The Tragedy of Tess in Tess of the D’ Urberville
Abstract:Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the famous British novelist and poet Thomas hardy’s masterpiece. It is known as the treasure of English literature and world literature. The novel describes a pure gir l’s tragic fate. This thesis tries to probe the inevitable factors and significance of her tragedy from the aspects of social environment, religion, moral, family, nature and so on.
Key Words:tragedy; factor; Tess; Alec; Angel.
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the time of the 19th century. In his whole life he published fourteen accomplished novel, forty-seven short stories, more than nine hundred poems. In his youth, Hardy had been greatly influenced by some liberal thinkers such as Darwin and John Stuart Mill. In his novels, Hardy incorporated many of these themes in order to portray a real world. Darwin’s challenge led Hardy to lose faith in Christianity, and this lack of faith gave his novels their tragic, bleak element.
Tess of the D’ Urbervilles written by Thomas Hardy in 1891, is a tragic story of a beautiful country girl, Tess Durbeyfield, who is the daughter of a poor villager. She is a pure and loyal young woman. In order to support the poor family, she has to follow her parents’ advice and visit the so-called distant relative—D’Urbervilles. Later, she is seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, the son of a rich merchant. From then on her destiny changes greatly. At last, Tess manages to elude Alec and gives birth to her baby, but she loses the baby finally. After the death of her baby, she leaves home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Clare, a pastor’s son. They fall in love and get married. On their wedding night Angel confesses to her the sins of his past, Tess forgives him and tells him her story with Alec, b ut Angel can’t accept the truth, he deserts her and leaves her to Brazil. After Angel’s leaving, Tess lives a very hard life. She meets Alec again and is pursued by him once more. Without hope for Angel’s back, Tess has no choice but go to Alec again. Unfortunately, Angel comes to find Tess and tell her he still loves her. Now, Tess hates Alec deeply. With deep sad she kills Alec and runs away with Angel. They live a
happy life in the outdoors, but after a few days they are seized by the policeman.Tess is hanged at last. Tess’s tragedy is caused by many reasons.
Tess’s tragedy is mainly caused by the outside factor—from being raped to being abandoned Tess could n’t choose by herself. Tess isn’t wrong; it is the fault of her living world! At that time, male dominated female, men were powerful that they made all the decisions and controlled everything, while women were nothing but the private property of their husbands. Male requested female to be loyal and bodily pure. Women must obey to men. When either men or women engage in sexual lapses, the former would be forgiven and the latter would be condemned. For Tess, she just makes a big mistake in her young age, so s he can’t be forgiven by the society. In the contrary, Alec and Angel can be accepted by the society just because they are men.
From other aspect that is her poor personal background and the ignorance and vanity of her parents. Tess, as the eldest daughter in the family, has more responsibility to support the family. S he has no choice but follow her parents’ advice. From then on, her life is changed completely. Unexpectedly, Alec, the s on of the D’ Urbervilles, who is seduce Tess. At last, Tess has to return home in disgrace. Tess is a victim, but her father can’t accept her, he cares about is what other people will think about the collapse of his family’s fame. Her mother is the same, she wants Tess to rise in the world by getting married with a rich man without thinking about the type of man that her daughter will be associated with. After her father dies, her mother loses her rights to their cottage. Tess loves her brothers and sisters and because of the sense of responsibility, she thinks that she must protect them. Under the pressure of helplessness, Tess is forced to go back to Alec to be his mistress. The returning of Angel makes Tess fall into contradiction; finally, in order to stay with her husband, she kills Alec in despair. With Tess’s death th e tragedy ends.
Alec D’ Urberville and Angel Clare, the two heroes in the novel both play an important role in Tess’s tragedy life. Alec is the chief criminal for Tess’s tragedy. Alec is the character that the author criticizes straightforward in this novel. He is deeply attracted by Tess’s be auty at his first sight of Tess. He tricks the innocent young girl and rapes her on a Saturday night. Poor Tess loses her virginity and begins her miserable life. It is the coincidence that brings about her tragedy inevitably and that moves Angel to abandon her.
In a word, Alec brings endless pain to Tess, ruins her life and leaves her in miserable life.
Angle conduct accelerates Tess’s course of tragedy.Angle calls Tess’s names like “a fresh and virginal daughter of nature” ( Hardy, 2004: 115 ) he regards Tess as the incarnation of pureness to adore and pursue, but when he finds Tess has lost her chastity he comes to be crazy and throws away his mask. He could not make himself accept this fact. Comparing with the physical invasion from Alec, Angle’s spiritual torture is much more unbearable to Tess. He brings endless pain to Tess, ruins her life and leaves her in hopeless situation. Tess is heavily stricken by Angel’s abandonment on both her spirit and her morality.
There are more self-abased factors for Tess’s tra gedy. As a country girl from a very poor family, Tess has her self-abasement characteristic. After being raped by Alec she sees herself as a sinner and becomes more self-abased. She regards herself no longer pure, so she decides not to marry any people. For her lost virginity, she is scared by others’ rumour, she always works and stays alone and avoids communicating with others. She blames herself endlessly and struggles desperately in her heart at last, she pushes herself into despair. When she meets Angel, she loves him deeply but she dares not be close to him. She is afraid that Angel will disgust her if he knows she loses her chastity. Tess doesn’t tell all her stories to Angel until their wedding night. From then on, Angel is cold to her and deserts her at last, while the poor girl doesn’t revolt but endures all of these quietly. After Angel’s leaving for Brazil, Tess wants to go to Angel’s home to inquire his information. On the road she meets Ange l’s two brothers and a lovely girl, Tess hears all their discussions about her and Angel, she is self-abased again.
