Abstract
The design of the content can be divided into a point of order processing machinery and machine tools designed for the two most fixture design. First of all, through the promotion of B6065-planer, that promote the B6065 planer-processing role. Use of machinery manufacturing technology and related programmes of knowledge, promoting the solution-processing in the position to step up and the line of the arrangement, and so on related issues, establishing the process and choose a suitable size and machine tools, spare parts processing quality assurance . Secondly, the basi s for promoting the rough-pieces and production and processing requirements of the Programme of the programme, to promote the development of a practical point of order-processing line. Finally, in accordance with the requirements of the processing parts processing, machine tool fixture design reference manual and related aspects of the books, use of fixture design of the basic principles and methods, the programme drawn up fixture design, design efficient, effort, economic and reasonable to ensure the quality of processing Fixture.
Key words
Machining process planning special fixture To promote
附录：
外文资料
Thesis
First, the development history of China's NC system
1. China from 1958 onwards, by a group of research institutes, colleges and universities and a few machine tool plant started to conduct research and development of numerical control system. At that time due to the low level of domestic electronic components, departments, economic and other constraints, unable to obtain a larger development.
2. In the reform and opening up, China was gradually numerical control technology to
achieve substantial development. After "65" (81 ---- 85 years) and the introduction of foreign technology, "75" (86 ------ 90 years) is digested and absorbed and the "85" (91 ~ 1 -95 years) national organizations, scientific and technological research, that make our country's CNC technology has been a qualitative leap, when the acceptance through national research and identification of products, including Beijing's China-I Mount Everest, central China's central NC I-type and high-grade CNC Shenyang National Engineering Research Center of the blue sky I, and others through the "National Quality Supervision and Testing Center machine" test qualified domestic CNC systems such as Nanjing, four open company's products.
3. China's CNC machine tool manufacturing industry in the 80 years have had the stage of rapid development, many machine tool plant products from traditional products to achieve the transition to the CNC. However, in general, technical level is not high, poor quality, so in the early 90s to face the national economy from planned economy to a market economy and the transfer of adjustment, has experienced the most difficult Depression years, when production dropped to 50 %, stocks more than four months. From 1995, "95" after the country from the start the machine tool market to expand domestic demand to strengthen the restrictions on the approval of imports of CNC equipment, the investment and key support for key numerical control system, equipment, technology research, to CNC equipment has played a significant role in promoting , especially in 1999, the state and the key to the defense industry into a large number of civilian industrial sector funds for technological renovation, so that numerical control equipment manufacturing market prospered.
2, CNC Technology and Equipment of vehicles cutting
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CNC lathe processing technology and lathe processing technology is similar, but because of CNC lathe is a setup, continuous automatic processing to complete all the turning process, and therefore should pay attention to the following areas.
1. A reasonable amount of selection cutting
For the high efficiency of metal cutting, being processed materials, cutting tools, cutting conditions are the three elements. These determine the processing time, tool life and processing quality. Cost-effective way of processing must be a reasonable choice of cutting conditions.
The three elements of cutting conditions: cutting speed, feed rate and cutting depth of the damage directly caused by knives. With the increase in cutting speed, tip temperature rise will result in mechanical, chemical, thermal wear and tear. 20% increase in cutting speed, tool life will reduce the 1 / 2.
Feed conditions and tool wear later in the context of relations in the small produce. However, a large quantity of feed, cutting temperature rise, followed by wearing big. Than the impact of cutting speed on tool small. The impact of depth of cut on tool cutting speed and feed though not large, but in a small cutting depth of cut when he was cutting materials produce hardened layer, it will also affect the tool life.
The user is processed according to the material, hardness, cutting the state, material type, feed rate, cutting depth, etc. choose to use the cutting speed.
The most suitable processing conditions are selected on the basis of these factors the selected. There is a regular, stable life of the wear and tear to achieve the ideal conditions.
However, in practical operation, the tool life of choices and tool wear, dimensional changes
are processed, surface quality, cutting noise, heat and other related processing. In determining processing conditions, the need to study the actual situation. For the stainless steel and heat-resistant alloys difficult to machine materials, the coolant can be used or to choose a good blade rigid.
2. Rational choice tool
A) rough car, to select high strength and durability a good tool in order to meet the rough car back to eat large amount of knives, large feed requirements.
2) fine car, to select high precision, durability good tool to ensure the machining accuracy requirements.
3) To reduce tool change time and convenience of the knife, should maximize the use of machines and machine clip folder knife blades.
3. Rational choice Fixture
1) have tried to use universal fixture clamping the workpiece to avoid the use of special fixture;
2) Part positioning base overlap in order to reduce positioning error.
4. Determine the processing route
Processing line is the index-controlled machining process, the tool relative parts trajectory and direction.
