金属切削 metal cutting
机床 machine tool
金属工艺学 technology of metals
刀具 cutter
摩擦 friction
联结 link
传动 drive/transmission
轴 shaft
弹性 elasticity
频率特性 frequency characteristic
误差 error
响应 response
定位 allocation
机床夹具 jig
动力学 dynamic
运动学 kinematic
静力学 static
分析力学 analyse mechanics
拉伸 pulling
压缩 hitting
剪切 shear
扭转 twist
弯曲应力 bending stress
强度 intensity
三相交流电 three-phase AC
磁路 magnetic circles
变压器 transformer
异步电动机 asynchronous motor
几何形状 geometrical
精度 precision
正弦形的 sinusoid
交流电路 AC circuit
机械加工余量 machining allowance
变形力 deforming force
变形 deformation
应力 stress
硬度 rigidity
热处理 heat treatment
退火 anneal
正火 normalizing
脱碳 decarburization
渗碳 carburization
电路 circuit
半导体元件 semiconductor element
反馈 feedback
发生器 generator
直流电源 DC electrical source
门电路 gate circuit
逻辑代数 logic algebra
外圆磨削 external grinding
内圆磨削 internal grinding
平面磨削 plane grinding
变速箱 gearbox
离合器 clutch
绞孔 fraising
绞刀 reamer
螺纹加工 thread processing
螺钉 screw
铣削 mill
铣刀 milling cutter
功率 power
工件 workpiece
齿轮加工 gear mechining
齿轮 gear
主运动 main movement
主运动方向 direction of main movement
进给方向 direction of feed
进给运动 feed movement
合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed
合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting
合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting
切削深度 cutting depth
前刀面 rake face
刀尖 nose of tool
前角 rake angle
后角 clearance angle
龙门刨削 planing
主轴 spindle
主轴箱 headstock
卡盘 chuck
加工中心 machining center
车刀 lathe tool
车床 lathe
钻削 镗削 bore
车削 turning
磨床 grinder
基准 benchmark
钳工 locksmith
锻 forge
压模 stamping
焊 weld
拉床 broaching machine
拉孔 broaching
装配 assembling
铸造 found
流体动力学 fluid dynamics
流体力学 fluid mechanics
加工 machining
液压 hydraulic pressure
切线 tangent
机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration
气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure
稳定性 stability
介质 medium
液压驱动泵 fluid clutch
液压泵 hydraulic pump
阀门 valve
失效 invalidation
强度 intensity
载荷 load
应力 stress
安全系数 safty factor
可靠性 reliability
螺纹 thread
螺旋 helix
键 spline
销 pin
滚动轴承 rolling bearing
滑动轴承 sliding bearing
弹簧 spring
制动器 arrester brake
十字结联轴节 crosshead
联轴器 coupling
链 chain
皮带 strap
精加工 finish machining
粗加工 rough machining
变速箱体 gearbox casing
腐蚀 rust
氧化 oxidation
磨损 wear
耐用度 durability
随机信号 random signal
离散信号 discrete signal
超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor
集成电路 integrate circuit
挡板 orifice plate
残余应力 residual stress
套筒 sleeve
扭力 torsion
冷加工 cold machining
电动机 electromotor
汽缸 cylinder
过盈配合 interference fit
热加工 hotwork
摄像头 CCD camera
倒角 rounding chamfer
优化设计 optimal design
工业造型设计 industrial moulding design
有限元 finite element
滚齿 hobbing
插齿 gear shaping
伺服电机 actuating motor
铣床 milling machine
钻床 drill machine
镗床 boring machine
步进电机 stepper motor
丝杠 screw rod
导轨 lead rail
组件 subassembly
可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC
电火花加工 electric spark machining
电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting
相图 phase diagram
热处理 heat treatment
固态相变 solid state phase changes
有色金属 nonferrous metal
陶瓷 ceramics
合成纤维 synthetic fibre
电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion
车架 automotive chassis
悬架 suspension
转向器 redirector
变速器 speed changer
板料冲压 sheet metal parts
孔加工 spot facing machining
车间 workshop
工程技术人员 engineer
气动夹紧 pneuma lock
数学模型 mathematical model
画法几何 descriptive geometry
机械制图 Mechanical drawing
投影 projection
视图 view
剖视图 profile chart
标准件 standard component
零件图 part drawing
装配图 assembly drawing
尺寸标注 size marking
技术要求 technical requirements
刚度 rigidity
内力 internal force
位移 displacement
截面 section
疲劳极限 fatigue limit
断裂 fracture
塑性变形 plastic distortion
脆性材料 brittleness material
刚度准则 rigidity criterion
垫圈 washer
垫片 spacer
直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear
斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear
直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear
运动简图 kinematic sketch
齿轮齿条 pinion and rack
蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear
虚约束 passive constraint
曲柄 crank
摇杆 racker
凸轮 cams
共轭曲线 conjugate curve
范成法 generation method
定义域 definitional domain
值域 range
导数\\微分 differential coefficient
求导 derivation
定积分 definite integral
不定积分 indefinite integral
曲率 curvature
偏微分 partial differential
毛坯 rough
游标卡尺 slide caliper
千分尺 micrometer calipers
攻丝 tap
