excl

144to

168,

excl

168and

Over

To1?4,excl To10.2,excl9?163?415?1611?413?811?215?813?417?8......

1?4to3?8,excl10.2to15.3,excl1?25?83?415?1611?811?413?811?215?8......

3?8to1?2,excl15.3to20.4,excl1?29?165?85?83?47?8111?811?417?821?8

1?2to3?4,excl20.4to30.6,excl7?161?29?165?85?83?41111?811?22

3?4to1,excl30.6to40.8,excl7?161?29?165?85?85?83?47?8113?813?4

1to2,excl40.8to81.7,excl3?81?21?29?169?165?85?85?811?1611?811?2

2to4,excl81.7to163.4,excl5?163?87?161?21?21?21?29?165?87?811?8

4to6,excl163.4to245.1,excl3?87?161?21?29?169?165?83?47?87?81

6to8,excl245.1to326.8,excl7?161?21?25?811?163?47?87?8111

8to10,excl326.8to409.0,excl1?21?25?811?163?413?167?815?16111

10to12,excl409.0to490.1,excl1?25?83?413?167?815?1611111

12to15,excl490.1to613.0,incl5?83?413?167?815?1611111...

A Permitted Variation from a Flat Surface for Length—The longer dimension speci?ed is considered the length,and the permitted variation from a?at surface along the length shall not exceed the tabular amount for the speci?ed width for plates up to12ft in length,or in any12ft for longer plates.

B Permitted Variation from a Flat Surface for Width—The permitted variation from a?at surface across the width shall not exceed the tabular amount for the speci?ed width.

TABLE14Permitted Variations From a Flat Surface for Standard Flatness High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel and Alloy Steel Plates,Hot

Rolled or Thermally Treated

N OTE1—When the longer dimension is under36in.,the permitted variation from a?at surface shall not exceed3?8in.When the longer dimension is from36to72in.incl,the permitted variation from a?at surface shall not exceed75%of the tabular amount for the speci?ed width.

N OTE2—This table and these notes cover the permitted variations from a?at surface for circular and sketch plates,based upon the maximum dimensions of such plates.

N OTE3—Where“...”appears in this table,there is no requirement.

N OTE4—Plates must be in a horizontal position on a?at surface when?atness is measured.

Speci?ed Thickness,in.Speci?ed Weight,

lb/ft2

Permitted Variations from a Flat Surface for Speci?ed Widths,in.A,B

To36,

excl

36to48,

excl

48to

60,excl

60to

72,excl

72to

84,excl

84to

96,excl

96to

108,

excl

108to

120,

excl

120to

144,

excl

144to

168,

excl

168and

Over

To1?4,excl To10.2excl13?1611?813?817?8221?423?825?823?4......

1?4to3?8,excl10.2to15.3,excl3?415?1611?813?813?417?8221?423?8......

3?8to1?2,excl15.3to20.4,excl3?47?815?1615?1611?815?1611?215?817?823?431?8

1?2to3?4,excl20.4to30.6,excl5?83?413?167?8111?811?413?815?821?43

3?4to1,excl30.6to40.8,excl5?83?47?87?815?16111?815?1611?2225?8

1to2,excl40.8to81.7,excl9?165?83?413?167?815?1611115?821?4

2to4,excl81.7to163.4,excl1?29?1611?163?43?43?43?47?8111?415?8

4to6,excl163.4to245.1,excl9?1611?163?43?47?87?815?1611?811?411?411?2

6to8,excl245.1to326.8,excl5?83?43?415?16111?811?415?1611?211?211?2

8to10,excl326.8to409.0,excl3?413?1615?16111?811?415?1613?811?211?211?2

10to12,excl409.0to490.1,excl3?415?1611?811?415?1613?811?211?211?211?211?2

12to15,incl490.1to613.0,incl7?8113?1615?1613?811?211?211?211?211?211?2

A Permitted Variation from a Flat Surface for Length—The longer dimension speci?ed is considered the length,and the permitted variation from a?at surface along the length shall not exceed the tabular amount for the speci?ed width in plates up to12ft in length,or in any12ft for longer plates.

B Permitted Variation from a Flat Surface for Width—The permitted variation from a?at surface across the width shall not exceed the tabular amount for the speci?ed width.

TABLE 15Permitted Variations in Waviness for Standard

Flatness Plates

N OTE 1—Waviness denotes the maximum deviation of the surface of the plate from a plane parallel to the surface of the point of measurement and contiguous to the surface of the plate at each of the two adjacent wave peaks,when the plate is resting on a ?at horizontal surface,as measured in an increment of less than 12ft of length.The permitted variation in waviness is a function of the permitted variation from a ?at surface as obtained from Table 13or Table 14,whichever is applicable.

N OTE 2—Plates must be in a horizontal position on a ?at surface when waviness is measured.