The tragedy of Tess is indeed related to the economic and social situation at that time, but as an individual, we could not change the objective situation we involve in. Facing the social injustice and the outdated tradition, if we could be brave enough, the victory will certainly belong to us! From Tess’s miserable life we also learn that a woman who is not independent on economy is hard to protect herself.Woman who wants to get happiness in her life must be independent from man first. For woman, to be independent financially is a prerequisite for being equal with man and gaining happiness.
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浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源的论文 摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学巨匠托马斯?哈代的代表作。女主人公苔丝的悲剧和不幸是由多种原因造成的。本文以女性主义的角度为出发点，从两个方面分析导致苔丝悲剧命运的根源，即：教育和苔丝自身因素。 关键词：哈代；苔丝；悲剧命运；女性主义 一、引言 19世纪末出现妇女解放运动第一次高潮。而“哈代的作品中反映了与时代相吻合的女性解放的思想,而且在作品中,女性对传统道德观念和社会的反抗是非常激烈的”。托马斯?哈代大胆地将创作的目光投向农村，深入的关注普通农家的悲剧命运。他十分擅长刻画女性人物悲剧命运,旨在揭露男权社会给女性造成的伤害,批判男性中心主义。 二、托马斯?哈代及苔丝简介 托马斯?哈代是横跨19世纪和20世纪的著名小说家和诗人，英国批判现实主义文学的代表人物，被沃尔夫誉为“英国小说家中最伟大的悲剧大师”。其作品即承接英国维多利亚时代的文学精髓又体现二十世纪的文学创新,气势磅礴。以辽阔深远的背景与渺小的人物形象之间的巨大反差和动人的对比描写，给读者以深刻的印象和心灵的震撼。 《德伯家的苔丝》刻画了一个善良、坚强、自尊、宽容而美丽的女性形象——苔丝。由于天真无知而受到富家浪子的侮辱，身心饱受摧残。但“她并没有自暴自弃，怨天尤人，而是勇敢地面对挫折；为减轻家里的负担，应付虚荣的父母，她勇于承受重担，奔走于不同农场，养家糊口；对待爱情，她自尊又执着”。她被“认为是唯一的一位逃脱了决定主义的人”，颠覆了传统的伦理道德。哈代极力要摧毁的正是这种道德观念，让女性摆脱僵化的传统习俗的控制。他对“堕落女性”的处境给予了极大的关注，对苔丝给予了深切的同情和宽容，带给读者对妇女生存状态的反思。 三、从女性主义角度分析苔丝悲剧命运的根源 苔丝从一位天使般的少女到绞刑架上的杀人犯,是何种邪恶力量在逼迫、摧残、毁灭着这“有自我意志，完整个性的女性？”，把这一优雅迷人的高尚女性一步步推向死亡深渊?苔丝悲剧的根源何在?以下从女性主义的角度审视《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝被压迫的血泪史,剥下男权中心主义这张丑陋的外皮。 （一）教育。 英国女权主义思想家朱丽叶?米切尔在《妇女:最漫长的革命》中指出“歧视存在的基础是教育,而不是经济。在英国要求同工,首先要求接受同等教育,因为这一原因致使妇女从事社会地位较低的工作”。从这一理论出发,剖析苔丝走向悲剧的一个主要因素:教育的贫乏。 “她最早的职业梦想是成为一名教师,但天不遂人愿”。由于家庭贫穷,苔丝很早就步入社会，她做过很多体力活，而且是同工不同酬。因所受教育贫乏,她无法获取较高社会地位与收入的工作,个人与娘家均陷入极度贫困,最终不得不接受亚雷克庇护。“接受庇护”是当克莱尔归来,苔丝杀死亚雷克,走向毁灭的直接导火线。另一方面教育对于女性的重要影响,表现在提高女性心智与觉悟上。苔丝受骗失身带着委屈,饱含心酸地控诉“名门小姐们都了解该防备什么,怎样去防备,因为她们都读小说,小说中会谈到这些男人们的诡计,可我从没机会读小说，哪能知道呢”。中国有句古话“女子无才便是德”,同样说明男权控制下的整个社会对女性受教育的排斥。压迫女性的邪恶力量让女性心智处于不开化状态,使女性沦为其奴隶。在这传统观念笼罩下,苔丝的梦想只能是幻想。教育问题不解决,苔丝式的妇女悲剧将不可逆转,女性终为男权社会的牺牲品。正如西蒙?波伏娃所说:“女人在父兄所支配的家庭中,处于奴隶或仆人的地位,她始终是由男性做主而嫁给另外的男性。” （二）苔丝自身的因素。
《德伯家的苔丝读后感》 德伯家的苔丝读后感（一）： 《德伯家的苔丝》是英国着名小说家和诗人托马斯*哈代创作的代表作之一，一百多年过 去了，女主人公苔丝也早已树立在世界文学画廊之中，这不仅仅仅因为人们对传统美德有所超越，更因为作品主人公所拥有的人性与灵魂深处的巨大魄力使之成为最动人的女性形象之一。 哈代以小说女主人公苔丝的悲惨命运替西方杯具作了一个形象的阐释，苔丝足以哀感顽艳。 苔丝本是一位纯洁美丽又十分勤劳的农村姑娘，她向往人生的真和善，但又时时遭到伪和 恶的打击。苔丝的杯具始于为了全家人生计去远亲家打工，却因年幼无知而被亚雷骗去了处女 的贞操，成了一个堕落的女人，受到社会舆论的非议，把她看成不贞洁的罪人；苔丝之后与青 年克莱相爱，又因为新婚之夜坦诚有污点的过去而被丈夫遗弃，而与近在眼前的幸福失之交臂；出于高度的家庭职责感和自我牺牲精神，苔丝为换取家人的生存而再次违愿沦为亚雷的情妇； 最后因为丈夫的回心转意使得绝望的苔丝愤而举起了复仇的利刃，最后成了一个杀人犯，最后 不得不付出了生命的代价，导致象游丝一样敏感，象雪一样洁白的苔丝最后终被完全毁灭。 苔丝是被哈代理想化了的现代女性。在哈代的理想世界中，苔丝是美的象征和爱的化身， 代表着威塞克斯人的一切优秀的方面：美丽，纯洁，善良，质朴，仁爱和容忍。苔丝的灵魂是 纯洁的，道德是高尚的，但是在资产阶级的道德面前，她却被看成伤风败俗的典型，奉为警戒 淫荡的榜样，是侵犯了清白领域的罪恶化身。丢下《苔丝》一书，眼前那个历经磨难，失身而 又杀人的女人，却使我想起它们，想起我喜欢的两件事物：黎明与茶花。黎明，如处子的皮肤，光洁润滑，在明与未明之际，透着希冀与光亮；有一种茶花，叫雪塔，她洁白肥硕，细腻如瓷，在寒冷的季节里，傲然怒放，在出尘与入世间，清丽如水，独自芬芳。也许他们风马牛不相及，但是，我觉得它们同出一处，那便是纯洁。