二阶行列式 second order determinant
逆矩阵 inverse matrix
线性方程组 linear equations
概率 probability
随机变量 random variable
排列组合 permutation and combination
气体状态方程 equation of state of gas
动能 kinetic energy
势能 potential energy
机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy
动量 momentum
桁架 truss
轴线 axes
余子式 cofactor
逻辑电路 logic circuit
触发器 flip-flop
脉冲波形 pulse shape
数模 digital analogy
液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism
机械零件 mechanical parts
淬火冷却 quench
淬火 hardening
回火 tempering
调质 hardening and tempering
磨粒 abrasive grain
结合剂 bonding agent
砂轮 grinding wheel
Milling machines,universal 万能铣床
Milling machines,vertical 立式铣床
Milling machines,vertical & horizontal 立式及卧式铣床
Mold & die components 模具单元
Mold changing systems 换模系统
Mold core 模芯
Mold heaters/chillers 模具加热器/冷却器
Mold polishing/texturing 模具打磨/磨纹
Mold repair 模具维修
Molds 模具
Nail making machines 造钉机
Oil coolers 油冷却器
Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 铝轮冒口切断机
P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant P型PVC高分子防水
PCB fine piecing systems 印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统
Pipe & tube making machines 管筒制造机
Planing machines 刨床
Planing machines vertical 立式刨床
Pneumatic hydraulic clamps 气油压虎钳
Pneumatic power tools 气动工具
Powder metallurgic forming machines 粉末冶金成型机
Presses,cold forging 冷锻冲压机
presses,crank 曲柄压力机
Presses,eccentric 离心压力机
Presses,forging 锻压机
Presses,hydraulic 液压冲床
Presses,knuckle joint 肘杆式压力机
Presses,pneumatic 气动冲床
Presses,servo 伺服冲床
Presses,transfer 自动压力机
Pressing dies 压模
Punch formers 冲子研磨器
Quick die change systems 速换模系统
Quick mold change systems 快速换模系统
Reverberatory furnaces 反射炉
Rollers 滚筒
Rolling machines 辗压机
Rotary tables 转台
Sawing machines 锯床
Sawing machines,band 带锯床
Saws,band 带锯
Saws,hack 弓锯
Saws,horizontal band 卧式带锯
Saws,vertical band 立式带锯
shafts 轴
Shapers 牛头刨床
Shearing machines 剪切机
Sheet metal forming machines 金属板成型机
Sheet metal working machines 金属板加工机
Slotting machines 插床
spindles 主轴
Stamping parts 冲压机
Straightening machines 矫直机
Switches & buttons 开关及按钮
Tapping machines 攻螺丝机
Transmitted chains 传动链
Tube bending machines 弯管机
Vertical hydraulic broaching machine 立式油压拉床
Vises 虎钳
Vises,tool-maker 精密平口钳
Wheel dressers 砂轮修整器
Woven-Cutting machines 织麦激光切割机
Wrenches 扳手
按中文拼音字母排序铝轮冒口切断机 Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels
离心压力机 Presses,eccentric
六角立式铣床 Milling machines,turret vertical
六角车床 Lathes,turret
螺栓,螺帽及螺丝 Bolts,screws & nuts
螺纹磨床 Grinders,thread
冷却机 Coolers
冷锻 Forging,cold
冷锻冲压机 Presses,cold forging
立式双柱加工中心 Machining centers,vertical double-column type
立式铣床 Milling machines,vertical
立式油压拉床 Vertical hydraulic broaching machine
立式刨床 Planing machines vertical
立式车床 Lathes,vertical
立式带锯 Saws,vertical band
立式加工中心 Machining centers,vertical
立式及卧式铣床 Milling machines,vertical & horizontal
立式钻床 Drilling machines,vertical
联轴器 Coupling
连续溶解保温炉 Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces
连续冲模 Dies-progressive
链传动 Chain drive
切断机 Cutting-off machines
CNC刀杆 CNC toolings
曲柄压力机 presses,crank
修整机 Finishing machines
舍弃式刀头 Disposable toolholder bits
润滑系统 Lubrication Systems
润滑液 Lubricants
熔热处理炉 Heating treatment funaces
三爪、分割工具头 3-Jaws indexing spacers
伺服冲床 Presses,servo
输送链 Conveying chains
手工具 Hand tools
砂轮修整器 Wheel dressers
蚀刻机 Etching machines
外圆磨床 Grinding machines,cylindrical
搪磨机 Honing machines
搪孔头 Boring heads
卧式铣床 Milling machines,horizontal
卧式带锯 Saws,horizontal band
卧式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal
卧式及立式加工中心 Machining centers,horizontal & vertical
万能铣床 Milling machines,universal
万能磨床 Grinding machines,universal
镗床 Boring machines
弯曲机 Bending machines
弯管机 Tube bending machines
通用加工中心 Machining centers,general
铜锻 Forging,copper
铣头 Milling heads
铣床 Milling machines
无心磨床 Grinding machines,centerless
无心精研机 Lapping machines,centerless
压模 Pressing dies
压铸冲模 Die casting dies
压铸机 Die casting machines
油冷却器 Oil coolers
造链机 Chain making tools
造线机 Cable making tools
造钉机 Nail making machines
印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统 PCB fine piecing systems
摇臂钻床 Drilling machines, radial
硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组 Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant
辗压机 Rolling machines
液压元件 Hydraulic components
液压冲床 Presses,hydraulic