Permitted Variation from a Flat Surface (from Table 13or Table 14),in.Permitted Variation in Waviness,in.,When

Number of Waves in 12ft is 12345675?165?161?43?161?81?81?161?163?8

3?8

5?16

3?16

3?16

1?8

1?16

1?16

7?167?165?161?43?161?81?81?161?21?23?85?163?163?161?81?169?169?167?165?161?43?161?81?85?85?81?23?81?43?161?81?811?1611?161?23?85?163?163?161?83?43?49?167?165?161?43?161?813?1613?165?87?165?161?43?161?87?87?811?161?23?81?43?161?815?1615?1611?161?23?85?161?43?16113?49?167?165?161?43?1611?811?87?85?81?23?81?43?1611?411?415?1611?161?23?85?161?413?813?811?163?49?167?165?161?411?211?211?87?85?81?23?81?415?815?811?415?1611?161?23?85?1613?413?415?1613?49?167?165?1617?817?817?1611?1613?169?167?165?162211?211?87?85?81?23?821?821?815?813?167?811?161?23?821?421?4111?1611?415?1611?169?163?823?823?8113?1615?1613?49?167?1621?221?217?817?1611?1613?169?167?1625?825?8211?211?813?165?87?1623?423?421?1619?1611?87?85?81?227?827?823?1615?813?1615?1611?161?23321?4111?1611?415?1611?169?1631?8

31?8

23?8

13?4

15?16

1

3?4

9?

16

TABLE 16Permitted Variations in Cross Section for W,HP ,S,M,C,and MC Shapes

N OTE 1—A is measured at center line of web for S,M,and W and HP shapes;at back of web for C and MC shapes.Measurement is overall for C shapes under 3in.B is measured parallel to ?ange.C is measured parallel to web.N OTE 2—Where “...”appears in this table,there is no

requirement.

Permitted Variations in Sectional Dimensions Given,in.

Shape

Section Nominal Sizes,in.

A ,Depth

B ,Flange Width

T +T 8A Flanges Out-of-Square B

E ,Web off Cen-ter C

C ,Maximum Depth at any Cross Section over Theo-retical Depth,in.

Permitted Variations Over or Under Theoreti-cal Web Thickness for Thicknesses Given in

Inches,in.

Over Theo-retical

Under Theo-retical

Over Theo-retical Under Theo-retical

3?16

and under Over 3?16W and HP Up to 12,incl Over 121?81?81?81?

81?41?4

3?16

3?161?45?163?163?16

1?4

1?4

............S and M

3to 7,incl

Over 7to 14,incl Over 14to 24,incl 3?

32

1?8

3?161?163?

32

1?81?85?323?161?85?323?161?321?321?323?163?163?16...........................C and MC

11?2and under

1?321?32

1?321?321?32......0.0100.015Over 11?2to 3,excl 1?161?161?161?161?32......0.0150.0203to 7,incl

3?321?161?81?81?32............Over 7to 14,incl 1?83?321?85?321?32............Over 14

3?16

1?8

1?8

3?16

1?32

...

...

...

...

A T +T 8applies when ?anges of channels are toed in or out.For channels 5?8in.and under in depth,the permitted out-of-square is 3?64in./in.of depth.B

Permitted variation is per inch of ?ange width for S,M,C,and MC shapes.C

Permitted variation of 5?16in.max for sections over 426

lb/ft.

旅游与文化 翻译

旅游与文化I Part I 1.charming autumn scenery in a most fresh air and clear weather 秋高气爽,秋色宜人 2.the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织第15届全体大会3.to travel ten thousand li and read ten thousand books 读万卷书,行万里路 4.enriching themselves mentally and physically 承天地之灵气,接山水之精华 5.tourist arrival 旅游人数 6.foreign currency receipts 外汇收入 7.outbound tourists 出境旅游人数 8.unique, rich and varied tourism resources 得天独厚的旅游资源 9.World Cultural and Natural Heritages sites 世界文化遗产地和世界自然遗产地 10.t o add radiance and charm to each other 交相辉映 11.a thriving modern metropolis 繁华的现代化大都市 12.a patchwork of cottages 村舍星罗棋布 13.t o exist side by side 鳞次栉比 14.I nternational Architecture Exhibition 万国建筑博览会 15.c lock towers and turrets , marble pillars 钟塔、角楼和大理石柱 16.e ach representing a distinctively individual appearance 风格迥异,各领风骚 17.t he rainy season 梅雨季节 18.t o linger longer 留连忘返 19.e xcellence, elegance and the best quality 卓越超群,富丽堂皇,一流质量 20.e mbroidery, inlaid lacquer 刺绣,金漆镶嵌 21.g old and silver jewelleries, water-color woodblock prints 金银首饰,木刻水印 22.c arvings in jade, ivory, bamboo and woven bamboo baskets 玉雕、牙雕,竹雕,竹编筐篮 23.b ird cages, lanterns 鸟笼灯笼 24.d ouble-sided embroidery and sandal wood fans from Suzhou 双面绣和苏州的檀香扇 25.t erracotta teapots from Yixing, and clay figures from Wuxi 宜兴的陶制茶壶和无锡的泥人 26.t he Peach Blossom Fair 桃花节 27.t he Daci Temple Fair 大慈寺庙会 28.t he Chengdu Tourism Festival 成都旅游节 29.a place blessed with favorite climate, fertile land, rich resources and outstanding talents 物华天宝,人杰地灵30.s uperb artistic style of aiming at catching the sprit of the landscape 写意山水 31.a rtistic gems 艺术瑰宝 32.U NESCO Heritage Committee 联合国教科文组织遗产委员会 33.t he list of World cultural heritage 世界文化遗产名录 34.b ronzeware 青铜器 35.b amboo, wood and lacquer ware 竹木漆器 36.i nscribed bones and tortoise shells 甲骨 37.s eals 玺印 38.a rchaeology 39.r estoration room 文物修复馆 旅游与文化II Part II景点描述常用语 Match work: 雄伟壮丽imposing 灯火辉煌glittering