正因为这一点《苔丝》的故事才更凄凉。 苔丝为什么会有哀感顽艳之能呢苔丝的哀既有社会的因素，也与她的性格有关。 毫无疑问，苔丝的哀首先是社会制哀。哈代的威塞克斯小说是以其故乡威塞克斯为背景的。19世纪中期英国资本主义工业礼貌侵入农村，应对工业礼貌带来的后果，哈代作为一个人道 主义着者，心灵受到强烈冲击，在感情上深深地依恋古老的宗法礼貌，痛恨工业礼貌对人们和 谐生存状态的摧毁。《苔丝》中，哈代对当时工业礼貌对乡村的冲击进行了全景式描绘，然后 以苔丝家作为个体农民的缩影，深入展现人们在物质困境中的痛苦挣扎。社会杯具是人同社会 环境的冲突造成的。苔丝生活在英国资本主义侵袭到农村并毒化社会气氛的维多利亚时代。这 位弱女子，尽管聪明美丽，勤劳善良，但家贫如洗，经济拮据，负担沉重，她处于低下的社会 地位，作为一个劳动者，一个无权无钱的农业工人，自然会受到资本主义社会的种种压迫和凌辱，这些压迫和凌辱有经济的，权势的，肉体的，更有精神的，宗教的，道德的，传统观念的。她的哀是时代造成的，同时，亚雷和克雷代表了把苔丝推向深渊的两种不同的客观社会势力， 他们直接地共同造成了苔丝的社会杯具。 苔丝能哀感顽艳的第二个原因，她是暴力，恶势力及维护它们的法律，国家机器的受害者。这种暴力，恶势力的集中代表就是亚雷*德伯。 苔丝在绿草如茵，风景如画的乡野里长大，尽管家庭生活窘迫，但少女时代的苔丝内心是 明朗，欢快的。她热爱生活，敢于应对一切困难，为了维持家庭，不惜牺牲自己。苔丝一生都 是强权和暴力的受害者。亚雷之所以敢称霸四野，为非作歹，为所欲为，不仅仅因为他有钱， 有势，而且更主要的是有资产阶级国家机器，法律的保护。社会和法律都认为侮辱和迫害苔丝 的人是正当的，而受迫害的苔丝则是有罪的。苔丝一生都必得逆来顺受，忍受含垢，不能自卫，
读《德伯家的苔丝》有感 我喜欢读书，我喜欢读好书，我喜欢读我喜欢读书，我喜欢读好书，我喜欢读《德伯家的苔丝》这本好书。悲剧收场 我原以为世界上的每一本书都是以喜剧收场，结局是我笑到最后（我以前看过的书都是以喜剧收场）。现在才发觉我只是只井底之蛙，读完《德伯家的苔丝》才知道世界上也有以悲剧收场的，结局是我哭到最后。我很遗憾，遗憾一个受尽磨难，受尽煎熬的纯洁女人最终结局居然是逃脱不了无情的绞刑台的魔掌，与心爱的人阴阳相隔。但凭我的个人理解，对于苔丝而言，她已经受够了人世间的恩怨情仇，是是非非，她已经累，想休息了。有时候对于一个人来讲，死也是一种解脱，一种幸福。我之所以喜欢读这本书，是因为每次看完后都有一种淡淡的同情，一种深深的伤感。 人面兽心 林子大了，什么鸟都有。提到亚雷，谁都会有揍他的冲动。即使是一个冷酷无情的人知道他对苔丝所做的一切的一切，也会恨不得把他碎尸万段。亚雷看上了苔丝的美貌，就假惺惺的叫苔丝帮他们家养鸡。谁知道这个禽兽不如的恶魔居然在三个月后奸污了苔丝，夺走了在那个时代对于女人来说比命还要重要的贞操。幸好他的最终命运是去地狱一游，不然谁会知道到会不会有第二个，第三个无辜的“苔丝，我为人类成员中有亚雷这个人面兽心，衣冠禽兽的家伙感到可耻。这本书也告诉我：“宽容是一种美德。”我之所以喜欢这本书，是因为看完后都有一种淡淡的宽容，一种深深的痛恨。 悲剧从何而来 苔丝虽然聪明美丽，勤劳善良，但是家里一贫如洗，她处于低贱的社会地位，作为一个劳动者、一个农业工人，自然会受到资本主义社会的各种压迫凌辱，这些压迫和凌辱有经济的、权势的、肉体的、更有精神的、宗教的、道德的、传统观念的。她的悲剧是时代造成的，同时，亚雷和克雷代表了把苔丝推向深渊的两种不同的客观社会势力，他们直接地共同造成了苔丝的社会悲剧。苔丝悲剧的第二个原因，也是其悲剧的直接原因，即她是暴力、恶势力及维护它们的法律、国家机器的受害者。这种暴力、恶势力的集中代表就是亚雷？德伯。传统伦理道德对苔丝精神上的摧残，是苔丝悲剧的第三个原因。如果说以亚雷为代表的恶势力及其强大的后盾——国家机器、法律对苔丝的迫害是一种无形的更可怕的精神残害。 我为书伤感，我为好书伤感，我更为《德伯家的苔丝》这本好书伤感。我希望有一天，世界上没有资本主义社会，没有经济的、权势的、肉体的、精神的、宗教的、道德的、传统
The Tragedy of Tess in Tess of the D’ Urberville Abstract:Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the famous British novelist and poet Thomas hardy’s masterpiece. It is known as the treasure of English literature and world literature. The novel describes a pure gir l’s tragic fate. This thesis tries to probe the inevitable factors and significance of her tragedy from the aspects of social environment, religion, moral, family, nature and so on. Key Words:tragedy; factor; Tess; Alec; Angel. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the time of the 19th century. In his whole life he published fourteen accomplished novel, forty-seven short stories, more than nine hundred poems. In his youth, Hardy had been greatly influenced by some liberal thinkers such as Darwin and John Stuart Mill. In his novels, Hardy incorporated many of these themes in order to portray a real world. Darwin’s challenge led Hardy to lose faith in Christianity, and this lack of faith gave his novels their tragic, bleak element. Tess of the D’ Urbervilles written by Thomas Hardy in 1891, is a tragic story of a beautiful country girl, Tess Durbeyfield, who is the daughter of a poor villager. She is a pure and loyal young woman. In order to support the poor family, she