液压动力元件 Hydraulic power units
液压工具 Hydraulic power tools
液压回转缸 Hydraulic rotary cylinders
P型PVC高分子防水 P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant
刨床 Planing machines
牛头刨床 Shapers
其他铸造 Casting, other
其他锻造 Forging, other
air permeability test 透气性试验
austenitic steel 沃斯田铁钢
brinell hardness 布耐内尔硬度
brinell hardness test 布氏硬度试验
charpy impact test 夏比冲击试验
conical cup test 圆锥杯突试验
cup flow test 杯模式流动度试验
dart drop impact test 落锤冲击试验
Elmendorf test 埃罗门多撕裂强度试验
environmental stress cracking test 环境应力龟裂试验
ericessen test 埃留伸薄板拉伸试验
falling ball impact test 落球冲击试验
fatigue test 疲劳试验
ferrite 纯铁体
gantt chart 甘特图
heat cycle test 热循环试验
histogram 柱状图
hot bend test 热弯试验
izod impact test 埃左德冲击试验
loop tenacity 环结强度
martens heat distortion temperature test 马顿斯耐热试验
martensite 马氏体
mullen bursting strength tester 密廉式破裂强度试验机
nol ring test 诺尔环试验
normal distribution 常态分配
ozone resistance test 抗臭氧试验
pareto diagram 柏拉图
peeling test 剥离试验
pinhole test 针孔试验机
rattler test 磨耗试验
rockweel hardness test 洛氏硬度试验
rockweel hardness 洛氏威尔硬度
rolinx process 罗林克斯射出压缩成形法
rossi-peakes flow test 罗西皮克斯流动试验
sampling inspection 抽样检查
scratch hardness 抗刮硬度
shore hardness 萧氏硬度
spiral flow test 螺旋流动试验
surface abrasion test 表面磨耗试验
taber abraser 泰伯磨耗试验机
tensile impact test 拉伸冲击试验
tensile strength 抗拉强度
tension test 张力试验
thermal shock test 冷热剧变试验
torsion test 扭曲试验
ubbelohde viscometer 乌别洛德黏度计
vicat indentation test 维卡针压陷试验
Vickers hardness test 维氏硬度试验
warpage test 翘曲试验
weatherometer 人工老化试验机
weissenberg effect 威森伯格回转效应
autocollimator 自动准直机
bench comparator 比长仪
block gauge 块规
bore check 精密小测定器
calibration 校准
caliper gauge 卡规
check gauge 校对规
clearance gauge 间隙规
clinoretee 测斜仪
comparator 比测仪
cylinder square 圆筒直尺
depth gauge 测深规
dial indicator 针盘指示表
dial snap
gauge 卡规
digital micrometer 数位式测微计
feeler gauge 测隙规
gauge plate 量规定位板
height gauge 测高规
inside calipers 内卡钳
inside micrometer 内分??卡
interferometer 干涉仪
leveling block 平台
limit gauge 限规
micrometer 测微计
mil 千分之一寸
monometer 压力计
morse taper gauge 莫氏锥度量规
nonius 游标卡尺
optical flat 光学平晶
optical parallel 光学平行
passimeter 内径仪
position scale 位置刻度
profile projector 轮廓光学投影仪
protractor 分角器
radius 半径
ring gauge 环规
sine bar 正弦量规
snap gauge 卡模
square master 直角尺
stylus 触针
telescopic gauge 伸缩性量规
working gauge 工作量规
Risers
Risers are designed and placed so as to ensure filling the cavity during solidification.
They also act to relieve gas pressure in the mold and to reduce pressure on the lifting surfaces of the mold.
The volume of metal in the riser should be sufficient to retain heat long enough to feed the shrinkage cavity and to equalize the temperature in the mold, avoiding casting strains.
The riser requirements vary with the type of metal being poured.
Gray cast iron, for example, needs less feeding than some alloys because a period of graphitization occurs during the final stages of solidification, which causes an expansion that tends to counteract the metal shrinkage.
Many nonferrous metals require elaborate feeding that tends to counteract the casting.
Two riser designs for the same casting are shown in Fig.7-4.
Risers are placed near the heavy sections of the casting.
The feed metal must be located above the highest point of the point of the casting.
Chill Blocks
Chill blocks are metal blocks placed in the mold for localized heat dissipation.
They may be placed at an intersection or joint where there is a comparatively large volume of metal to cool, thus relieving a hot spot or maintaining a more uniform cooling rate and better microstructure.
They may also be placed at far surface of a mold, away from a riser or sprue.
This will help the far end of the mold to freeze rapidly, promoting directional solidification.
Chill blocks are also used at points where it is designable to have localized hardening, as in the case of bearings or wear surfaces.
Padding
Padding consists of adding to or building up a section to obtain adequate feeding of isolated sections.
Fig.7-4showed two methods of feeding the central and outside boss .Shown at (b) is the plan of using two risers and at (c) one riser with a pad. The second plan provides a yield of 45% of the metal poured, compared to 30% when two risers are used. The feeding distance to the central hub is 4.5t, where t= the thickness of the feed path. By rule of thumb, the total thickness of pad and casting (at the pad location) should not be less than one-fifth of the metal-feeding distance. This rule is not absolute but a good generalizat