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英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外,翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践,使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1. 词义的选择 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此,在平日的翻译练习和测试中,我们在弄清原文句子结构后,务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义,以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择: 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如:Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. [译文]:审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 [注释]:本句中like作介词,意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用,则意为"喜欢;想要"。例如:He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如:Would you like to leave a message? (你要不要留个话儿?)此外,like还可以作形容词用,意为"相同的",如:Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥,异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1 According to the new s chool of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. [译文]:新学派的科学家们认为,技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 [注释]:school一词常被误译为"学校",其实,school还有一个词义"学派"。可见,正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响,而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. [译文]:既然对智力的评估是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。 [注释]:许多人把scale译为"范围",和文章的语篇意思和句子的确切含义大相径庭。

英语翻译技巧实例

英语翻译技巧 5.拆句法和合并法: 这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如: (1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。(在主谓连接处拆译) (2)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译) 6.倒置法: 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或

进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。(部分倒置) (2)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信,英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。(部分倒置) (3)改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置) 7.倒置法: 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

常用翻译技巧和方法

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文化经典选修教材重点翻译(附带重点字词和参考译文)

要求: 1.通读全句,划出采分点(实词、虚词、句式),然后翻译。 2.翻译后,通读自己的译文,检查有无舛漏。 3.这里只是选取了课文里的部分重点句子以帮助大家复习,会考小本里的课外文言文段落还需大家用心温习。 《晋灵公不君》 1.将谏,士季曰:“谏而不入,则莫之继也。会请先,不入,则子继之。” (赵盾)准备进谏,士季说:?(您是正卿,您)去进谏,如果国君不接受,那就没有谁能接着进谏了。我请求先去进谏,假如国君不采纳,那么您再继续进谏。? 2.犹不改。宣子骤谏,公患之,使鉏麑贼之。 (晋灵公)仍旧不改。赵宣子多次进谏。晋灵公很厌恶他,(就)派鉏麑(去)刺杀他。 3.晨往,寝门辟矣,盛服将朝。尚早,坐而假寐。 (鉏麑)清早赶去,看到卧室的门已打开了。(赵宣子)已穿戴整齐准备上朝,由于时间还早,端坐在那里打瞌睡。 4.公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰:“弃人用大,虽猛何为!”斗且出。提弥明死之。 晋灵公唤出那条猛犬向赵盾扑去。提弥明徒手搏击猛犬,把它打死了。赵盾说:?不用人而使唤狗,即使凶猛,又顶得了什么??一面搏斗,一面退出宫门.提弥明为赵盾战死(殉难)。 5.初,宣子田于首山,舍于翳桑。 当初,赵宣子在首阳山打猎,在翳桑住了一晚。 6.使尽之,而为之箪食与肉,置诸橐以与之。既而与为公介,倒戟以御公徒,而免之。 (赵盾)要他吃光,并给他预备一筐饭和肉,放在袋子里送给他。不久灵辄做了晋灵公的甲士,却把戟掉过头来抵御灵公手下的人,使赵盾得免于难。 7.对曰:“子为正卿,亡不越竟,反不讨贼,非子而谁?” (太史)回答说:?您是正卿,逃亡没有越过国境,回来后又不声讨叛贼,弑君的不是您又是谁?? 《求谏》 1.朕每闲居静坐,则自内省,恒恐上不称天心,下为百姓所怨。但思正人匡谏,欲令耳目外通,下无怨滞。又比见人来奏事者,多有怖惧,言语致失次第。寻常奏事,情犹如此,况欲谏诤,必当畏犯逆鳞。 我每当无事静坐,就自我反省。常常害怕对上不能使上天称心如意,对下被百姓怨恨。只想得到正直忠诚的人匡救劝谏,好让我的视听能和外边相通,使下面没有积怨。此外近来见到来奏事的人,常显得心怀恐惧,连讲话也变得语无伦次.平时奏事,情况尚且如此,何况要折面谏诤,必然害怕触犯逆鳞. 2.臣闻木从绳则正,后从谏则圣。是故古者圣主必有争臣七人,言而不用,则相继以死。陛下开圣虑,纳刍荛,愚臣处不讳之朝,实愿罄其狂瞽。

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