has to follow her parents’ advice and visit the so-called distant relative—D’Urbervilles. Later, she is seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, the son of a rich merchant. From then on her destiny changes greatly. At last, Tess manages to elude Alec and gives birth to her baby, but she loses the baby finally. After the death of her baby, she leaves home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Clare, a pastor’s son. They fall in love and get married. On their wedding night Angel confesses to her the sins of his past, Tess forgives him and tells him her story with Alec, b ut Angel can’t accept the truth, he deserts her and leaves her to Brazil. After Angel’s leaving, Tess lives a very hard life. She meets Alec again and is pursued by him once more. Without hope for Angel’s back, Tess has no choice but go to Alec again. Unfortunately, Angel comes to find Tess and tell her he still loves her. Now, Tess hates Alec deeply. With deep sad she kills Alec and runs away with Angel. They live a
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/0c3386409.html, 论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧的根源 作者：贾红王雨容 来源：《智富时代》2017年第02期 【摘要】《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名作家托马斯·哈代描写女性形象的典型代表作品。本文从社会环境、家庭条件及自身性格三个方面解读苔丝的悲剧根源；其悲剧的产生与资本主义的发展有必然联系，也与她的自身性格息息相关。 【关键词】苔丝；悲剧；根源 诺贝尔文学奖得主克洛德·西蒙曾说：“《德伯家的苔丝》是19世纪英国文学的一颗明 珠，奠定了哈代在英国乃至世界文学的地位。在美丽的苔丝身上人们至始至终看到的是她纯洁的本性对逼迫她的恶势力的苦苦挣扎。”[1]哈代塑造了众多的悲剧人物形象，苔丝形象的塑造格外鲜明，她的悲剧命运不仅引起了广大读者共鸣；也在激励着一代又一代与不幸命运抗争的人们。 苔丝的不幸，不仅有来自社会的因素，也有个人因素。聂珍钊先生曾明确指出：“直接决定这个女子悲惨命运的是她的贫穷、社会上虚伪的伦理道德和不公道的法理制度。” [2]苔丝生活的社会环境是其悲剧的前提条件，贫穷的家庭时其间接因素，双重的个人性格是其悲剧的直接因素。 一、前提因素：社会环境 19世纪后期的英国，资本主义得到空前发展，资产阶级力量日益强盛；给贫苦农民带来 了深重灾难，给工业文明和社会市场经济带来了巨大冲击；使得社会两极分化严重，也让自给自足的个体农民陷入失业、贫困的悲惨境遇。然人的发展离不开社会，社会属性是人的根本属性。故苔丝命运悲剧，是社会进步的悲剧，也是那个时代社会生活的必然。[3] （一）社会制度：给予身体打击 资本主义制度和法律对其不公正待遇是重要因素。她的悲剧是由所处的社会制度造成的，当时正处男权主义社会，虽然富家子弟亚雷侮辱苔丝，将苔丝一步步推向苦难；但当时的社会并未保护弱势群体。世俗不仅没有给予苔丝应有同情，其反而却遭到人们的讥讽和嘲笑；亚雷不仅没有受到法律制裁，反而逍遥法外，继续过着骄奢淫逸的生活。至此，我们不得不感慨，其悲剧是时代的悲剧，是社会的必然。 （二）社会道德：给予精神摧毁 资产阶级道德的败坏、宗教信仰的腐朽是另一重要因素。“当时英国的社会，是以男权主义思想的社会；男人不仅是社会的中心，也是家庭的主宰。女人只是社会和男人的附属品，无
《德伯家的苔丝》读后感 前一段日子，读完了《苔丝》——流着眼泪读完的。 这是我第二次读这篇小说了，可从次数上来看虽是第二次，实质上只能说是第一次，或者说是一次多一点点。我第一次看这篇小说的时候才只是一个小学生，对文学作品的理解能力有限，而且读得也很粗略，那时，我对《苔丝》的唯一印象就是挺好看的，苔丝这个人物挺可怜的，除此以外便所剩无几了，根本没有把自己融入整个情节中去，根本没有对苔丝这个悲剧性的人物作过任何有意识的评价，根本没有想过苔丝一步一步走向毁灭是与其性格，与她所处的环境是如此密不可分。这一次阅读，我不敢说我已经看懂了，但我对整个情节有了比以往更深刻的了解。 《苔丝》的作者托马斯·哈代在这篇小说中体现出了他悲观的宿命论，主人公苔丝陷入悲惨境地，但她无论如何挣扎都无济于事，改变不了命运的安排与戏弄，最后走上绝路。但她走上绝路，绝不像某些低俗小说那样一味追求情节曲折而硬让主人公死去，而是有其一定的必然性。在故事的开端，当苔丝的父亲约翰·德比被告知自己这样一个贫穷小贩竟是古代德伯家族——一个十分高贵显要的家庭的后裔后，她的父母要她去有钱的德伯太太家攀亲戚，她天性纯朴，厌恶趋炎附势，不同意去，但后来，她由于担心喝得酩酊大醉的父亲半夜外出送蜂密进城会出现意外，才与弟弟一起替父亲跑一次腿，然而途中却出现了意外——她家唯一一匹赶车的马被轧死了，失去一匹马对他们这样一个贫困的家庭来说就是失去了用以维持生活的工具。在埋葬这匹衰老枯瘦的马时，几个孩子们都放声大哭，苔丝没有，“他脸色苍白，没有表情，似乎认为她自己是谋杀者”，书中是这样描写的。然后她带着一种负罪感――是她自己的疏忽大意才使家庭的生活出现了危机，和她对父母的孝顺，对弟弟妹妹们的关爱，以及她强烈的责任感——必须使家庭摆脱困境的责任感，去了德伯太太家攀亲戚，也导致了她被亚历克·德伯玷污，给她日后的生活蒙上了一层抹不去的阴影。她的孩子在死前，她坚持要让这个不清白的小小的肉欲的产物受洗礼，也是强烈的责任感趋使她这样做的。