ion.
冒口
冒口的设计及放置等，以确保加油站腔凝固过程。
他们还采取行动，以纾缓气体压力，在模具，并减少压力解除表面的霉菌。
体积的金属在冒口应足以保持热量，只要够养活缩孔和平衡温度的模具，避免铸造株。
该冒口要求都会有所不同，同类型的金属被浇。
灰铸铁，例如，需求不足喂养比一些合金的，因为一个时期的石墨化过程中发生的最后阶段的凝固，引起群众的扩张趋于抵消金属收缩。
许多有色金属的要求阐述喂养趋于抗衡铸造。
两个冒口设计，同时铸造示于图7 - 4 。
冒口放在附近的重型路段铸件。
饲料中的金属必须设以上的最高点，该点的铸件。
冷块
冷块金属块放置在模具局部散热。
他们将被放置在一个路口或联合，有一个比较大体积的金属冷却，从而减轻的一个热点，还是维持一个较均匀冷却速度和更好的显微结构。
它们也可能被置于远远表面的模具，使之远离，从冒口或浇道。
这将有助于本月底至今的模具冻结迅速，促进定向凝固。
冷块也用于站后，这是设计性，以有局部硬化，在案件或轴承磨损表面。
轧染
填充选区添加或建设一节，以获得适当的喂养孤立的章节。
图7 - 4两种方法喂养，中央和境外老板。所示，在（乙） ，是计划用两立，并在（ c ）一冒口的一个跳板。第二个计划提供了一个产量的45 ％的金属浇相比， 30 ％的时候，两个上升器使用。饲距中心枢纽，是4.5吨，其中T =厚度饲料的道路。由经验法则，其总厚度的软垫及铸造（在垫板上的位置） ，应不低于上就有五分之一的金属补缩距离。这一规则也不是绝对的，而是具有很好的推广。
电气强度试验
电气强度试验是电气安全性能测试标准所要求的第三项测试。电气强度试验包括在测试过程火线和地线同时短路的情况下,测量被测设备的漏电量。电气耐压试验的测量结果是电流值，需低于国际标准的非强制性极限值。电气强度测试仪 （也称为耐压测试仪 ，电介质强度测试仪，闪点测试器，高压测试仪）是用来测量此类电流值的测试仪。
测试电压交/直流电压，电压几百伏到数万伏可调。测试电压的性质和数值的选择应由所测产品应用标准决定。在缺少标准的情况下，可适用以下的经验公式：测试总在同类样品的电压下进行，而不是同种过程的样品。例如：电池适用直流电。变压器适用交流电。可按给出公式计算最大值：测试电压 U = 2倍 工作电压 + 1000伏某家蒸汽熨斗的生产者可据此在以下电压下进行测试：测试电压 U = 2 x 230V 交流 + 1000V 交流 = 1460伏 交流
电气强度测试可分为破坏性和非破坏性。
破坏性试验某些标准化测试需要高功率电源应用于样品的电气强度测试中。这意味着测试设备因绝缘部分的碳化而被破坏。这种试验主要被用于测试中高功率的电力或电子技术中采用的元器件或设备（断路器，开关，变压器，绝缘子等等）。
1..非破坏性试验
图1 漏电电流随电压变化的函数图在这一领域内，耐压测试仪发展最优，在精度和可选择的方法上为用户提供不断进步的更佳性能。非破坏性测试的特点是使用低电压测试仪器，其短路电流不超过几毫安，且测试系统可准确迅速的在击穿前立即断电。这种限制电流的快速断电，在大多数情况下可避免使绝缘体被无法修复的击穿和起皱，或电介质表面或内部含碳酸的残渣沉积问题。在元器件或设备生产过程中的系统化测试，测试样品时对样品不产生破坏是强制性条件。
电气强度击穿测试因此击穿电压的检测必须重视电介质击穿现象的电参数值的测量。此参数受电流所通过的样品中的电介质的影响。检测仪器确有两种检测模式以供选择。阈值电流检测和变化电流检测
1.阈值电流检测
将测试电压施加到样品上，你可观察到——直到后面的某一确定值之前——漏电电流成比例的增加；这一电流值决定于测试项目的绝缘电阻和/或测试项目的电容（交流，或直流负载效应）。正如图1所示，而从电压Uc开始，漏电电流迅速增加，击穿电压达到Ue。然后电流达到最大值，这一最大值可通过电介质强度试验台的电流容量或者——某一瞬时值——由样品的电容元件的放电电流进行检测（其值不能通过电介质强度测试仪检测，因为在某些情况下它可能导致绝缘体被破坏）。阈值电流检测需要相对电压Us（非常接近测试电源Ur）确定某个漏电电流值，并将任何漏电电流达到这一阈值的样品作为不良样品。一般作为非破坏性测试中使用最广泛的阈值电流值为1毫安。这种检测方法和电流值的选取对纯电阻元件的直流测试虽无任何困难（Ic为10微安左右），但它用在电容元件的交流测试中将会变得不准确并造成损坏。
变化电流检测图2 简化测试回路
这种检测方法避免了前种方法的缺点:它由击穿现象的实际属性来进行判别。通过对击穿现象的观察，由示波方法，可以通过测试环路中极强的电流变化来确定其特性；所谓测试环路包括了电气强度测试台和测试样品（见图2）。这种击穿一般为局部放电现象，对此我们将在后文中进一步分析。击穿电流本身通常有一个极其尖锐的正向脉冲波形，持续1微秒或更短时间，其峰值大小受测试台的综合特征值和被测样品的限制。正如图3所示，放电脉冲事实
上并不稳定，而干扰脉冲——负指数——因时间常量的变化而略有增减（它取决于在电介质被击穿时其中能量的转移）。
只有将漏电电流的迅速变化考虑在内的测试仪器，能够消除因通过样品的恒定电流造成的误差（元件的阻抗）。ΔIr = 1 mA 变量为目前最常用的击穿特征值。它应与测试仪的响应时间相关联。响应时间对于确定击穿电压非常重要。事实上过快的测试（小于1微秒）将会使灵敏部件产生局部放电现象从而导致击穿。相反，缓慢的检测过程（超过数十微秒）可能使灵敏部件因能量过大（其值为ΔIf2.Δt）而被击穿，其电量足以产生破坏性的后果，但这短暂过程并不能被测试仪所察觉。测试仪的响应时间应该非常短以避免某些绝缘部件的微晶化现象或其它的不可逆破坏。
图3 击穿过程漏电电流变化的典型波形
由于这个原因，尤其从20年前开始（第一台ΔI电流变化测试仪商用），其响应时间保持在19和20μs。在此重申，因特定用途可精调不同的设置，这种特性是必要的。尽管如此，对于不熟悉的操作者，如果初始条件和其选择没有清楚指示的情况下，这一参数的不当设置可能导致全局性的破坏风险，且其结果完全难以预计。此外，易于设想的情形，客户和供应商，生产部门与“质量控制”部门之间存在的方法分歧绝不会停止出现。而对广泛的各类元件和各种半成品的大量观测表明，最佳的固定响应时间约为10μs。
DIELECTRIC WITHSTAND TEST
The DielectricWithstand Test is the third test required by the electrical safety testing standards.
The Dielectric Withstand Testconsists in measuring the current leak of a device under test, while phase and neutral are short circuited together. The measure result of a Dielectric Withstand Testis a current value, which has to be lower than the indicated limit from the international standards.
A Dielectric Withstand Tester (also called hipot tester, dielectric strength tester, flash tester, high voltage tester) is then used to measure this current.
DIELECTRIC WITHSTAND TEST VOLTAGES
It is performed in AC or DC with voltages varying from some hundred volts to several tens of kilovolts. The choice of the nature and value of the test voltage is determined by standards which apply to the product tested.
In the absence of standards, the following rule of thumb is used : the test is always performed with a voltage of same nature than that under which the sample operates. Example: Direct for a battery. Alternating for a transformer.The maximum value is given by the formula: U test = 2 x U operating +1000 V.A manufacturer of laundry-iron will therefore perform the test under a voltage:Utest = 2x230VAC + 1000VAC = 1460 VAC.
The dielectric strength test can be made to be destructive or n
on-destructive.
DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
Certain standardized tests require the application of a high power source to the sample to which the dielectric strength test is applied. This entails the destruction of the equipment tested, through carbonization of the insulating material. These tests are above all used to test components or equipment employed in electricity or electro-technology of medium and high power (circuit-breakers, switches, transformers, insulators, etc...).
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
Diagram 1: Evolution of leakage current as a function of test voltage.
It is in this area that the hipot tester evolved most and obtained increasingly higher performances in the accuracy of the measurements made and the number of possibilities offered to the user.
Non-destructive tests are featured by the use of low power dielectric strength testers whose short-circuit current does not exceed a few milliamps and whose detection system accurate and swift provides for the immediate suppression of the test voltage upon a breakdown.
This rapid vanishing, combined with a current limitation, in most cases avoids the creation of irreparable perforations in the insulators and the formation of furrows or faults with deposits of carbonated residues on the surface or inside the dielectrics. The systematic testing of components or equipment during manufacturing makes this non-destructive condition mandatory when testing a sample.
DETECTION OF DIELECTRIC STRENGTH BREAKDOWNS
The exact determination of the breakdown voltage must therefore be attached to the measurement of an electrical value characteristic of the dielectric breakdown phenomenon. This parameter is the current flowing through the sample subjected to the dielectric. Two detection modes are actually available on measuring instruments:current threshold detection,current variation detection.
CURRENT THRESHOLD DETECTION
When a test voltage is applied to a sample, you observe - up to a certain value of the latter - a proportional increase in the leakage current; this current is due to the insulation resistance and/or the capacitance of the item tested (with AC, or by load effect in DC). As shown in Diagram 1, as from the voltage Uc, the leakage current increases very swiftly and the breakdown voltage is reached for value ue
The current is then at a maximum, its value is determined by the current capacitance of the dielectric strength test station, or - an instantaneous value - by the discharge current of the capacitive element of the sample (value that cannot be tested by the dielectric strength tester and which can in certain cases involve destruction of the insulator). Current threshold detection consists in choosing a value Is of the leakage current, corresponding to a voltage Us very similar to Ur, and to consider as bad any sample whose leakage current exceeds the value Is chosen as detection threshold. The most widespread value of the threshold current and generally adopted for non-
destructive tests, is 1mA.
Although the use of this detection method and the choice of this value does not offer any difficulty for DC tests on purely resistive components (Ic being around ten micro-amps), it becomes inaccurate and delicate to use for AC tests on capacitive elements.
THE CURRENT VARIATION DETECTION
Diagram 2: Simplified test loop
This mode of detection cuts out the defects of the previous method; it is justified by the actual nature of the breakdown phenomena. Through observation of the breakdown phenomena, via oscilloscopic methods, it is possible to assert that they are featured by very sharp variation in current in the test circuit; this latter consists of the dielectric strength test station and the sample tested (Diagram 2). The breakdown is always preceded by partial discharge phenomena that we shall analyze further on.
The breakdown current in itself generally has the form of an extremely steep positive-going edge pulse, lasting about 1 micro-second or even less, and whose peak value is limited by the combined characteristics of the test station and the sample being tested. As shown in Diagram 3, the discharge pulse has practically no steady level and the pseudo - exponential negative - going edge whose time constant is variable (it depends on the transfers of energy in the dielectric at the time of the breakdown).
The use of detectors which only take into account the rapid variations in the leakage current can eliminate the causes of error due to the permanent current flowing through the sample (impedance of the element).ΔIr = 1 mA variation is the value most currently employed to characterize a breakdown. It must be linked to the detector's response time. The response time is very important in determining the breakdown voltage. In fact an over-rapid detection (less than 1 micro-second) would make the apparatus sensitive to the partial discharge phenomena preceding the breakdown. In return, a slow detection (more than some tens of micro-seconds) can make the apparatus insensitive to certain breakdowns whose energy (produce ΔIf2.Δt) will be sufficient to be destructive, but whose duration is too short to be taken into account by the detector. The detector's response time should however be very short to avoid micro-carbonation phenomena on certain insulators or the definitive destruction of others.
Diagram 3: Typical waveform of the leakage current variation during a breakdown .
For this reason and especially since 20 years ago (commercialization of the first ΔI current variation detectors), the response times lie between 19 and 20μs. Here again a different setting on precise and clearly defined grounds, may be considered necessary. Nevertheless the availability of this parameter to an uninformed operator, risks making the breakdown station systematically destructive and the results obtained perfectly incoherent, if the initial conditions and the reasons for their choice have not been clearly indi
cated. Moreover it is easy to imagine the divergencies of view which would not fail to arise between customers and suppliers and also between production and "quality control" departments. Numerous observations on a very broad variety of components and sub-assemblies have fixed an optimum response time of around 10 μs.
全英文的 没有翻译：
Production process
The production process refers to the raw materials into finished products as a whole. Machinery production process generally includes: (1) production and technical preparation, such as process design and special process equipment design and manufacturing, production planning of the preparation, production preparation, etc.; (2) blank manufacturing, such as casting, forging, stamping, etc.; (3) cutting machining, heat treatment, surface treatment; (4) product assembly such as assembly, the Ministry of installation, commissioning testing and painting; (5) the production of services such as raw materials, purchased parts and tools supply, transportation, storage and so on.
Production Type
Enterprise (or workshop, section, team, work) degree of specialization of production as the production type classification. Production types can be divided into: Single piece production, mass production, mass production of three types.
(1) single production
Single-piece production of the basic features are: wide range of products, low production of each product, and rarely repetitive. For example, heavy machinery manufacturing and new product trial and so on are one-piece production.
(2) mass production
The basic features of mass production are: to produce the same product batches, production was periodically repeated. Such as machine manufacturing, motor manufacturing is mass production. Bulk production batch size can be divided into small groups according to their production, in batch production, mass production of three types. Among them, the small batch production and mass production process characteristics, respectively, and the single production and mass production process characteristics similar; the characteristics of batch production process between the small group of between production and mass production.
(3) mass production
The basic features of mass production: production of large, fewer species, most of the work carried out in the long repeat of a certain part of the processing procedure. For example, cars, tractors, bearings and other manufacturers belong to mass production.