1) should be able to ensure the machining accuracy and surface roughness requirements;
2) should be as short as possible processing routes, reduction in tool space journey times.
5. Processing line and machining allowance contact
At present, CNC lathe not yet achieved universal access to conditions, the general should be too rough on the margin, in particular those containing forging, casting hard cortex cushion placed in ordinary lathe. If it is necessary to use CNC lathe machining, you need attention to process flexibility.
6. Fixture Installation Points
Current hydraulic chuck and hydraulic clamping cylinder connection is achieved by bar, shown in Figure 1. Hydraulic chuck clamping, as follows: First, remove the hydraulic cylinder with the wrench on the nut, remove the trombone, and the back-end from the spindle out, and then remove the chuck wrench screw, you can remove the card plate.
Third, effective and reasonable Turning
Effective to save processing time
Index turning centers the company's G200 integrated processing unit has a modular, high-power dual-spindle, four-axis linkage function, so that further reduce the processing time. With the other clamping axis by means of the concept of the work of the contrary, the use of the product integration of intelligent processing unit can automatically clamping the workpiece in place and processing. In other words, automatic setup, it will not affect the processing of another axis, a feature that could be shortened by about 10% of the processing time.
In addition, the four-axis machining very quickly, you can at the same time there are two tools for processing. When the machine is put into use in pairs, when efficiency becomes more apparent. In other words, conventional turning and hard to set two cars can be a parallel machine. Conventional turning and hard car is the only difference between the turret and centralized coolant system thermostat. However, unlike conventional machining: conventional processing can be used two razors and a tailstock for processing; while the hard car can only use a knife. In both types of machines can be carried out on a dry hard machining, but the program makers need to craft
well-designed balance of tact time, while the Index provided by the module structure of machine tools to make it more flexibility. In order to improve the productivity of high-precision
With the continuous improvement of production efficiency, the user also made for a very high accuracy requirements. Using G200 turning centers for processing, the cold start up to post-processing of 4 parts, you can achieve the tolerance of ±6mm. Machining process, the accuracy is usually maintained at 2mm. So Index offers to clients is a high-precision, high efficiency full program, while providing such high-precision program, requiring careful selection of spindle, bearings and other features.
G200 turning centers in the German car manufacturer BMW Landshut's applications achieved good results. Production plant is not only the engine, but also the production by casting made of light metal parts, car plastic decorative pieces and steering shafts. The quality of supervisory staff that are very precise accuracy of its processing: Continuous tolerance band ±15mm, bearing tolerance of ± 6.5mm.