如此说来，苔丝性格中最不容忽视的一点便是她强烈的责任感了，正如苔丝坚决地要把与亚历克·德伯的那一段不快的往事告诉她所深爱，并且也深爱她的丈夫安吉尔一样，她原本可以完完全全地把这件事隐藏起来，说像她母亲教她的，然而，苔丝没有，她把这件事原原本本地告诉了安吉尔，书里这样写道：“她说得很轻，但很坚决。”苔丝把这件事告诉了安吉尔，而不愿意隐瞒事实，致使安吉尔承受不住打击而与她分居，也正是源于她那责任心，不是吗?现在看整篇文章中给我印象最深的一段吧，就是苔丝杀了亚历克后追上安吉尔的时候：“……克莱尔停住脚步，以询问的目光望着苔丝。‘安吉尔’，苔丝说，好像她一直等待着他们停步时克莱尔会这样看着她，‘你知道我为什么要追你吗?我要告诉你我把他杀了!’她这么说的时候脸上露出令人同情的惨淡微笑。”“令人同情的惨淡微笑”，你能想象一个人在杀了人后所露出的这种表情吗?如她自己所说的“我杀了他——也不知道是怎么把他杀死的。不过，安吉尔，为了你，也为了我自己，我非这么做不可。”显然，苔丝把杀死亚历克看成是她应尽的责任，是她必须完成的任务，为她自己，也为她丈夫。亚历克是笼罩在她心头的阴影，亚历克死了，她只觉得如释重负，只觉得自己是完成了任务，所以她急着要告诉她丈夫，这大概也就是她脸上会露出微笑，而不是杀过人后的慌乱、惊恐无措。因而在她生命的最后五天——与安吉尔在一起的五天——一生中最幸福的五天中过的生活是恬静的，她的心情也是平静的，她对待死亡的坦然也感染了逮捕她的人，“她站起身来，整了整衣服向前走去;那些人还一个也没有起步。‘我准备好了’，她平静地说。”我想，苔丝或许是带着幸福，甚至是带
理想与现实的挣扎——《德伯家的苔丝》中克莱尔的人物形象分析 克莱尔就身处保守与进步、落后与先进两种力量激烈交锋的时代。作为一名知识青年，克莱尔接受资产阶级进步思想，有着美好的理想，行为和思想都具有现代倾向。小说一开始就把克莱尔的这种思想倾向展现在读者的面前，“乡社游行”中，三兄弟的打扮：“年纪最大的一个穿着标准的助牧师的服装：白领带、短背心和窄边帽。第二个是标准的大学生打扮。第三个年龄最小，那副外表很难说他的身份，眼神和服装里有一种不服拘管，不随俗流的神奇，表示他还没有找到他的职业的道路。”他洋溢着热情的青春活力，不顾哥哥们的反对，停下来与一群乡下姑娘跳舞，这种行为对于他们的身份来说是不符合规矩礼仪的。克莱尔瞧不起等级、财富等差异，对社会习俗和礼仪表示不屑。为获得精神上的自由回避宗教事业，决定从事比较艰苦的农业，而且到农村去学习各种农事劳动。能克服中产阶级的身份感跟奶场的工人打成一片，像理解朋友一样理解他们，不但不把他们当作所谓的乡下“哈甲”，而且能欣赏他们的性格和才能。克莱尔的这种思想与他的家庭是有很大的差距的。克莱尔的家庭是一个牧师家庭，在这个中产阶级家庭里，父亲是一位虔诚备至的牧师，母亲是一个对上帝敬畏有加的信女，两位哥哥都上了剑桥大学，再把那座学府当作通向教会工作的垫脚石，最后都成为牧师。克莱尔钦佩父亲老克莱尔对教会事业的虔诚和自我牺牲的精神，却也明白他的狭隘与局限。对两个哥哥看得更清楚，尽管两人“浑身上下无一处不是中规中矩”，却也看出两个人思想上的庸俗，在他们面前克莱尔我行我素，毫不掩饰因为农村生活而产生的变化。 克莱尔的思想特征不是某一段时期的言行能够体现的，我们可以从他经历的几个较大的人生转折中探究他的思想变化，大致可以分为三个阶段：与苔丝结婚之前，结婚之后，从巴西回来。 婚前，克莱尔有着追求自然、不符合礼教的天性，所以他能够抛开世俗成见，从无拘无束的大自然中选择配偶，爱上了纯真美丽的“自然的女儿”———苔丝，拒绝了父母为他订下的门当户对的亲事。他告诉他的父亲：“像我这样勤苦节俭的农民最好和什 么样的妇女结婚呢？”她“首先要会挤牛奶，取奶油，做鲜美的奶酪，懂得怎样让母鸡和小鸡孵蛋，临时出了事故能够指挥地里全部的工作人员，还懂得对羊和小牛做出评价。” 克莱尔是一个追求个性解放的知识青年，他摒弃森严的等级制度，背离世俗礼教，追求心心相印、真挚纯洁的爱情。他追求以爱情为基础的婚姻，是对虚伪保守的宗教道德的反抗。他对苔丝的爱情是纯洁的，炙热的，带着田园牧歌情调。他夸苔丝“那挤奶的姑娘真是个大自然的女儿，多么鲜活，多么天然纯真啊！”他对母亲夸耀苔丝“真是浑身洋溢着诗意；她就是诗的化身，她过的就是诗的生活———那种生活舞文弄墨的诗人只能在纸上写写罢了。”他尊重苔丝，抱着郑重婚姻的意图和她接近，克莱尔一次又一次地向苔丝求婚，却被苔丝一次又一次地拒绝。在遭拒绝时虽很痛苦，但克莱尔很耐心，虽然不明白苔丝为什么要拒绝自己，但是坚信自己的诚心一定会打动苔丝的。小说中有一段描写克莱尔抱四个女孩过水塘，他因为要帮助其中的一个女孩，而要同时帮助四个，“在他心里，这一番举动有四分之三是普普通通的与人为善。”他向苔丝表明自己的爱情：“娶三个利亚就是为了一个拉结。”正是克莱尔的真情和体贴使“宗教上发下誓愿，要拒绝一切诱惑，决不结婚”的苔丝克服了精神上的压力，重新鼓起面对生活的勇气，答应嫁给克莱尔。
浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源 姓名：杨锐 学号：201330280219 班级：1332802 专业：汉语国际教育 指导老师：熊进萍
浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源 摘要： 《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名小说家托马斯?哈代进入晚期小说创作的代表作。小说反映的时代背景是传统的威塞克斯农村社会已大体上被资产阶级社会所占领，社会秩序发生了根本性的变化，农民为了生存不得不去寻找一条同过去完全不同的生活道路。于是哈代将创作的重心放到了浓厚的人道主义色彩，在主题上更加广泛和深刻地表现了维多利亚时代资产阶级的伦理道德、宗教法律、婚姻爱情、教育制度、人际关系等等重大社会问题，从对资产阶级社会的一般性描写转入整个社会的揭露、控诉和批判。 故事内容： 在小说中女主角苔丝?德北是一个美丽善良的农家姑娘，但由于家境贫寒，她不得不听从母亲的劝说，跑到地主的庄园去做工，后被地主的大儿子亚雷奸污。怀着身孕的她回到了家乡。孩子夭折后，她又到一家牛奶厂当挤奶工，在那里遇到了牧师的儿子安琪?克莱尔，两人产生了爱情。新婚之夜，苔丝出于一片忠诚，向克莱尔坦白了自己失身的遭遇，想不到丈夫不仅没有原谅她，反而翻脸无情，独自到了巴西。苔丝被遗弃后，又跑到一家农场做苦工。恰在这时亚雷又突然出现，一再跑来纠缠苔丝。后来家庭发生变故，使得苔丝一家人沦落街头,而克莱尔又杳无音讯的情况下，苔丝只好舍身救家，答应与亚雷同居。谁知克莱尔经过一场磨难，终于回心转意，从巴西回来寻找苔丝。苔丝悔恨交加，怒不可遏的刺死了亚历克。她在逃亡中与丈夫度过了几天幸福生活，最后被捕，并被判处绞刑使悲剧达到了项峰。 关键字： 苔丝、悲剧、社会、命运、性格
浅析苔丝悲剧成因——《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运分析
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浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源