Manufacturing process
(1) Product Design
Product design is the core product development, product design and advanced technology to ensure that economic rationality and so on. Design of the products are generally three forms, namely: innovative design, improve design and variant design. Innovative design (development of the design) is based on the user's requirements for new design; improved design (adaptive design) is based on requirements of users, enterprises, or modified to improve the original prod
uct design, that is only part of the redesign the structure or part; variant design (parameter design) is only part of the structure to improve the products size, to form a series of product design. The basic design includes: the preparation of the design plan, design, technical design and pattern design.
(2) process design
The basic task of process design is to ensure that products meet the design requirements, develop high-quality, high yield, low consumption of the product manufacturing process planning, formulation of a product trial and the formal process required for the production of all documents. Including: process analysis of product drawings and audit, development of processing programs, the preparation process of order, and process equipment design and manufacturing.
(3) Machining
Parts of the processing including the production of billets, as well as a variety of machining stock, special processing and heat treatment, making it a qualified part of the process. Very few parts precision machining using precision casting or forging and other non-chip processing methods. Usually the production of a rough casting, forging, welding, etc.; common machining methods are: fitter processing, turning, drilling, planing processing, milling, Boring, grinding, CNC machining, broaching processing, grinding, honing, etc.; commonly used treatment methods are: normalizing, annealing, tempering, aging, quenching, quenching, etc.; special processing are: EDM machining, EDM wire cutting, electrochemical machining, laser processing, ultrasonic processing. Only according to the part material, structure, shape, size, performance, etc., choose the appropriate processing methods, to ensure product quality, production of qualified parts.
(4) testing
Test is a bad use of measuring instruments on the hair, parts and finished products, raw materials for dimensional accuracy, shape accuracy, position accuracy of detection, as well as by visual inspection, NDT, mechanical tests and metallographic examination methods such as the quality of the product identification. Measuring instruments including gages and measuring instruments. The amount used has a steel ruler, tape measure, caliper, calipers, gauges, micrometers, angle ruler, dial indicator, etc., to detect parts of the length, thickness, angle, outer diameter, pore size and so on. Another screw thread micrometer measurements can be used, method of three-needle, thread model, thread ring, thread plug gauges. Common meter with float-type air meter, electronic meter, electric meter, optical measuring instruments, coordinate measuring instrument, with the exception of parts can be used to detect the length, thickness, outer diameter, aperture size, but also the shape of the part can be error and position error so measured. Detection of specific inspection mainly refers to the internal and surface defects in parts. NDT which is without prejudice to the object to be seized under the premise of internal and surf
ace defects detection of parts of modern inspection techniques. Non-destructive testing methods have a direct visual examination, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, magnetic testing, the use of non-destructive testing shall be based on the purpose, select the appropriate methods and test specifications.
(5) assembly debugging
Any mechanical products are composed of several parts, components and Components. According to the technical requirements, the necessary parts and components and connection with, making the process semi-finished or finished product is called assembly. The parts, components, assembly of parts is known as parts assembly; the parts, components and parts to be assembled into the final product is called the total assembly. Mechanical assembly manufacturing process in the last stage of production, which also includes adjusting, testing, inspection, painting and packaging work. Common assembly tasks include: cleaning, connection, calibration and worthy, balance, acceptance, testing.
(6) storage
Production of finished products, semi-finished products and a variety of materials to prevent loss or damage, into the warehouse for storage, as storage. Storage should be carried out storage tests, fill out the inspection records and the original records; of measuring tools, instruments and tools to do maintenance, keep working; of relevant technical standards, drawings, archives and other information to properly care; to keep the workplace and indoor and outdoor clean, pay attention to fire moisture, good security.
Edit this paragraph processing methods
Machine drilling
Bed type variety and sizes. The type of modern machine tools is almost limitless. Some machines small enough to install on the table, and some machine large enough to build a special plant to accommodate the. Some very simple tools, and some machine construction and operation is very complex. Whether machine is large or small, simple or complex, can be divided into five categories, these five categories is to make the five basic methods of metal forming. Drilling
对压缩机单螺杆专用加工机床的介绍更新时间
摘要：本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。
一、介绍机床的布局