In addition, the processing of universal joints used the Index's automatic intelligent processing unit. The first batch of two turning centers used to play the workpiece number of pre-processed prior to processing after on-line measurement, and then sent to roller conveyor teeth cleaning and quenched. The last one process, using a second Index processing systems. G200 Turning Center by two pairs of steering knuckle bearing hard-Block car. To complete on-line measurement in the machine, and then sent to the discharge unit. Integrated processing unit fully integrated into the layout of the shop, ergonomic requirements, covers an area of greatly reduced, and only two staff to look after manufacturing cell can be.
中文：
一、我国数控系统的发展史
1、我国从1958年起，由一批科研院所，高等学校和少数机床厂起步进行数控系统的研制和开发。由于受到当时国产电子元器件水平低，部门经济等的制约，未能取得较大的发展。
2、在改革开放后，我国数控技术才逐步取得实质性的发展。经过“六五"(81----85年)的引进国外技术，“七五”(86------90年)的消化吸收和“八五”(91~一-95年)国家组织的科技攻关，才使得我国的数控技术有了质的飞跃，当时通过国家攻关验收和鉴定的产品包括北京珠峰公司的中华I型，华中数控公司的华中I型和沈阳高档数控国家工程研究中心的蓝天I型，以及其他通过“国家机床质量监督测试中心”测试合格的国产数控系统如南京四开公司的产品。
3、我国数控机床制造业在80年代曾有过高速发展的阶段，许多机床厂从传统产品实现向数控化产品的转型。但总的来说，技术水平不高，质量不佳，所以在90年代初期面临国家经济由计划性经济向市场经济转移调整，经历了几年最困难的萧条时期，那时生产能力降到50%，库存超过4个月。从1 9 9 5年“九五”以后国家从扩大内需启动机床市场，加强限制进口数控设备的审批，投资重点支持关键数控系统、设备、技术攻关，对数控设备生产起到了很大的促进作用，尤其是在1 9 9 9年以后，国家向国防工业及关键民用工业部门投入大量技改资金，使数控设备制造市场一派繁荣。
二、数控车的工艺与工装削
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数控车床加工的工艺与普通车床的加工工艺类似，但由于数控车床是一次装夹，连续自动加工完成所有车削工序，因而应注意以下几个方面。
1、合理选择切削用量
对于高效率的金属切削加工来说，被加工材料、切削工具、切削条件是三大要素。这些决定着加工时间、刀具寿命和加工质量。经济有效的加工方式必然是合理的选择了切削条件。
切削条件的三要素：切削速度、进给量和切深直接引起刀具的损伤。伴随着切削速度的提高，刀尖温度会上升，会产生机械的、化学的、热的磨损。切削速度提高20%，刀具寿命会减少1/2。
进给条件与刀具后面磨损关系在极小的范围内产生。但进给量大，切削温度上升，后面磨损大。它比切削速度对刀具的影响小。切深对刀具的影响虽然没有切削速度和进给量大，但在微小切深切削时，被切削材料产生硬化层，同样会影响刀具的寿命。
用户要根据被加工的材料、硬度、切削状态、材料种类、进给量、切深等选择使用的切削速度。
最适合的加工条件的选定是在这些因素的基础上选定的。有规则的、稳定的磨损达到寿命才是理想的条件。
然而，在实际作业中，刀具寿命的选择与刀具磨损、被加工尺寸变化、表面质量、切削噪声、加工热量等有关。在确定加工条件时，需要根据实际情况进行研究。对于不锈钢和耐热合金等难加工材料来说，可以采用冷却剂或选用刚性好的刀刃。
2、合理选择刀具
（1) 粗车时，要选强度高、耐用度好的刀具，以便满足粗车时大背吃刀量、大进给量的要求。
（2) 精车时，要选精度高、耐用度好的刀具，以保证加工精度的要求。
（3) 为减少换刀时间和方便对刀，应尽量采用机夹刀和机夹刀片。
3、合理选择夹具
（1) 尽量选用通用夹具装夹工件，避免采用专用夹具；
（2) 零件定位基准重合，以减少定位误差。
4、确定加工路线
加工路线是指数控机床加工过程中，刀具相对零件的运动轨迹和方向。
（1) 应能保证加工精度和表面粗糙要求；
（2) 应尽量缩短加工路线，减少刀具空行程时间。
5、加工路线与加工余量的联系
目前，在数控车床还未达到普及使用的条件下，一般应把毛坯上过多的余量，特别是含有锻、铸硬皮层的余量安排在普通车床上加工。如必须用数控车床加工时，则需注意程序的灵活安排。
6、夹具安装要点
目前液压卡盘和液压夹紧油缸的连接是靠拉杆实现的，如图1。液压卡盘夹紧要点如下：首先用搬手卸下液压油缸上的螺帽，卸下拉管，并从主轴后端抽出，再用搬手卸下卡盘固定螺钉，即可卸下卡盘。
三、进行有效合理的车削加工
有效节省加工时间
Index公司的G200车削中心集成化加工单元具有模块化、大功率双主轴、四轴联动的功能，从而使加工时间进一步缩短。与其他借助于工作轴进行装夹的概念相反，该产品运用集成智能加工单元可以使工件自动装夹到位并进行加工。换言之，自动装夹时，不会影响另一主轴的加工，这一特点可以缩短大约10％的加工时间。
此外，四轴加工非常迅速，可以同时有两把刀具进行加工。当机床是成对投入使用的时候，效率的提高更为明显。也就是说，常规车削和硬车可以并行设置两台机床。
常规车削和硬车之间的不同点仅仅在于刀架和集中恒温冷却液系统。但与常规加工不同的是：常规加工可用两个刀架和一个尾架进行加工；而硬车时只能使用一个刀架。在两种类型的机床上都可进行干式硬加工，只是工艺方案的制造者需要精心设计平衡的节拍时间，而Index机床提供的模块结构使其具有更强的灵活性。以高精度提高生产率随着生产效率的不断提高，用户对于精度也提出了很高的要求。采用G200车削中心进行加工时，冷启动后最多需要加工4个工件，就可以达到±6mm的公差。加工过程中，精度通常保持在2mm。所以Index公司提供给客户的是高精度、高效率的完整方案，而提供这种高精度的方案，需要精心选择主轴、轴承等功能部件。
G200车削中心在德国宝马Landshut公司汽车制造厂的应用中取得了良好的效果。该厂不仅生产发动机，而且还生产由轻金属铸造而成的零部件、车内塑料装饰件和转向轴。质量监督人员认为，其加工精度非常精确：连续公差带为±15mm，轴承座公差为±6.5mm。
此外，加工的万向节使用了Index公司全自动智能加工单元。首批的两台车削中心用来进行工件打号之前的预加工，加工后进行在线测量，然后通过传送带送出进行滚齿、清洗和淬火处理。最后一道工序中，采用了第二个Index加工系统。由两台G200车削中心对转向节的轴承座进行硬车。在机床内完成在线测量，然后送至卸料单元。集成的加工单元完全融合到车间的布局之中，符合人类工程学要求，占地面积大大减少，并且只需两名员工看管制造单元即可