姓名：杨锐 学号：201330280219 班级：1332802 专业：汉语国际教育指导老师：熊进萍
浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源 摘要： 《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名小说家托马斯?哈代进入晚期小说创作的代表作。小说反映的时代背景是传统的威塞克斯农村社会已大体上被资产阶级社会所占领，社会秩序发生了根本性的变化，农民为了生存不得不去寻找一条同过去完全不同的生活道路。于是哈代将创作的重心放到了浓厚的人道主义色彩，在主题上更加广泛和深刻地表现了维多利亚时代资产阶级的伦理道德、宗教法律、婚姻爱情、教育制度、人际关系等等重大社会问题，从对资产阶级社会的一般性描写转入整个社会的揭露、控诉和批判。 故事内容： 在小说中女主角苔丝?德北是一个美丽善良的农家姑娘，但由于家境贫寒，她不得不听从母亲的劝说，跑到地主的庄园去做工，后被地主的大儿子亚雷奸污。怀着身孕的她回到了家乡。孩子夭折后，她又到一家牛奶厂当挤奶工，在那里遇到了牧师的儿子安琪?克莱尔，两人产生了爱情。新婚之夜，苔丝出于一片忠诚，向克莱尔坦白了自己失身的遭遇，想不到丈夫不仅没有原谅她，反而翻脸无情，独自到了巴西。苔丝被遗弃后，又跑到一家农场做苦工。恰在这时亚雷又突然出现，一再跑来纠缠苔丝。后来家庭发生变故，使得苔丝一家人沦落街头,而克莱尔又杳无音讯的情况下，苔丝只好舍身救家，答应与亚雷同居。谁知克莱尔经过一场磨难，终于回心转意，从巴西回来寻找苔丝。苔丝悔恨交加，怒不可遏的刺死了亚历克。她在逃亡中与丈夫度过了几天幸福生活，最后被捕，并被判处绞刑使悲剧达到了项峰。 关键字： 苔丝、悲剧、社会、命运、性格
Social Factors 1.Hypocritical Religion In the history of moral development in the west, the influence of religion is quite profound and extensive. In the novel of Tess, people regard Sunday as the most important day during a week. People often equate religion with morality. Religion ascribes the morality of human society to god, and preaches that god created human beings "in his own mode and likeness" and made moral precepts for people. Religion restrains people's thoughts and behaviors with strict moral discipline and governs people spiritually. Christian doctrine has become the standard for judging people's moral behaviors. When Tess told her mother she had been seduced, her mother believed it was right. Not only did she endure the pain of being raped, but she faced an even greater disaster. In a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie so that they safeguard the interests of its own class, tends to integrate religious morality with its own ethics. Angel’s father insists that a wife who agrees is more important rather than who can manage a farm well. It is under the judgment of religious morality that Tess becomes the model of moral depravity and the embodiment of evil. Tess's destruction relates to religion. 2. Legal System The hypocritical religion destroyed Tess, just like the unjust legal system. In capitalist society, morality, religion and law are closely linked. The bourgeoisie protects its own interests by law and punishes those who violate bourgeois morality and religious morality. Tess was sentenced to death for violating the so-called "law" of the bourgeoisie. Tess is not an adulterous slut, a victim instead. The essence of this religious morality is reactionary and serves for the ruling class. Under the pretext of the slogan of god, the bourgeoisie cheats and fools the laboring people, and religion becomes the opium that paralyzes the people's spirit and a ruling tool that oppresses the people.
浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧性 ——从亚里士多德理论看苔丝的悲剧 《德伯家的苔丝》是英国巨匠托马斯·哈代的代表作。女主人公苔丝的悲剧和不幸是由多种原因构成的。本文以亚里士多德悲剧理论为背景，将时代、个人、命运三个角度为出发点，分析导致苔丝悲剧命运的根源。 1、社会环境背景引发了苔丝的悲剧 亚里士多德认为，悲剧是对某种严肃、完美和宏大行为的摹仿，它借助于富有艺术润色功能的各种语言形式，并把这些语言形式分别用于剧中每个部分。从时代悲剧上看，《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映出在资本主义的压迫和剥削下，个体农民贫困破产的悲惨状况，愤怒的控诉资本主义制度，揭露资产阶级的压迫和剥削，资产阶级道德和宗教的伪善以及法律的不公。作者通过对苔丝遇见亚雷、克莱发生的一系列故事行为摹仿来营造一种悲剧氛围。 2、苔丝性格是悲剧产生的内在因素 亚里士多德还提到，悲剧的主人公之所以不幸，是因为他们性格上的缺陷造成的。从性格悲剧上看，苔丝性格中最主要的特征是真诚、勤劳、坚强，富于牺牲精神和反抗性，她很早就承担家庭生计，对家庭的责任感，人的尊严感和对生活的热爱，使她在困难和不幸面前表现出坚强的性格。苔丝的形象有农村妇女的美德。她淳朴、善良、真诚、热爱劳动，她生活的原则是自食其力，不羡慕荣华富贵，没有虚荣心，她对贵族家世并不稀罕，对克莱德爱是真诚纯洁的，丝毫没有参杂贪图财富与地位的想法。她一直憎恶痛恨亚雷，当她明确的意识到自己的一生是被亚雷毁掉时，便毅然刺死他，这一行动虽表现出她对社会恶势力强烈的反抗精神，但最终她逃脱不了死亡的悲剧。 3、哈代的宿命论思想为苔丝命运抹上浓重的悲剧色彩 从命运悲剧上看，苔丝的一生都带有偶然性和命中注定的色彩，它们相互扭结在一起，形成一股巨大的力量，制约着苔丝的一生，这些看似偶然的因素，却形成了一种必然的趋势，将她推向悲剧的结局。在她为了一家人的生存而被迫按照父母的意愿到所谓的本家那里找活干，成为一个雇佣劳动者开始，她不断遭受到资本家的残酷剥削。同时，传统观念也强烈的压迫着她，使她难以逃脱。苔丝虽然能够反抗亚雷的肉体压迫，却无法避免克莱在精神上的打击迫害。小说通过对苔丝无辜受害的描绘，对资产阶级社会及其法律、道德和虚伪的宗教，作了有力的揭露，进行了愤怒的控诉。 鲁迅先生对悲剧有一句精辟的概括：悲剧是把人生有价值的东西毁灭给人看。小说中的苔丝，在亚雷面前是刚烈的，而在克莱面前又是温柔的；在困难面前表现出难以想象的承受力，而在强大的命运面前，却脆弱无助；在克莱的心目中，她是天使；当真实地袒露于他面前时，她却仿佛变成了魔鬼；她的外表被男人视为欲望的源头，而她的内心又是无比的纯洁。
The Characteristic of Tess Abstract : Tess, the protagnist of Hardy′s Tess of D′Urbervilles, an innocent country girl brought up with the traditional idea of womanly virtues, suffers the poverty and denunciation of the society. In most people ′eyes, Tess is a bad woman without morality, she is a mistress, a criminal. Maybe the whole life of Tess is ended up with tragidy, but her brave to the evil, persistent to the truth ，pursue to her love represent she is the model of modern time. To Hardy, Tess is the daughter of nature, she mixes the pure with resolute. Although Tess is hanged at the end, she is lucky because she is free from this earthly world. No one can be the perfect one, the weakness of Tess makes her a real person, which is showed vividly before us. Key words : nature, pure, brave, weakness, rebell [摘要]苔丝，哈代所著《德伯家的苔丝》中的主人翁，一个天真的乡村姑娘。她有着传统妇女的美德，但却承受着家庭的贫穷与社会的谴责。在大部分人眼中，苔丝是个没有道德的坏女人，她的身份是一个情妇，一个杀人犯。也许苔丝的整个生命以悲剧而告终，但她对邪恶的勇敢，对真理的坚持，对真爱的追求使得她成为时代的典范。对哈代来说，苔丝是大自然的女儿，她纯洁且坚毅。尽管最后被绞死，她是幸运的，因为她远离了尘世。人无完人，正是苔丝身上的缺点让我们看到一个活生生的真正意义上的人。 关键词：本质（自然），纯洁，勇敢，弱点，反叛 I. Introduction Tess is a poor girl, whose life is linked with two men, who pulled her to the verge of death. Tess is a kind woman, but not a perfect one. She has some sympathetic and admirable qualities as well as lots of inevitable weakness. Tess is a real person, in my eyes. Her lifestyle, feelings and thoughts as well as the tragedy ending all symbolize the reality of that time and earn our sympathy. Tess falls down during the fight against the fate, the society and herself. God teases his play with Tess, who wins finally ? It seems that God is the winner, because he took the life of her. But what Tess left is more valuble than herself. She really did what nobody at that time dares to do. II The character of Tess A. The daughter of Nature There are two m eanings of “Nature”. First, it means “the physical power causing all the phenomena of the material world”, it ref ers to the environment in which Tess grows up. Tess is a lily in the wild. She grows up in a beautiful and pictuesque country. She loves life and all the live things in