压缩机排气量的大小决定了星轮、螺杆直径的大小和啮合中心距的大小，因此螺杆直径的不同，机床的主轴与刀具的回转中心也不同。为满足加工不同直径的螺杆，目前国内单螺杆加工机床的布局大致有以下几种方案。
第一种：机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式
机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式，中心距不可调整。加工几种直径的螺杆就需要几种中心
距规格不同的机床。
优点：机床的结构简单。
缺点：每种机床只能加工一种规格的螺杆，当市场上某种规格的压缩机螺杆需要量大时，造成一台机床加工，其他机床闲置。
第二种：机床的主轴箱为可回转式
机床可根据加工螺杆直径的大小在加工前把主轴箱旋转一个角度。这种主轴箱能够回转的机床是对上述第一种机床在使用方法上的改进，与第一种机床的结构基本相同。
优点：机床的结构简单，能适应多种规格螺杆的加工。
缺点1：主轴箱旋转后主轴回转中心线与刀具回转中心线间的距离不易精确测量。
缺点2：主轴箱旋转后主轴前端面与刀具的回转中心线间的距离减少，因此加工较大直径的螺杆受到限制。
第三种：机床的主轴箱为横向移动式
主轴箱底部与底座之间布置有矩形滑动导轨，主轴箱移动的方向垂直于主轴回转中心线并垂直于刀具回转中心线。主轴箱的动力通过花键轴传给底座内的刀具进给机构。
根据加工螺杆直径的大小，在加工前用手轮丝杠进给机构把主轴箱移动到适当位置，然后用螺钉将主轴箱固定在底座上。主轴箱的移动距离可用光栅尺检测，位置误差±0.005mm。
采用主轴箱可横向移动的一个机床就可以加工直径φ95～φ385mm之间任何一种规格的螺杆。
由于加工φ95～φ385mm直径的螺杆，造成主轴前端面与刀具回转中心线间的距离差值过大，因此在实际应用时设计成两种规格的机床，一个机床加工φ95～φ205mm直径的螺杆，另一个机床加工φ180～φ385mm直径的螺杆。
优点：机床能适应多种规格螺杆的加工，每种规格的螺杆不需要配备相应的加工机床。
缺点：机床的结构和机床的装配较前二种机床复杂，机床的造价也较前二种机床高。
二、介绍机床的主轴结构
机床主轴箱的水平主轴和底座上的立式的主轴精度的高低决定了被加工螺杆的精度，同时螺杆在压缩机中以几千转的速度高速旋转时，精度较差的螺杆会使压缩机产生发热、振动、效率低、磨损快等现象。
国内目前现有的单螺杆加工机床主轴结构大致有以下两种方案。
第一种：轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构
主轴前轴承采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承和两个推力球轴承组合，该主轴使用双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用两个推力球轴承承受轴向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承或采用1个向心球轴承。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴的加工和装配简单，造价较低。
缺点1：由于主轴轴承的径向游隙不可调整，所以主轴精度较差。虽然可以利用轴承的内径和轴径的过盈配合来消除轴承的径向游隙，但每个轴承的内径和径
向游隙不是一个固定值，因此设计和加工时很难给准轴径与轴承内径的配合公差。
缺点2：在市场上很难买到国产或进口的C、D级或P4、P5级的推力球轴承，机床生产厂常用普通级轴承替代使用，此举也影响了主轴精度的提高。
轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构适用于一般精度的普通机床，不适用于对主轴精度要求较高的机床。
第二种：轴承径向游隙可调的主轴结构
主轴前轴承采用一个P4级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承和1个P4级的双列向心推力球轴承组合。该主轴使用圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用双列向心推力球轴承承受轴向切削力和部分径向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个P5级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承。
圆锥孔双列圆柱滚子轴承的内圈和配合轴径均为1：12圆锥，用圆螺母锁紧轴承则使轴承在轴向产生一个位移并使轴承的内圈膨胀，从而达到减少或消除轴承径向游隙的目的。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴精度较高。在主轴前端面φ230mm直径上测量主轴的端面跳动值为0.010mm。在主轴前端φ230mm外圆上测量主轴的径向跳动值为0.005mm。第二种结构的主轴精度比第一种主轴精度提高50%左右。
这种主轴结构的缺点：
主轴的加工工艺较复杂，主轴的装配也需要有经验的工人操作才能使主轴精度达到理想数值。
三、刀具进给深度的控制
不同直径的螺杆需要加工螺旋槽的深度也不同，螺旋槽的深度从几十毫米到一百多毫米不等，刀具进给机构大约需要旋转进刀几千圈才能完成一个螺杆零件的加工。
由于刀具进给机构在刀具旋转的同时还要完成进刀动作，所以一些在普通机床上常用的机械、电气控制切深的方法都不适用于单螺杆加工机床。
单螺杆加工机床的刀具进给机构采用以下不同的方法都可以达到控制进刀深度的目的。
第一种：摩擦离合器和电气开关控制刀具进给深度
它的控制原理是刀具切深增大时刀具进给机构的负载扭距增大，使刀具进给机构传动链中的摩擦离合器打滑，一个机械连杆机构触发电气开关并发出声、光信号提示操作者，此时操作者人工操作断开刀具进给机构的动力。
这种控制方法的优点是：控制方法简单及零件加工和操作不受突然断电的影响。
缺点是：加工不同直径的螺杆需要调整摩擦离合器压紧碟簧的预紧力。
由于每个螺杆材质的密度、硬度存在细微差异及刀具锋利程度也存在差异，因此使这种控制方法的精度不太准确，可能导致螺杆螺旋槽的深度公差过大。
第二种：用电磁离合器、编码器组合控制刀具进给深度
刀具进给系统中，装有电磁离合器及一对用于检测刀具转动
圈数的测速齿轮和一个编码器。
结论：本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。
Dedicated to the single screw compressor machine updated the Introduction
Abstract: This paper describes four areas from the existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introduction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the production of reference works.
First, introduce the layout of machine tools
Decide the size of the compressor displacement of the stars round, screw diameter, mesh size and the size of the center distance, so different in diameter screw, machine tool spindle and the rotary center are also different. To meet the processing of different diameter screw, single screw Currently the layout of machine tools in general there are several options.
The first is: machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed
Machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed, can not adjust the center distance. Processing of several of the screw diameter on the center distance required several different specifications of the machine.
Advantages: simple structure of the machine.
Disadvantage: each machine can only process a specification of the screw, when the market on a certain specification requirements when the screw compressor, resulting in a machine, other machine idle.
The second: the machine tool spindle box for rotary
Processing screw machine according to the size of the diameter at the processing before a point of rotating spindle box. Spindle box that the machine can turn on a machine at the above-mentioned article on the use of the improvements, with the first structure of a machine tool is basically the same.
Advantages: the structure of machine tool easy to adapt to a variety of specifications of the processing screw.
One disadvantage: after the rotating spindle box and the tool spindle turning center line distance between the center line of accurate measurement difficult.
2 disadvantage: after the rotating spindle spindle box and the front surface of the rotary cutter centerline distance between the reduction of the larger diameter of the screw processing is limited.
The third: the machine tool spindle box for horizontal mobile
Box at the bottom of the spindle and the base there is arranged between the rectangular sliding rail, spindle box perpendicular to the direction of movement of spindle centerline and perpendicular to the centerline of the tool rotation. Through the power of t
he spindle box spline shaft to the base of the tool feed mechanism.
Screw diameter, according to the size of the processing in the processing of the previous round by hand to the body put into the screw spindle box moved to the appropriate location, and then screw the spindle box on a fixed base. Spindle box available from the mobile Grating detection, position error ± 0.005mm.
Horizontal spindle box can be used as a mobile machine can process diameter φ95 ~ φ385mm any kind between the screw specifications.