the nature. After the death of the only horse in her family, Tess claimed that it was her fault, she needed to do something to support the whole family. Tess is a child full of responsibility. The other is “a thing′s or a person′s innate of essential qualities or character”, this one is related to Tess′beauty and some good qualities when she was born. Although life is hard, the inner of Tess is bright and jolly. Her face is always wearing a smile. So, truly, she is the daughter of her surrounding envirenment. 169In the end of the novel, after Tess killed Alec, she escaped with Angle, they came into an alter that is a stonehenge near Salisbury in the plain, dating back to the pre-history time. The center of it is a big “altar”, where is used to put sacrificial offerings in some ceremonies. It was here that Tess had a rest because of tireness and it was also here that Tess was arrested. In the Bible, aler is used for giving sacrificals to the God and doing prey. It is viewed as a holy place. Anything put on it must be pure, such as the lamb, little child. That Tess lies on it means she gives her life to the God and she assures that she is pure and innocent. B. Brave warrior Tess doesn’t go for looks,d oesn’t go for wealth, but she goes for someone who makes her smile because it takes only a smile to make a dark day seem bright. This is the portrayal of Tess. Alec is rich, but she hates him from beginning to end. Angle wants to be a farmer; she falls in love with him and suffers the ugliest things on her own. She is a murderer, what’s more, a warrior. (1)The warrior of herself She is independent and doesn’t want to be the slave of wealth. She prefers working to selling her soul to make money. When her stupid mom told her to wear her beautiful dress, she refused. On their way to Alec′s house, Alec showed his dandy nature. Tess, a tender girl, would rather walk than sit on the carriage to express her angry. Staying a whole night with Alec, Tess realized that Alec is a rat. She went home after Alec impregnated her. An unmarried mother with a child is not received by her neighbors. Tess, the stanch young woman, bore all the gossips. After the baby died, she didn′t indulge in the sadness, she decised to turn a new leaf of her life. She sets out confidently. She killed the evil in her deep heart. Tess also has a hidden nature — the longing for living. It is the intense desire that forces her to live and work after tremendous disasters, such as her son′s death, Angel′s abandonment. She preferred to work on a farm rather t han asking Angel′s parents for help. She loved Angel so deeply that she wrote to him to beg his forgive. (2)Brave fight against Alec Although Tess was in trouble, she didn′t desert her conscience. As an impure woman, she didn′t surrender to the wealth and pow er of Alec. After Alec impregnatee her, Tess left the big mansion resolutely. A long time later, she met Alec,now a parson. her hatred to him never reduced. She despised him and condemned his hypocrisy.