Φ95 ~ φ385mm processing because of the diameter of the screw, causing the front surface and the tool spindle rotation the distance between the center line of the margin is too large, the actual application in the design specifications of the machine into two, a φ95 ~ φ205mm machine screw diameter Another φ180 ~ φ385mm machine screw diameter.
Advantages: a variety of tools to adapt to the specifications of the processing screw, each screw specifications need not be provided with the appropriate machine tools.
Disadvantage: the structure of machine tools and machine tool assembly of the two kinds of more complex machine tools, machine tools than the cost of two kinds of machine tools before the high.
Second, introduce the structure of machine tool spindle
The level of machine tool spindle box on the main axis and the base of the vertical axis determines the degree of precision was the precision screw machining, at the same time screw compressor at a speed of thousands of high-speed rotary switch, the accuracy of the screw will be less so that the compressor have a fever, vibration, low efficiency, such as wear and tear situation quickly.
Currently available single-screw machine spindle structure of the program has the following two.
The first is: bearing radial clearance is not adjustable spindle structure
Before spindle bearing out the use of one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings and thrust ball bearing combination of both, the main use of double row cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of two ball bearings to bear axial thrust cutting force.
After the general adoption of the spindle bearings out one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings or a ball bearing to the heart.
Main advantages of this structure: the main axis of the processing and assembly of simple, low cost.
One disadvantage: because the main axis of the radial bearing clearance can not be adjusted so poor precision spindle. Although the use of bearings and shaft diameter fit to eliminate the radial bearing clearance, but each bearing diameter and radial clearance is not a fixed value, so it is difficult to design and processing to the quasi-axial-radial and bearings with bore tolerances.
2 disadvantage: it is very difficult to buy in the market of domestically produced or imported, C, D or P4, P5 class thrust ball bearings, machine tool manufacturing plant commonly used alternative to the use of ordinary class bearings
, which also affected the accuracy of the enhance spindle.
Bearing radial clearance adjustable spindle structure do not apply to the general accuracy of the general machine tools, does not apply to require a higher accuracy of the spindle of machine tools.
The second: the radial bearing clearance adjustable spindle structure
Before the adoption of a spindle bearing P4 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings and a P4-class double row ball bearing thrust to the combination of heart. The use of the spindle hole of the double row tapered cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of double row ball bearing thrust to the heart to bear part of the axial and radial cutting force cutting force.
Spindle bearings generally used after a P5 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings.
Double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings with inner ring and shaft are tapered 1:12, bearing lock nut with a round led a bearing in the axial displacement of the inner ring bearings and expansion, to reduce or eliminate Bearing radial clearance purposes.
Main structure of such advantages: high precision spindle. At the front spindle diameter φ230mm noodle on the end measuring spindle Beat value of 0.010mm. Φ230mm cylindrical spindle at the front end on the radial axis measurement value of Beat 0.005mm. The second structure of the spindle of a precision spindle accuracy than the first about 50% improve.
Main disadvantage of this structure:
The principal axis of the more complicated process, the spindle assembly also has the experience necessary to make the workers to operate the spindle achieve the desired numerical accuracy.
Third, the depth of the tool feed control
Required different processing screw diameter spiral groove depth is also different from the depth of the spiral groove mm from dozens to more than 100 millimeters range around the tool into the institutions required to feed the thousands of ring rotation in order to achieve a screw machining .
Feed because of the tool in the tool rotating at the same time achieve motion feed, so on a number of general machine tools used in mechanical, electrical control method of depth of cut does not apply to single-screw machine.
Single screw machine tools give agencies into the following different methods can be feed to control the depth of purpose.
The first is: friction clutch and electrical switches to control the depth of the tool feed
Its principle is to control depth of cut increases the tool cutter feed mechanism increases the load torque so that the tool feeding mechanism of the friction transmission chain slipping clutch, a mechanical linkage concurrent silent trigger electrical switches, optical signal prompted operator, when manual operator to disconnect the tool into the power sector.
The advantages of this control method are: the control method is simple and spare parts processing and operational power from the impac
t of a sudden.
Disadvantage are: processing of different diameter screw to adjust the clutch friction discs pressed the preload spring.
Material because of the density of each screw, and the hardness of the existence of subtle differences in the degree of cutting tools sharp differences exist, thus the accuracy of this control method was not too accurate, may lead to screw spiral groove depth tolerance is too large.
The second: use of an electromagnetic clutch, encoder control tool into the mix to the depth of
Tool feed system, equipped with electromagnetic clutch and a tool for detecting the number of rotating ring gear and a gun encoder.
It is a tool of control principle刚接触hand screw surface encoder to start counting switch, then start counting counting device, when the rotary tool to pre-set number of laps when the cutting depth is reached, the electromagnetic clutch automatic off open to the power tool into the concurrent silent, optical signal parts prompted the operator has finished processing.
The detection device through the digital display shows the number of feed circles or feed. Torn off and the electromagnetic clutch, the tool does not only into the rotation with the vertical shaft to the sport.
The advantages of this control method are: the depth of the spiral groove screw tolerance control more accurate, because of several significant table shows the depth of processing, or want a few laps and the depth of processing or circle the number of operations is also very intuitive and user-friendly.
Disadvantage are: electrical control of machine tools at the same time more complex parts of this control method at the processing plant, if a sudden power failure, the prior data set will be lost.
If you add in the electrical control of the battery to power at the early-dimensional detection devices to maintain the job, the problem can be resolved.
Four, the control gear drive space
Single screw machine screw in the processing, due to the spiral groove in the rotary tool and the workpiece rotation to complete the synthesis process. Just cut into the workpiece when the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going on a greater resistance knife, cutting tool at the workpiece to be cut when the role of the spiral groove, the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going up against a smaller knife and even by the spiral groove thrust workpiece.
Because there is a box-hole processing machine tool, gear and other processing error, the tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, large amount of so-called open.
Detect drive way too much space is a fixed power input shaft and output shaft rotation shaking, in the case of the transmission structure of conventional design and manufacture of machine tools, the transmission output shaft angle space at more than ten degrees to the dozens of degrees. Transmission gap caused by too large spiral screw groove surface then there is obvious